Orientador: Arnaldo Franco Junior / Banca: Fábio Akcelrud Durão / Banca: Lúcia Granja / Banca: Márcio Scheel / Banca: Sílvia Maria Azevedo / Resumo: Este estudo resulta de pesquisa que buscou estudar, analisar e interpretar a relação entre a crítica literária acadêmica brasileira e a presença e permanência de problemas críticos, teóricos e historiográficos próprios ao nacionalismo literário na cultura brasileira da segunda metade do século XX. Teve o objetivo de explorar a discussão de problemas críticos, teóricos e historiográficos na obra de três críticos literários acadêmicos brasileiros de grande importância: Antonio Candido, Roberto Schwarz e Haroldo de Campos. Essa exploração se deu através de um ponto de vista que pretende ser, simultaneamente, crítico, teórico e historiográfico. Também teve o objetivo de mostrar como permanece na crítica literária acadêmica alguns dos mesmos problemas e dos mesmos dilemas nacionalistas que têm origem na primeira metade do século XIX. Buscou-se historiar, criticamente, o processo da constituição e desenvolvimento do propalado mal-estar intelectual que afeta intelectuais brasileiros de todos os matizes em razão daquilo que chamamos de cultura de ajustamento cultural e intelectual, mostrando que a reflexão sobre o mal-estar intelectual se tornou um valor próprio ao pensamento crítico literário brasileiro. Buscou-se, por fim, analisar a importância e a influência da Formação da literatura brasileira graças ao fato de o livro ter burlado o formato tradicional da historiografia literária nacional / Abstract: This study results from the research that aimed at studying, analyzing and interpreting the relationship between the Brazilian academic literary criticism and the presence and permanence of critical, theoretical and historiographical problems peculiar to the literary nationalism in the Brazilian culture of the second half of century XX. It aimed at exploring the discussion of critical, theoretical and historiographical problems in the work of three Brazilian academic literary critics of great importance: Antônio Cândido, Roberto Schwarz and Haroldo de Campos. This exploration was carried out through a viewpoint that intends to be, simultaneously, critical, theoretical and historiographical. It also had the purpose of showing how some of the same problems and of the same nationalisit dilemas stand in the academic literary critics, originated in the first half of century XX. The aim was to critically write down the process of constitution and development of the spread uneasiness that affects brazilian intellectuals of all shades due to the so called culture of cultural and intellectual adjustment, showing that the thought about the intellectual uneasiness has become a value peculiar to the brazilian critical literary thinking. Finally, one aimed at analyzing the importance and the influence of the Brazilian literature formation thanks to the fact that the book has cheated the traditional format of the national literary historiography / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:45:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana de Avila Mendes.pdf: 367961 bytes, checksum: b4e43d47c102eed0ecbbafb47441b5c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-04 / This essay investigates the relevance of emotional manifestation in the course of female characters from two short stories by Clarice Lispector. Furthermore, it surveys the unfolding of experiences permeated by emotions in the way each character conceives her surrounding reality and how she deals with this new viewpoint. It concludes that emotion may be an unleashing factor not only of a process of alienation when not challenged, but also of emancipation when it is not repressed but accepted. It also states in regard to the relevance of anxiety in juxtaposition with all other feelings. / Este trabalho analisa a relevância da manifestação emocional na trajetória de personagens femininas de dois contos de Clarice Lispector. Além disso, observa os desdobramentos das experiências permeadas pelas emoções no modo de cada personagem conceber a realidade circundante e como ela lida com esse novo olhar. Conclui que a emoção pode ser um fator desencadeante tanto de um processo de alienação quando não questionado, quanto de emancipação quando não reprimido, mas aceito. Também se pronuncia quanto à relevância da angústia em relação aos demais sentimentos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:46:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 freire_m_dr_sjrp_parcial.pdf: 91125 bytes, checksum: 0cf37ec968cdcd0ec41f6276793cc3c5 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-06-30T11:22:00Z: freire_m_dr_sjrp_parcial.