A principal questão que esta pesquisa busca examinar é: O que caracteriza do ponto de vista físico, espacial e funcional o processo de ocupação e transformação das várzeas urbanas de São Paulo? O objeto de pesquisa proposto são as várzeas urbanas dos três principais rios que cortam a cidade de São Paulo: Tietê, Pinheiros e Tamanduateí. A principal hipótese para a questão central é que apesar das diferenças entre cada uma das várzeas analisadas, o que as caracterizam são as semelhanças em seu processo de ocupação: o histórico de ocupação com a canalização dos rios e ocupação excessiva de suas margens, a existência de ocupações setorizadas, a permanência de grandes glebas e áreas com baixa densidade construtivas e baixa densidade habitacional, infraestrutura urbana incompleta. O que faz com que se apresentem ainda hoje como principais áreas potenciais de transformação da cidade a partir de novas premissas de ocupação e uso do solo no seu padrão intraurbano. A caracterização da área de estudo foi realizada por meio de produção e análise cartográfica produzida pela autora, especificamente, para esta pesquisa. A leitura das diferenças e similaridades entre as várzeas urbanas foi de fundamental importância para a problematização e avaliação do potencial de ocupação futura das áreas estudadas. Também faz parte desta pesquisa a análise de projetos de arquitetura e urbanismo elaborados em áreas de várzea. A pesquisa levou à uma análise e avaliação do potencial de urbanização das várzeas dos principais rios de São Paulo, possibilitando a discussão dos novos processos de transformação, já em andamento, destas áreas. / The main question that this research seeks to examine is: What characterizes from a physical, spatial and functional point of view the process of ocupation and transformation of the urban floodplains of São Paulo? The proposed research object is the urban lowlands of the three main rivers that cut the city of São Paulo: Tietê, Pinheiros and Tamanduateí. The main hypothesis for the presented question is that despite the differences between each of the floodplains analyzed, what characterizes them are the similarities in their occupation process: the occupation history with the channeling of rivers and excessive occupation of their banks, existence of occupations sectorized, the permanence of large areas and areas with low density constructive and low density housing, incomplete urban infrastructure. What makes them still present today as main potential areas of transformation of the city from new premises of occupation and land use at its intra-urban level. The characterization of the study area was carried out through production and cartographic analysis, produced by the author, specifically, for this research. The reading of the differences and similarities between the urban floodplains was of fundamental importance for the problematization and evaluation of the potential of future occupation of the studied areas. Also part of this research is the analysis of architectural and urban planning projects elaborated in lowland areas. The research led to an analysis and evaluation of the potential of urbanization of the floodplains of the main rivers of São Paulo, allowing the discussion of the new processes of transformation, already underway, of these areas.

