<p>The purpose of this experimental study is to examine the translation processes and the resulting translations of eight translators performing translation tasks from German into Swedish. The data about the translation processes were collected with the think-aloud technique, i.e. the translators were asked to verbalize as much of their thinking as possible while translating. The translators – four of whom had long working experience and the others substantially shorter experience – were asked to translate the same source text (a news item) for two different fictitious audiences: first for a morning newspaper and then for a children’s magazine.</p><p>With regards to the translation process, the results showed that the two categories of translators did not differ considerably from each other, neither in their dictionary use, nor in their overall accomplishment of the translation tasks. However, they did differ in their attitude. The less experienced translators were more involved in the process, which also led to quality improvements. At the same time, individual differences were substantial regarding all of the criteria examined.</p><p>The resulting translations (the products) were evaluated both by the researcher and by journalists from the newspapers or magazines in which the texts, according to the briefs, were to be published. The results showed small differences in text quality for the two categories of translators. According to the journalists, the less experienced translators even produced slightly better texts for the morning paper.</p>

<p>The central concern of this thesis is to investigate the development of the personal identity of the main characters in four novels, a novella, and a short-story, written in German by authors from different countries who have immigrated to post World War II Germany and Switzerland. Earlier research concerning these identity processes is reviewed with emphasis on the relevance of the different theoretical models of development of personal identity used. A model called “identity-balance”, first described by the German sociologist Lothar Krappmann, is used in analysing the changes in personal identity. This model is preferred because of Krappmann’s strong emphasis on interaction, process, and openness. Based upon the results of the interpretations a modification of Krappmann’s model is suggested in order to better shed light upon identity processes following migration. As languages are shown to play a great role in these processes, aspects concerned with multilingualism and the part languages play in the “identity-balance” are discussed throughout the thesis. The textual interpretations reveal the connection between three lines of change: changes in personal identity, changes in society following migration, and changes in the field of literature.</p>

The purpose of this experimental study is to examine the translation processes and the resulting translations of eight translators performing translation tasks from German into Swedish. The data about the translation processes were collected with the think-aloud technique, i.e. the translators were asked to verbalize as much of their thinking as possible while translating. The translators – four of whom had long working experience and the others substantially shorter experience – were asked to translate the same source text (a news item) for two different fictitious audiences: first for a morning newspaper and then for a children’s magazine. With regards to the translation process, the results showed that the two categories of translators did not differ considerably from each other, neither in their dictionary use, nor in their overall accomplishment of the translation tasks. However, they did differ in their attitude. The less experienced translators were more involved in the process, which also led to quality improvements. At the same time, individual differences were substantial regarding all of the criteria examined. The resulting translations (the products) were evaluated both by the researcher and by journalists from the newspapers or magazines in which the texts, according to the briefs, were to be published. The results showed small differences in text quality for the two categories of translators. According to the journalists, the less experienced translators even produced slightly better texts for the morning paper.

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Title: How do you get a pupil from Year 7-9 in secondary school to communicate in German?  Five high school teachers views on how to develop pupils oral communicative skill within the German language   The aim of this essay is to explore Swedish secondary school teachers, from Year 7-9 in the German language, opinions regarding which work models and verbal strategies that are used and taught in order to foster the pupils oral communicative skill in the classroom. To achieve this aim, semi-structured interviews with five teachers are used. The results show that the teachers find that they encourage the pupils to speak German through creating possibilities for them to practise their oral language skills. The teachers also emphasize that they believe that alternating assignments in groups or pairs, where the students get the chance to be creative, activates the pupils to speak German the most. They also express an awareness for the fact that open or information questions encourage the pupils to use their creativity and speak more German. It was also clear that there are many different communication strategies, which they consider as helpful for the pupils in their attempt to communicate in German. Examples of these strategies are paraphrasing, asking for help, using Swedish words with a German pronunciation. These communicative strategies are, according to the teachers, mediated through the teachers and practise.

The desire to influence ones opponent without using violence, has probably existed in all times. Reflexive control is a method used historically without the user knowing about the concept, but through research during the 1900s, theories from psychology, behavioral science and cybernetics entered into the military application of modern influence operations. Reflexive control builds upon the fact that a stimulated organism responds with a reflex. Which, in the context of the essay, means that a controller transfers prepared information to a partner or a counterpart to bring him to single-handedly take one of the controller intended decision. This is expressed either by methods used intuitively by an intelligent user or systematically by a controller with knowledge and resources, creating a situation which voluntarily brings or forces the other part to make decisions as the controller wants for its own use. The methods are based on knowledge of the other part's self-image. A self-image that can be individual, for example, a president, or a group, such as a state leadership. The reflex may contain of a decision or of an action that are not well considered but that benefits the controller. The controller then exploits the new situation created by its preparations that may have been on going for a long time. The essay describes some of the methods that has been used by the Soviet Union and later integrated into the Russian warfare. The essay askes the questions; Can Bismarck's actions in 1870 and Russia's actions in the Georgia conflict in 2008 be explained by the theory of reflexive control? Is there a difference? If it is - how is the difference expressed? Yes, both cases reflect reflexive control. The differences between them are explained by the evolution from intuitive actions into systematic use.