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-30T11:23:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000671357.pdf: 1042055 bytes, checksum: eabd76fafab999675749d6141c2cb23e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo resulta de pesquisa que buscou estudar, analisar e interpretar a relação entre a crítica literária acadêmica brasileira e a presença e permanência de problemas críticos, teóricos e historiográficos próprios ao nacionalismo literário na cultura brasileira da segunda metade do século XX. Teve o objetivo de explorar a discussão de problemas críticos, teóricos e historiográficos na obra de três críticos literários acadêmicos brasileiros de grande importância: Antonio Candido, Roberto Schwarz e Haroldo de Campos. Essa exploração se deu através de um ponto de vista que pretende ser, simultaneamente, crítico, teórico e historiográfico. Também teve o objetivo de mostrar como permanece na crítica literária acadêmica alguns dos mesmos problemas e dos mesmos dilemas nacionalistas que têm origem na primeira metade do século XIX. Buscou-se historiar, criticamente, o processo da constituição e desenvolvimento do propalado mal-estar intelectual que afeta intelectuais brasileiros de todos os matizes em razão daquilo que chamamos de cultura de ajustamento cultural e intelectual, mostrando que a reflexão sobre o mal-estar intelectual se tornou um valor próprio ao pensamento crítico literário brasileiro. Buscou-se, por fim, analisar a importância e a influência da Formação da literatura brasileira graças ao fato de o livro ter burlado o formato tradicional da historiografia literária nacional / This study results from the research that aimed at studying, analyzing and interpreting the relationship between the Brazilian academic literary criticism and the presence and permanence of critical, theoretical and historiographical problems peculiar to the literary nationalism in the Brazilian culture of the second half of century XX. It aimed at exploring the discussion of critical, theoretical and historiographical problems in the work of three Brazilian academic literary critics of great importance: Antônio Cândido, Roberto Schwarz and Haroldo de Campos. This exploration was carried out through a viewpoint that intends to be, simultaneously, critical, theoretical and historiographical. It also had the purpose of showing how some of the same problems and of the same nationalisit dilemas stand in the academic literary critics, originated in the first half of century XX. The aim was to critically write down the process of constitution and development of the spread uneasiness that affects brazilian intellectuals of all shades due to the so called culture of cultural and intellectual adjustment, showing that the thought about the intellectual uneasiness has become a value peculiar to the brazilian critical literary thinking. Finally, one aimed at analyzing the importance and the influence of the Brazilian literature formation thanks to the fact that the book has cheated the traditional format of the national literary historiography

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-06-01T19:23:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao - Marilda de Lima Oliveira Ferreira - 2015.pdf: 1307874 bytes, checksum: d2fde8c883dd978e32db9c1aeee9e251 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-02T15:20:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao - Marilda de Lima Oliveira Ferreira - 2015.pdf: 1307874 bytes, checksum: d2fde8c883dd978e32db9c1aeee9e251 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T15:20:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao - Marilda de Lima Oliveira Ferreira - 2015.pdf: 1307874 bytes, checksum: d2fde8c883dd978e32db9c1aeee9e251 (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-18 / This work is linked to the Research Line Teachers’ Professionalization and Educational Practices, of the Post-graduation Program in Education, of the Education College of Federal University of Goiás-Brazil. This research has as central theme Uneasiness and Welfare of Basic Education teachers. The work is part of the ones developed by researchers on teachers profession in Brazilian Middle West (REDECENTRO), which look for enlarge knowledge about teachers. The question of this investigation, which consisted in its general objective, was proposed as follows: what is written in publications of the most important periodicals of Educational area in in Brazilian southern region (Qualis A and B), in the period 2010-2015 (first semester) about Teachers’ Welfare and Uneasiness as well as about processes of formation a professionalization of teachers? To reach this aim, we looked for answering the following specific objectives: a) understanding Brazilian public university and its now-a-days configuration as the privileged context of formation and professionalization; b) analyzing the paths of Basic Education teachers’ formation and professionalization, by considering legislation which rules these processes; c) methodically arranging and analyzing the concepts of Teachers’ Uneasiness and Teachers’ Welfare, looking for apprehending its historicity in foreigner and Brazilian publications; d) analyzing Brazilian production in periodicals of the educational area, focusing the expressed epistemological approaches and the relationships established by the authors between Teachers’ Uneasiness, Teachers’ Welfare and the processes of formation and professionalization of Teachers, in order to understanding the relationships between Welfare and Uneasiness to Basic Education Teachers’ formation and professionalization processes expressed in the publications analyzed, mainly in Revista Educacion e Realidade, Revista Por Escrito e Revista Cadernos de Pesquisa, in the period from 2010 to 2015 (first semester). The study departed from the understanding that Teachers’ Uneasiness and Teachers’ Welfare are phenomenons which cohabit dialectically in the labor processes, having its origin over the confrontation of all the conditionings of the teaching profession, mainly those related to the transformations occurred in education after the meddle of the decade of 1990. This study is a bibliographical