A pesquisa faz um histórico da Operação Urbana Água Branca, como instrumento de transformação urbana da região da Barra Funda em São Paulo. Após debates ao longo da década de 1980, a Operação Urbana é adotada como instrumento urbanístico no Brasil, e especificamente em São Paulo, no Plano Diretor de 1985. Sua adoção definia como objetivo a transformação de lugares estratégicos da cidade por meio da captação de recursos advindos da iniciativa privada em momento de diminuição do investimento público. Nesse sentido, as formas de relação entre poder público e capital privado são abordadas pela pesquisa, procurando-se definir os resultados derivados de políticas, posturas, estratégias e mecanismos urbanísticos diversos, adotados no período 1995-2015, ao longo do qual a Operação Urbana Água Branca adota progressivamente as características de projeto urbano, voltado para o redesenho do bairro. O trabalho constrói inicialmente um panorama da evolução do bairro anterior à criação da Operação Urbana, após o que analisa a fundamentação teórica do instrumento e finalmente sua adoção pelo Executivo municipal paulistano. Discute-se também o processo de formulação, adoção e posterior abandono, em 2006, do projeto vencedor do Concurso Bairro Novo pelo poder público, e como as características dos cenários político, urbanístico e econômico-financeiro naquele momento contribuíram para o desfecho do processo. A dinâmica de desenvolvimento imobiliário da Barra Funda, posterior ao descarte do projeto do Bairro Novo, é examinada, com foco especial para o projeto e construção do empreendimento Jardim das Perdizes, mini-bairro construído pelas incorporadoras Tecnisa e PDG em espaço central ao bairro. O trabalho procurou igualmente avaliar quais modificações no uso e ocupação do solo no mesmo período são de fato induzidas pelos instrumentos previstos na lei e quais destes resultados independem ou dependem em grau menor da existência da Operação Urbana. Por fim, a pesquisa concentrou-se no detalhado processo de revisão da Operação Urbana Água Branca e sua transformação em Operação Urbana Consorciada, com maior participação de representantes da sociedade civil por meio da formação de um Grupo de Gestão e foco mais acentuado em construção de Habitação de Interesse Social. O processo mais recente é também caracterizado por estratégias múltiplas de interação entre poder público e capital privado consubstanciadas na criação de instrumentos urbanísticos diversos na nova Lei, que oscilam entre atuação direta do Executivo municipal na urbanização, parcerias público-privadas, e mecanismos de indução de adoção pelos incorporadores de características urbanísticas pretendidas pelo poder público. A transformação da Operação Urbana Água Branca é vista também como associada à adoção de princípios derivados do Estatuto da Cidade. O trabalho permitiu avaliar as possibilidades do instrumento da Operação Urbana Água Branca e de sua versão Consorciada para transformar positiva e criativamente o bairro da Barra Funda por meio de necessária e complexa interação entre poder público e capital privado, ainda que este instrumento deva ser continuamente aprimorado pela participação intensa da sociedade civil em seu processo. / The research is a history of the Urban Operation Água Branca, as an urban transformation tool in the Barra Funda district in São Paulo. After debates throughout the 1980s, the Urban Operation is adopted as an urban instrument in Brazil, specifically in São Paulo, in the Master Plan of 1985. Its adoption defined the objective of transforming strategic places of the city through fundraising coming from the private sector at a time of decreasing government investment. In this sense, forms of relationship between government and private equity are covered by the dissertation, seeking to define the results derived from policies, attitudes, strategies and different urban mechanisms adopted in the period 1995-2015, over which the Urban Operation Água Branca gradually adopted urban design features, aimed to redesign the neighborhood of Barra Funda. The work initially builds an overview of developments in the previous years of the creation of the Urban Operation, after which analyzes the theoretical basis of the instrument and finally its adoption by the São Paulo Municipal Administration. We also discuss the formulation, adoption and subsequent abandonment in 2006 of the winner project of the competition Bairro Novo, and how the characteristics of political, urban, economic and financial scenarios in that time contributed to the outcome of the process. The dynamics of the real estate development of Barra Funda, after the competition, is examined with a special focus on the design and construction of the project Jardim das Perdizes, a mini-neighborhood built by developers Tecnisa and PDG in a central space to the neighborhood. The work also sought to assess which changes in land use and occupation in the same period are indeed induced by the instruments provided for by law and also which results do not depend or rely to a lesser extent on the Urban Operation existence. Finally, the research focused on the detailed process of revision of the Urban Operation Água Branca by the municipality and its transformation into an Urban Operation Consortium, with greater participation of representatives of civil society through a Management Group and a sharper focus on social housing. The most recent case is also characterized by multiple strategies of interaction between government and private capital embodied in the creation of many urban instruments in the new law, ranging from direct action of the municipal executive in urbanization and public-private partnerships to mechanisms for the induction of adoption by developers of urban characteristics required by the government. The transformation of the Urban Operation Água Branca is also seen as a reflection of the adoption of principles derived from the the Brazilian federal urban development law known as Estatuto da Cidade. The research allowed to evaluate the possibilities of the Urban Operation Água Branca and its Consortiated version to transform positively and creatively the Barra Funda district through necessary and complex interaction between government and private capital, although this instrument should be continuously enhanced by the participation of civil society.

A crítica da cidade colonial foi um dos principais temas nas discussões e justificativas para as reformas e melhoramentos por que passaram muitas cidades na virada para o século XX. Desde aquelas mais importantes administrativa e economicamente nos três primeiros séculos de colonização, como o Rio de Janeiro, Salvador e Recife, até as que pouca relevância tinham na incipiente rede urbana do período colonial, como Natal, a crítica repetiu-se, homogeneamente à primeira vista, nas várias cidades em transformação, independente das particularidades das várias estruturas urbanas e da maior ou menor irregularidade dos seus traçados. Para além da questão sobre a existência ou não de planejamento por parte do colonizador português, esta tese discute como se formaram as representações sobre a cidade colonial no Brasil. Nas trilhas dessa imagem construída amiúde em negativo, aborda-se: a leitura empreendida pelos viajantes estrangeiros no início do século XIX, com ênfase no livro de Henry Koster, Travels in Brazil (1816); a problematização e instrumentalização do tema em meio às formulações higienista e sanitarista sobre a necessidade de reformar e modernizar o espaço urbano ao longo do século XIX; da mesma maneira, no processo de formação do campo disciplinar do urbanismo no Brasil na virada para o século XX; e, a apropriação do tema na constituição da historiografia sobre a arquitetura brasileira. Por fim, tecem-se algumas considerações sobre o texto que seria tomado como o momento fundante dessa representação: o capítulo \"O semeador e o ladrilhador\", de Raízes do Brasil (1936), de Sérgio Buarque de Holanda. / The critique of the colonial city was one of the most usual themes on the discussion and justification of reforms and improvement plans targeted at several Brazilian cities in the turn to the twentieth century. The critique was reiterated in a virtually homogeneous fashion all over Brazil, regardless of the specific urban characteristics in each settlement, whether it was being applied to cities that concentrated great administrative and economic importance during the colonial times, such as Rio de Janeiro, Salvador and Recife, or to those that carried little relevance in the colony\'s fledgling urban network, such as Natal. Beyond the issue of whether the Portuguese colonizers were \"planning\" settlements, this thesis discusses how representations on Brazilian colonial cities came to be. As the development of this generally negative image is tracked down, this work explores the images of Brazilian cities forged by foreigner travelers, focusing on Travels in Brazil (1816), by Henry Koster; the theme\'s problematization by physicians and sanitary and polytechnic engineers, for whom the theme of colonial city was instrumental to demand for the urban reforms and modernization they sought over the nineteenth century; the appropriation of this theme during the process of formation of urbanism as a discipline; and in the many texts and books that delineated modern historiography on Brazilian architecture. Finally, some considerations are made on the text that could be considered the foundation for these representations: Sérgio Buarque de Holanda\'s \"O semeador e o ladrilhador\", a chapter from his 1936 work, \"Raízes do Brasil\".