In dieser Arbeit wird die Übersetzbarkeit idiomatischer Ausdrücke untersucht und analysiert. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es, das Übersetzen schwedischer Idiome ins Deutsche zu analysieren und zu klassifizieren. Die Untersuchung liegt das Buch Mannen som log von Henning Mankell zu Grunde. Die idiomatischen Ausdrücke des Buches sind exzerpiert worden und danach mit den Entsprechungen der Übersetzung Der Mann, der lächelte verglichen worden. Tabellarisch wird am Ende der Arbeit dargestellt wie folgende Fragen beantwortet worden sind: -Wie oft wird ein Idiom Äquivalent übersetzt? - Wie oft wird ein Idiom nur partiell äquivalent übersetzt? – Wie oft wird ein Idiom neutralisiert oder frei übersetzt? – Wie oft wird ein Idiom weggelassen? Insgesamt 55 Belege sind in dieser Arbeit untersucht worden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass obwohl Schwedisch und Deutsch zwei verwandte Sprachen sind, ist es für den Übersetzer in vielen Fällen schwierig, eine äquivalente Übersetzung zu finden. Bei 41.1 Prozent der Fällen wird das Idiom neutralisiert oder frei übersetzt und in 7.1 Prozent der Fällen gibt es eine Lücke in der Übersetzung.

Vi är på väg in i ett nytt samhälle pga. digitaliseringen av vår omgivning och det påverkar elevernas och lärarnas vardagbåde i och utanför klassrummet. Eleverna i skolorna har ofta stora kunskaper om internet som ett instrument förunderhållning, men mer sällan som ett verktyg för kunskapsinhämtning. Men i och med revisionen av läroplanen som blevobligatorisk att följa från och med hösten 2018, så måste nu lärare anpassa sin undervisning till teknik- ochinternetanvändning om de inte redan gjort det. Det är viktigt men svårt och tidskrävande att planera, särskilt förundervisningsmetoder där erfarenhet saknas. Den här texten är ämnad för att underlätta för lärare att lägga upp sinundervisning på ett sådant sätt att eleverna får träna på just det, att använda internet som ett verktyg.Det är i huvudsak två områden som legat till grund för den planering som presenterats i detta arbete: För det första vardet den tidigare forskning om Flipped Classroom, en metod som involverar video i undervisningen, och för det andra:Webquest, ett undervisningsformat där eleverna själva behöver inhämta information från internet för att kunna lösa enuppgift och samtidigt också ett format för att presentera sin arbetsområdesplanering med tillhörande uppgifter och materialpå internet.Att lägga upp en planering för ett arbetsområde utifrån läroplanen är ett didaktiskt arbete och därför har planerandetfölja vissa didaktiska riktlinjer. Skolverket (2011) har en text med sådana riktlinjer, men det har också varit nödvändigt atttitta på didaktiska handböcker (Lindström &amp; Pennlert, 2012; Steinig &amp; Huneke, 2015). Undervisningsplanering är lättastatt beskriva som om den vore en lång kedja av beslut, som var och ett har lett fram till nästa länk i kedjan. Så sker detnaturligtvis inte, utan alla delarna, läromål, metod, tillgänglig materiel och teknik etc., påverkar varandra.Utifrån ramfaktorer som språknivå, tidsramar, kursplan och läroplanen har ett undervisningsunderlag presenterats, föranvändning av Flipped Classroom i undervisningen för elever i årskurs 9. I det projektorienterade arbetet som tagits framsom exempel, får eleverna planera en kulturresa till Tyskland. Med upplägget från Webquest ges eleverna utrymme att 1)använda den digital tekniken 2) få tid att testa sig fram vid informationsletande och 3) jämföra sökresultat och informationmed varandra. Den konkreta undervisningsplaneringen finns på både tyska och svenska i bilagan till detta arbete. Litearbete återstår för en undervisande lärare, och det är att spela in videoklippen och närmare utforma de föreslagnauppgifterna. Det arbetet har inte gjorts eftersom det är sådant som måste anpassas efter den aktuella elevgruppen.