research with a qualitative approach, with basis on the historical dialectical materialism. The authors who supported theoretically the production belong to the same critical basis, with prominence and support to the counterhegemonic political posture here assumed. Together, they supported the theoretical discussion about: 1) public university and its crisis, with origin in insertion of neoliberal ideas in education, after the 1990 years; 2) teachers’ formation and the unfolding of capitalistic ideals in policies and legislations related to that formation; 3) the concepts of Teachers’ Uneasiness and Welfare, whose construction had as aim to apprehend the historicity of the themes and conceptions produced by looking for their dialectic construction and its relationship to the processes of formations an professionalization of teachers of basic education. The theoretical construction is associated to the empirical one, which identified three papers that dealt with the subject in the considered period. The analysis made it possible to understand that the speeches constructed in the Periodicals Qualis A and B can be summarized as follows: a) teachers’ uneasiness and teachers’ welfare in basic education are not uneventful themes in those publications; b) is almost absent the discussion of these themes from a critical counterhegemonic perspective; c) there is no proposal of intervention on teachers’ uneasiness nor incentive to teachers’ welfare in teaching field of Basic Education. / Vinculada à linha de pesquisa Formação, Profissionalização Docente e Práticas Educativas, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Faculdade de Educação, da Universidade Federal de Goiás, esta pesquisa tem como tema o mal-estar e o bem-estar docente dos professores da educação básica. Integra os trabalhos desenvolvidos pela Rede de pesquisadores sobre professores(as) na Região Centro-Oeste (REDECENTRO) que procuram ampliar o conhecimento sobre o professor. O problema dessa investigação foi assim proposto: o que dizem as publicações dos periódicos Qualis A e B, no período de 2010-2015 (1º semestre) da região sul do Brasil sobre o mal-estar e o bem-estar docente, com referência aos professores da educação básica, relativamente aos processos de formação e de profissionalização? O objetivo geral da investigação consistiu em analisar e compreender as relações entre o mal-estar e o bem-estar docente e os processos de formação e de profissionalização dos professores da educação básica, construídas nos periódicos Qualis A e B, no período de 2010-2015 (1º semestre) da região sul do Brasil. Para tanto, procuraremos responder aos seguintes objetivos específicos: Compreender a universidade pública brasileira e sua configuração na atualidade, como contexto privilegiado da formação e da profissionalização; b) analisar a trajetória da formação e da profissionalização de professores da educação básica no Brasil, levando em conta a legislação que regulamenta esses processos; c) sistematizar e analisar os conceitos de mal-estar e bem-estar docente, buscando apreender sua historicidade nas produções estrangeiras e nacionais; d) analisar a produção brasileira dos periódicos em educação, com foco nas abordagens epistemológicas explicitadas e nas relações que os autores estabelecem entre mal-estar e bem-estar e os processos de formação e de profissionalização dos professores, percurso desenvolvido para compreender as relações entre mal-estar e o bem-estar docente com os processos de formação e de profissionalização dos professores da educação básica, explicitadas nas publicações dos periódicos qualis A e B, no período de 2010-2015 (1º semestre) da região sul do Brasil, particularmente nos periódicos: Revista e Realidade, Revista Por Escrito e Revista Cadernos de Pesquisa, período 2010-2015 (1º Semestre). O estudo partiu do entendimento de que mal-estar e bem-estar docente são fenômenos que convivem dialeticamente nos processos de trabalho, tendo sua origem no enfrentamento de todos os condicionantes da profissão de professor, sobretudo os relacionados às transformações que ocorreram na educação após meados dos anos 90. Trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo bibliográfica, com abordagem qualitativa, pautada no materialismo histórico dialético. Os autores que deram sustentação à produção teórica pertencem à mesma base crítica, como destaque e suporte ao posicionamento político contra-hegemônico aqui assumido. No conjunto, fundamentaram a discussão teórica sobre: 1) a universidade pública e suas crises, advindas da inserção dos ideais neoliberais na educação após os anos 1990; 2) formação de professores e os desdobramentos dos ideais capitalistas nas políticas e na legislação a elas relacionadas; 3) conceitos de mal-estar e bem-estar docente, construção que objetivou apreender a historicidade das temáticas, concepções produzidas, em busca da construção dialética do conceito de mal-estar e bem-estar docente, e sua relação com os processos de formação e profissionalização dos professores da educação básica. A construção teórica associa-se à empírica, que identificou três artigos que tratavam o assunto, no período proposto. A análise possibilitou compreender que os discursos construídos nos periódicos qualis A e B podem ser assim resumidos: a) mal-estar e bem-estar na educação básica não é tema recorrente nas publicações; b) é quase ausente a discussão do tema na perspectiva crítica contra-hegemônica.