Zona é uma reflexão sobre minhas produções poéticas dos últimos anos. Trata-se de um conjunto de trabalhos em que penso a cidade em seus aspectos contrastantes - as imagens espetaculares bem como sua contrapartida, as imagens de degradação. Para expor esses contrastes, estabeleço uma relação entre fotografar, desenhar e projetar imagens recriadas a partir de uma determinada área da cidade Esse volume é uma síntese gráfica que relaciona visualmente os aspectos teóricos da pesquisa, as referências visuais, os processos de produção dos trabalhos e sua documentação fotográfica. É uma condensação das minhas experiências como artista no qual tento desvendar os fios de contradição de uma zona da cidade de São Paulo / Zona reflects on my poetic productions of recent years, It is about a group of works in which I think the city in its contrasting aspects - the spectacular images as well as its conterpart, the images of degradation. To expose these contrasts, I stabilish a connection between photograph, draw and Project images recreated from a certain área of the city This volume is a graphic summary that visually relates the theorical aspects of the research, the visual references, the production processes of the work and its photo documentation. It is a condensation of my experiences as na artist in which I try do unreval the threads of contradiction of a certain zone in São Paulo

La place répond à la représentation – consciente ou inconsciente selon les temps et les lieux – que chaque groupe d’hommes se fait de sa ville. Devenue forme urbaine prestigieuse, la place est donc d’abord une idée, née à l’époque moderne d’une construction intellectuelle et culturelle. Partant de ce postulat, la thèse vise à comprendre le statut de la place parisienne à travers ses représentations. Afin de mieux décrypter les changements comme les permanences, d’interroger sa valeur archétypale ou paradigmatique, la place est observée à travers un corpus de textes de statuts différents (de la théorie architecturale au guide de voyage). Cette recherche explore dans deux périodes - l’une de construction d’une pensée sur la ville (1690-1844), l’autre de relecture et de recherche de modèles dans son passé (1889-1975), si et comment la place participe de la notion d’embellissement née au siècle des Lumières, mais aussi le rôle que les auteurs lui attribuent dans la structuration de la ville (centralité, extension) ou encore dans sa mise en valeur, voire dans la survivance de son mythe comme ville la « plus belle de l’univers ». Par delà l’annexion de 1860, ces textes interrogent les temps de la ville, ses limites, ses pratiques, sa symbolique. Quel que soit le moment, la place raconte une certaine idée de l’espace urbain et inversement, par anticipation ou rétroaction. C’est donc dans ce rapport dialectique que cette thèse s’inscrit et tente de comprendre ce qui est dit du fait urbain à travers cette forme urbaine à part, qui est d’abord une idée puissante, symbole d’une urbanité toujours à redéfinir. / The square is part of the representation of the city that each human group develops during a specific time in a specific place. It became a prestigious urban form under the influence of an intellectual and cultural idea which took shape in the high spheres of society during the modern era. Stemming from this premise, this thesis aims to understand what the square, as reflected in its representations, stood for from the second half of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. The corpus is based on texts which vary from architectural theory to visitors’ guides. In order to better decipher changes as well as permanencies and to question their archetypal or paradigmatic value, the Parisian square is observed through texts published during two moments of expectations, interrogations and urban projections: 1740-1840 and 1890-1920, two moments which border a short and intense time of structural transformations. This research aims to explore whether and how the square participated in the notion of embellishment in the sense used since the 18th century. Another aim is to measure the role the authors give to the square in the restructuring of the city and in its valorisation, the extreme form being the survival of the myth of Paris as “the most beautiful city of the Universe”. These multiples narratives reflect the image of a polysemic square which underwent different kinds of transformations. At each moment, the square tells a specific idea of urban space related to anticipation or reactive action. Thus, this thesis takes into account this dialectic relation and hopes to help understanding how the discourse on the square is a commentary on urban being at large.