O problema que deu origem a essa investigação foi o conflito resultante do descompasso entre opções teóricas conscientes e a prática de ensino que conseguíamos efetivamente implementar, ao assumirmos aulas de Língua Portuguesa para turmas do ciclo II do Ensino Fundamental, em uma escola pública estadual, logo após a conclusão do mestrado em Educação. No intuito de priorizarmos práticas que favorecessem a formação de alunos leitores e produtores de textos, e não apenas copistas e decifradores, verificávamos a interferência de diversos aspectos que repercutiam negativamente em nossa prática. Assim, partindo do pressuposto de que o desenvolvimento dessas capacidades requer um ensino deliberado e contínuo ao longo de toda a escolaridade básica, por professores de diferentes disciplinas, propusemo-nos a buscar respostas para as seguintes questões: qual a natureza das dificuldades enfrentadas pelos professores ao buscarem promover a aprendizagem dos seus alunos? Que contingências relacionadas ao ensino da leitura e da escrita, deliberado ou não, estão presentes no trabalho do professor da escola pública, facilitando ou dificultando os processos de ensino e aprendizagem? Para responder a essas questões, empreendemos um estudo situado no paradigma da pesquisa qualitativa em educação, empregando, em algumas etapas, procedimentos inspirados na etnografia educacional (Ezpeleta e Rockwell, 1986; Fonseca, 1998; Erickson, 1989). A análise dos dados fundamentou-se em um critério essencialmente semântico, à luz de parâmetros da análise do conteúdo (Bardin, 1978). Os trabalhos de Tiramonti (2005), Azanha (1990, 2004), Souza (2002, 2006) e Lapo (2005), entre outros autores, subsidiaram teoricamente a nossa investigação, na medida em que propõem considerar aspectos do contexto mais amplo em que atuam os professores, focalizando situações concretas das quais emergem fontes de mal-estar e de bem-estar docente que intervêm em suas práticas. Os dados indicaram que o contexto da sala de aula não é, muitas vezes, propício ao trabalho cotidiano focado em práticas de leitura e produção de texto, em função de diversos fatores: número elevado de alunos, dificuldade de acompanhamento particularizado desses alunos pelos professores; necessidade de gerir demandas individuais e coletivas do grupo; dificuldades inerentes à manutenção de certa ordem que permita a realização de atividades complexas e significativas na sala de aula; interesses pessoais divergentes e por vezes conflitantes; recursos materiais às vezes escassos ou precários; tempo acelerado para gerir inúmeros procedimentos cotidianos, que acabam ocupando grande parte do tempo das aulas em questões não diretamente relacionadas ao ensino e aprendizagem dos conteúdos, entre uma infinidade de outros fatores. Além de questões de ordem objetiva, interferem também nas situações concretas de sala de aula aspectos de ordem subjetiva, que envolvem conhecimentos e características pessoais dos docentes, seus valores, crenças, necessidades e desejos, os quais determinam maneiras muito peculiares de avaliar o contexto, agir e reagir às contingências cotidianas. Todos esses elementos precisam ser considerados quando se propõem ações de melhoria da educação pública. É preciso, pois, relativizar as expectativas quanto ao papel da escola e dos professores, que parecem superestimadas no conjunto de ações que a sociedade precisa implementar para que a qualidade do ensino melhore de modo significativo. / The problem that gave rise to this investigation was the conflict resulting from the dissonance between theoretical conscious options and the teaching practice that we have actually managed to implement when we took over the Portuguese Language classes for Cycle II groups of Brazilian Middle School at a state public school, soon after completing the Masters Degree in Education. Aimed at prioritizing practices that would favor the education of text readers and producers, not just copyists and decoders, we verified the interference of many aspects that had a negative impact on our practice. Thus, starting from the premise that the development of such skills requires a deliberate and continuous teaching during the whole basic education by teachers of different subjects, we have proposed to look after the answers for the following questions: what is the nature of the difficulties faced by teachers when trying to promote their students learning? Which contingencies related to teach reading and writing, deliberate or not, are present in the work of public school teachers, making the teaching and learning processes easy or difficult? To answer such questions, we undertook a study within the paradigm of the qualitative research in education, using, in some steps, procedures inspired in the educational ethnography (Ezpeleta and Rockwell, 1986; Fonseca, 1998; Erickson, 1989). The data analysis was grounded on essentially semantic criteria, in the light of content analysis parameters (Bardin, 1978). The works of Tiramonti (2005), Azanha (1990, 2004), Souza (2002, 2006) and Lapo (2005), among other authors, gave theoretical support to our investigation, insofar they propose to consider aspects of the broader context where teachers act, focusing on concrete situations from which sources of teachers uneasiness and easiness emerge that intervene in their practices. Data indicated that the classroom context is often not proper for the everyday work focused on the practices of reading and producing texts, in view of many factors: high number of students, difficulty of individualized follow-up of these students by teachers; need of managing the groups individual and collective demands; difficulties inherent to maintaining a certain order that allows performing complex and meaningful activities in classroom; divergent and often conflicting personal interests; sometimes scarce or precarious material resources; having to rush to manage multiple everyday tasks that eventually take large amount of class time in issues not directly related to teaching and learning of contents, among a multitude of other factors. Besides questions of objective order, aspects of subjective order do also interfere with concrete classroom situations, which involve knowledge and personal characteristics of teachers, their values, beliefs, needs and desires, which determine very peculiar ways of evaluating the context, acting and reacting to everyday contingencies. All these elements must be considered when improvement actions in public education are proposed. Thus, it is necessary to frame the expectations as to the role of school and teachers, which seem to be overestimated in the set of actions that the society must implement so that there is significant improvement in the teaching quality.

Dans ce travail de recherche, nous sommes parti du constat que l’humain est de plus en plus souvent inscrit dans des contextes où lui est accessible un savoir nouveau – permis par les avancées technologiques et scientifiques – portant sur sa vie biologique. A portées de mains ou de clics, de plus en plus de données objectivantes sur son intériorité biologique éprouvent l’individu confronté à de nouvelles inquiétudes qu’il doit traverser. Nous avons interrogé ce phénomène de société en cherchant à préciser la variété des mouvements lui permettant d’intégrer ces données qui s’accompagnent d’une prétention à un réalisme fort. Nous proposons une approche sociologique renouvelant l’analyse des usages individuels de trois médiations situées dans le champ de la santé (consultation médicale, l’usage du web en matière de santé, l’usage de tests génomiques). Notre approche s’articule à un questionnement anthropologique singulier :Comment la personne s’arrange-t-elle de situations dans lesquelles elle est mise en relation non plus seulement avec d’autres humains mais au premier titre avec des données objectivantes relatives à son intériorité biologique ?Cette question anthropologique invite à porter au moins autant d’attention à ce qui nous relie à autrui et à notre environnement, qu’aux façons dont l’humain assure une continuité avec lui-même dans des situations où le vivant pose question. Nous privilégions l’usage d’outils sociologiques qui sous-tendent une conception plurielle du sujet et qui ne circonscrivent pas trop vite l’analyse à une conception de l’action et de la subjectivité comme d’emblée écrasée par une présomption stratégique ou managériale. Notre analyse pragmatique de l’exposition de l’inquiétude du sujet en train de se faire et de se défaire met notamment en exergue le caractère marginal de l’autonomie – comme prise en charge de soi éclairée par une connaissance partagée qui le rend disponible pour le débat public. Sur les trois sites enquêtés, l’examen attentif du maintien du sujet mis à l’épreuve de l’inquiétude tire l’analyse vers la nature composite des conduites. Plutôt que de considérer le caractère ambivalent, équivoque et parfois carrément ambigu de l’action comme un échec de l’analyse, ce travail de recherche contribue à une approche de la composition dans le rapport à soi et à autrui. / This work originates in the observation that individuals are more than ever before involved in contexts where new knowledge about their biological life – produced by the technological and scientific progresses – are directly accessible to them (about their bodies, neurons, genes). Within easy reach, an ever-growing number of objectifying signs and data related to the biological self puts the individuals to test. They are confronted to inquietudes they have to cope with. We are investigating this societal phenomenon in a manner that the very diverse movements allowing the individual to integrate these data can be precised. Building on an anthropological problematic questioning how human beings find arrangements with situations in which they are not only confronted to others but also with objectifying data related to their biological life, the research focuses on the dynamics of individual users integrating the findings made while using three different health-related mediations (the classic medical examination, health-related information on the Internet, health-related direct-to- consumer genomic tests). We adopt a set of complementary sociological tools based on a plural conception of the subject; which do not limit the analysis of the action ‘taking place’ in a situation as guided only by a strategic or a managerial assumption.Through a pragmatic approach of the uneasiness exposed, we shed light on insightful dynamics irreducible to the often expected autonomy of an individual taking decisions informed by a shared knowledge required to participate to public debates. A careful analysis of the subject’s action highlights dynamics that have received little attention with regards to ‘what is worth in a given situation’. Moving from a fieldwork to another, we did not focus on the action’s heterogeneity as much as the way the individual brings together different positions that s/he can hold in order to arrange with these discoveries related to one’s biology. On the three sites investigated, the examination of the subject’s consistence draws the analysis toward the composite nature of the action. Rather than considering the equivocal features and sometimes the outright ambiguity of the conducts as a failure of the analysis, our research effort contributes achieving a better understanding of the pervasiveness of composition in our relationship to our self and the others in the social context related to biology. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

O problema que deu origem a essa investigação foi o conflito resultante do descompasso entre opções teóricas conscientes e a prática de ensino que conseguíamos efetivamente implementar, ao assumirmos aulas de Língua Portuguesa para turmas do ciclo II do Ensino Fundamental, em uma escola pública estadual, logo após a conclusão do mestrado em Educação. No intuito de priorizarmos práticas que favorecessem a formação de alunos leitores e produtores de textos, e não apenas copistas e decifradores, verificávamos a interferência de diversos aspectos que repercutiam negativamente em nossa prática. Assim, partindo do pressuposto de que o desenvolvimento dessas capacidades requer um ensino deliberado e contínuo ao longo de toda a escolaridade básica, por professores de diferentes disciplinas, propusemo-nos a buscar respostas para as seguintes questões: qual a natureza das dificuldades enfrentadas pelos professores ao buscarem promover a aprendizagem dos seus alunos? Que contingências relacionadas ao ensino da leitura e da escrita, deliberado ou não, estão presentes no trabalho do professor da escola pública, facilitando ou dificultando os processos de ensino e aprendizagem? Para responder a essas questões, empreendemos um estudo situado no paradigma da pesquisa qualitativa em educação, empregando, em algumas etapas, procedimentos inspirados na etnografia educacional (Ezpeleta e Rockwell, 1986; Fonseca, 1998; Erickson, 1989). A análise dos dados fundamentou-se em um critério essencialmente semântico, à luz de parâmetros da análise do conteúdo (Bardin, 1978). Os trabalhos de Tiramonti (2005), Azanha (1990, 2004), Souza (2002, 2006) e Lapo (2005), entre outros autores, subsidiaram teoricamente a nossa investigação, na medida em que propõem considerar aspectos do contexto mais amplo em que atuam os professores, focalizando situações concretas das quais emergem fontes de mal-estar e de bem-estar docente que intervêm em suas práticas. Os dados indicaram que o contexto da sala de aula não é, muitas vezes, propício ao trabalho cotidiano focado em práticas de leitura e produção de texto, em função de diversos fatores: número elevado de alunos, dificuldade de acompanhamento particularizado desses alunos pelos professores; necessidade de gerir demandas individuais e coletivas do grupo; dificuldades inerentes à manutenção de certa ordem que permita a realização de atividades complexas e significativas na sala de aula; interesses pessoais divergentes e por vezes conflitantes; recursos materiais às vezes escassos ou precários; tempo acelerado para gerir inúmeros procedimentos cotidianos, que acabam ocupando grande parte do tempo das aulas em questões não diretamente relacionadas ao ensino e aprendizagem dos conteúdos, entre uma infinidade de outros fatores. Além de questões de ordem objetiva, interferem também nas situações concretas de sala de aula aspectos de ordem subjetiva, que envolvem conhecimentos e características pessoais dos docentes, seus valores, crenças, necessidades e desejos, os quais determinam maneiras muito peculiares de avaliar o contexto, agir e reagir às contingências cotidianas. Todos esses elementos precisam ser considerados quando se propõem ações de melhoria da educação pública. É preciso, pois, relativizar as expectativas quanto ao papel da escola e dos professores, que parecem superestimadas no conjunto de ações que a sociedade precisa implementar para que a qualidade do ensino melhore de modo significativo. / The problem that gave rise to this investigation was the conflict resulting from the dissonance between theoretical conscious options and the teaching practice that we have actually managed to implement when we took over the Portuguese Language classes for Cycle II groups of Brazilian Middle School at a state public school, soon after completing the Masters Degree in Education. Aimed at prioritizing practices that would favor the education of text readers and producers, not just copyists and decoders, we verified the interference of many aspects that had a negative impact on our practice. Thus, starting from the premise that the development of such skills requires a deliberate and continuous teaching during the whole basic education by teachers of different subjects, we have proposed to look after the answers for the following questions: what is the nature of the difficulties faced by teachers when trying to promote their students learning? Which contingencies related to teach reading and writing, deliberate or not, are present in the work of public