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In this dissertation constructions of contemporary urban ideals are in focus, starting from the understanding that they are constructed in relation to both an idea of an urban renaissance and one ofa dissolving, or sprawling, city. The aim of the dissertation is to investigate and analyse how the city and the urban are discursively constructed in contemporary Swedish urban planning discussion. This is done by analysing articles from the Swedish Journal of Planning (Plan) and publications from the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (Boverket) and the Urban Environment Council (Stadsmiljörådet). The main research topics are: How is the city and its history constructed? What norms are constructed about the city and the urban? How is planning and the role of the planner constructed, and what kind of knowledge and practices are emphasised? Methodologically, the dissertation is inspired by social constructivist methods, and mainly discourse theory. Applying this to the urban context means understanding urbanity and cities as constantly constructed and reconstructed discursively, even if both appear to be defined, absolute and recognisable. The analysis investigates these appearances and the meanings they are given – in this case in an urban planning context.  The analysis shows that history plays an important part in both the construction of ideals and problems. Both contemporary planning and the urban ideals are conceptualised in the light of a modernist planning era, which is emphasised as the period when the “real” city was dissolved or even destroyed. An “original”, pre-modern city is constructed and guarded as the norm, and the categorisation of places appear as important. Concepts both open and defined appear as central, such as diversity, variation, identity and urbanity. The planning practice that supposedly creates the good city is ideally a sensitive and emotional practice and practitioner, in line with communicative planning theory. Binary conceptual couples structure the discourse to a high degree, resulting in polarisations such as compact/sparse, city/countryside or inner city/suburb. The problematic or contradictory, such as the suburb, is marked off from the “real” city, and an inside and outside of the good city is created. The importance of a holistic and comprehensive planning perspective is emphasized, but at the same time the urban ideal that comes out appear as a strongly normative outlook from the traditional inner city. An inner city “we” is constructed, and the suburb, the suburban and its inhabitants are seen as an Other.  The dissertation also discusses some openings and contrary voices in the discourse and in other urban research indicative of an attempt to move beyond the polarisations. By questioning hierarchies and polarisations, and opening up for influence from outside of the discourse, concepts such as diversity and urbanity could be given alternative meanings instead of being used to mourn the loss of a “real”, original city or urban public space. / <p>QC 20130204</p>

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The United States government has taken steps to assure underprivileged citizens housing in the form of public housing through the Department of Housing and Urban Development, as well as various humanitarian programs in the form of homeless shelters. Yet, all housing is not equal. Our freedom to choose where we live and what type of house we live in is one revered aspect of life as a United States citizen. We can express our individuality, creativity, and personality through the architectural style of our homes. In this sense it is hard to ask for equal housing. I am suggesting that equality comes from adequate access to social participation, social integration, and power, in other words social inclusion. (Room, 7) Investigating and correcting the causes of social exclusion in order to create social inclusion is necessary in order to ascertain equality of housing in America. Sir Winston Churchill once said, “We shape our buildings and afterward our buildings shape us.” (Gieryn, 35) But what happens when you do not have power over the shaping of your own building? Is your building still a reflection of yourself? And if we allow building to include the environment in which your home is located, what if previous use of the land left it degraded? Will the degradation shape you? My thesis considers the question: does the environmental quality and architectural style of public housing in the United States facilitate the social exclusion of these communities? If so, what best practices can we take away from models that have been successful at combatting social exclusion? By answering these questions I strive to develop a proposal to right this currently unjust situation.

The present dissertation deals with the establishment of Campus Sundsvall, MidSweden University, and discusses how the architecture visualizes visions and ideas of the participants involved, the city of Sundsvall, the university and the proprietor, Akademiska Hus. The purpose is to investigate the process where the symbolic values are formulated and materialized – the interaction between architecture, language and visual material. The first chapter discusses the American tradition of campus planning and how the idea has been transformed in Sweden to represent an area, often located in the city, gathering one or more buildings used by a university. The second chapter deals with the architectural competition of Campus Sundsvall and analyzes the program, the solutions presented by the participants and eventually how Campus Sundsvall turned out in the late 1990s. The third chapter investigates the sources of the concepts of the architecture and the planning model and discusses why the city of Sundsvall was attracted by these ideas. The planning history of Sundsvall and especially Stenstaden, the city centre of Sundsvall, are central in interpreting the question of identity as a symbolic value. In the last chapter, discussing the campus as a creative space, the present increase of IT supported distance courses questions the importance of the university campus.