school teachers, making the teaching and learning processes easy or difficult? To answer such questions, we undertook a study within the paradigm of the qualitative research in education, using, in some steps, procedures inspired in the educational ethnography (Ezpeleta and Rockwell, 1986; Fonseca, 1998; Erickson, 1989). The data analysis was grounded on essentially semantic criteria, in the light of content analysis parameters (Bardin, 1978). The works of Tiramonti (2005), Azanha (1990, 2004), Souza (2002, 2006) and Lapo (2005), among other authors, gave theoretical support to our investigation, insofar they propose to consider aspects of the broader context where teachers act, focusing on concrete situations from which sources of teachers uneasiness and easiness emerge that intervene in their practices. Data indicated that the classroom context is often not proper for the everyday work focused on the practices of reading and producing texts, in view of many factors: high number of students, difficulty of individualized follow-up of these students by teachers; need of managing the groups individual and collective demands; difficulties inherent to maintaining a certain order that allows performing complex and meaningful activities in classroom; divergent and often conflicting personal interests; sometimes scarce or precarious material resources; having to rush to manage multiple everyday tasks that eventually take large amount of class time in issues not directly related to teaching and learning of contents, among a multitude of other factors. Besides questions of objective order, aspects of subjective order do also interfere with concrete classroom situations, which involve knowledge and personal characteristics of teachers, their values, beliefs, needs and desires, which determine very peculiar ways of evaluating the context, acting and reacting to everyday contingencies. All these elements must be considered when improvement actions in public education are proposed. Thus, it is necessary to frame the expectations as to the role of school and teachers, which seem to be overestimated in the set of actions that the society must implement so that there is significant improvement in the teaching quality.

L’être humain est de plus en plus souvent inscrit dans des contextes où lui est accessible un savoir nouveau sur sa vie biologique (e.g., gènes, épigénome, neurones, microbiote). À portées de mains ou de clics, des médiations toujours plus nombreuses (e.g. tests génétiques prédictifs en matière de santé ; « récréatifs », relatifs à l’« ancestralité biogéographique », microbiote intestinal ou à l’« âge épigénétique » ; applications dites de « self-tracking ») mettent l’usager en relation avec des formats d’information de plus en plus diversifiés (e.g., SNP’s, diagnostics, probabilités exprimées sous forme de pourcentages de développer des maladies ou d’autres conditions : réponses de l’organisme à certains pathogènes et molécules, résistance à certaines pathologie, et d’autres propriétés qui seraient influencées par la génétique, comme la longévité ou les facultés cognitives). La découverte de ces données biologiques éprouve la personne et la confronte à de nouvelles inquiétudes qu’elle doit traverser.Menée sur base de trois terrains situés dans le champ de la santé (consultation médicale, usage du web en matière de santé, et usage d’auto-tests tests génétiques), cette recherche contribue à la compréhension de ce phénomène de société. Elle s’applique en particulier à préciser la variété des façons dont la personne intègre ces données nouvelles qui s’accompagnent d’une prétention à un réalisme fort. Dans certains cas, ces technologies fournissent à l’individu une image objectivante de son « identité ». L’approche préconisée s’articule à un questionnement anthropologique singulier : Comment la personne s’arrange-t-elle de situations dans lesquelles elle est mise en relation non plus seulement avec d’autres humains mais au premier titre avec des données objectivantes relatives à son intériorité biologique ? Cette question anthropologique invite à porter au moins autant d’attention à ce qui nous relie à autrui et à notre environnement (deux questions classiquement situées au cœur du projet de la sociologie), qu’aux façons dont l’humain assure une continuité avec lui- même dans des situations où le vivant pose question. Cette recherche démontre que la conduite effectivement adoptée par les usagers des trois médiations examinées est irréductible à l’attente d’autonomie souvent promue comme prise en charge de sa santé relevant d’un plan d’action orienté vers un but à atteindre. Soutenue par des outils sociologiques qui sous-tendent une conception plurielle du sujet et de l’action, cette recherche attire l’attention sur des dynamiques peu traitées dans les sciences sociales de la santé. L’examen attentif du maintien du sujet mis à l’épreuve de ces nouveaux savoirs jette une lumière nouvelle sur l’habileté de l’humain à évoluer entre une pluralité de positions, de définitions de ce qu’il se passe et/ou de qui il est afin de s’arranger de ces découvertes qui insécurisent son état de sujet. Plutôt que de considérer le caractère ambivalent, équivoque et parfois carrément ambigu de la conduite de l’usager comme un échec de l’analyse, ce travail contribue à une approche de la composition dans le rapport à soi et à autrui. / More than ever before humans have access to new knowledge about their biological life (e.g., genes, biochemical marks influencing phenotypes, neurons, microbiota). This knowledge is progressively transfered out of laboratories and into commercial markets. Then, by means of an ever-increasing number of readily available mediations (e.g. direct-to-consumer (epi)genomic tests (DTC GT), health-related uses of the Internet, direct-to-consumer genomic tests, self-tracking applications on smartphones) layusers are connected to an increasingly diverse array of data (e.g., online diagnostics, genomic predispositions, probabilities, SNP’s). My doctoral thesis develops an investigation of the practices whereby individuals ensure continuity with others/themselves when confronted to new knowledge related to their biology. Knowing the so-called “real” or potential biological endowment of oneself but also of others has tremendous social, political and ethical consequences. These new reflexive technologies grant individuals with an objectifying image of their “identity”. These new objectifying data related to the biological self puts the subject to test. They confront them to inquietudes they have to cope with.Built on three fieldworks located in the field of health (the classic medical examination, health-related information on the Internet, health-related direct-to-consumer genomic tests), this research fosters a better understanding of this social phenomenon. My investigation specifically seeks to clarify the variety of ways that allow individuals to integrate these new data marked with a strong degree of realism. The approach set forth in this research revolves on a specific anthropological question: how human beings find arrangements with situations in which they are not only confronted to others but also with objectifying data related to their biological life? This anthropological problematic invites us to bring at least as much attention to what connects us with others than to the specific ways individuals ensure continuity with themselves in contexts where the “living” raises question. My research demonstrates that the conduct actually adopted by users of the three mediations studied is irreducible to the expected liberal autonomy often promoted in the literature as “management of one’s health”. A careful analysis of the subject’s consistence facing this new knowledge highlights social dynamics that have received little attention in the field of social sciences of health. The fieldworks carried out provide new insights on the human ability to bring together different positions or definitions of what is happening and/or who you are in order to arrange with these discoveries that challenge their subject consistency. Rather than considering the equivocal features and sometimes the outright ambiguity of the conducts as a failure of the analysis, this research effort contributes achieving a better understanding of the pervasiveness of composition in our relationship to our self and the others in social contexts related to biology

There is abundant anecdotal evidence substantiating Mori’s initial observation of the "uncanny valley", a point at which human response to non-human entities drops sharply with respect to comfort (Mori, 1970), and the construct itself has a long-standing history in both Robotics and Psychology. Currently, many fields such as design, training, entertainment, and education make use of heuristic approaches to accommodate the anticipated needs of the user/consumer/audience in certain important aspects. This is due to the lack of empirical substantiation or, in some cases, the impossibility of rigorous quantification; one such area is with respect to the user’s experience of uncanniness, a feeling of "eeriness" or "wrongness" when interacting with artefacts or environments. Uncanniness, however, continues to be defined and measured in a largely subjective way, and often after the fact; an experience or product’s uncanny features are pointed out after the item has been markedly avoided or complained about by the general public. These studies are among the first seeking to determine a constellation of personality traits and physiological responses that incline the user to have a more frequent or profound "uncanny" reaction when presented with stimuli meeting the criteria for a level of "eeriness". In study 1, 395 adults were asked to categorize 200 images as uncanny, neutral, pleasant, or other. In Study 2, physiological and eye-tracking data was collected from twenty two adults as they viewed uncanny, neutral and pleasant images culled from study 1. This research identifies components of the uncanny valley related to subjective assessment, personality factors (using the HEXACO and Anthropomorphic Tendencies Scale), and biophysical measures, and found that traits unique to Emotionality on the HEXACO inventory, compounded with a form of anthropomorphism demonstrates a level of relationship to the subjective experience of uncanny stimuli. There is evidence that HEXACO type and forms of anthropomorphic perception mediates the biophysical iv expression and the subjective perception of the stimuli. In keeping with psychological hypotheses, stimuli to which the participants had greatest response centered on death, the threat of death, or mismatched/absent facial features.