Purpose - The objective of this study is to explore how Data-Intelligence Service-Providers (DISP) can adapt existing Business Model (BM) dimensions to leverage the potential value and mitigate the emerging challenges Open Data (OD) introduces. Method – By developing a multiple case study, we intend to qualitatively explore what BM practices DISPs employ when incorporating OD. Interviews are conducted in multiple phases with a total of 25 interviews and results generated using a thematic analysis. Findings – Through empirical investigation and analysis of DISPs actions and strategies, the study uncovers how these firms navigate challenges and opportunities presented by OD. By portraying the strategies across three BM dimensions—value creation, delivery, and capture—this study identifies six key practices that help DISPs competitively differentiate themselves in the OD environment. The identified practices include Use-case understanding and Data-driven Service Innovation for value creation, Enhanced Data Delivery and Collaborative Data Optimization for value delivery, and AdjustedRevenue Model and Market Expansion for value capture. Implications – In our contribution to existing literature, we present empirical evidence spanning across all dimensions of the BM, shedding light on the competitive advantages facilitated by OD. Additionally, through identifying key practices, this thesis uncovers several areas where there is a lack of understanding on ODs impact in a commercial context. Specifically, by solely focusing on the perspective of DISPs, we offer detailed insight into how these practices are practically unfolding. Furthermore, the thesis presents a framework categorizing practices based on priority and ecosystem dependency. This framework delineates certain practices that are considered fundamental when incorporating OD while also recognizing their intricate requirement of involving external parties, offering managers a visual overview of how to systematically adapt their BMs to incorporate OD into their services. In addition, we manage to address the common distortions about OD by offering a thorough theoretical foundation and defining it clearly within a commercial context, making this complex topic more accessible and better understood. Limitations and future research – As this study is limited to data-providers and DISPs, this thesis advocates for exploring end-user perspectives in future research deemed crucial for gathering a comprehensive understanding of their needs and interactions with OD solutions to solidify findings in this study. Additionally, it is encouraged that future research should investigate misalignments between data-providers and DISPs (e.g. regulatory and technical matters) which currently, are leading to massive inefficiencies in data supply chains. Understanding these issues and implementing strategies to address them can optimize OD resource utilization, thereby facilitating greater innovative potential for service-providers leveraging it.

As pesquisas identificam os modelos e práticas ligados a cadeias de suprimentos de ciclo fechado, como uma das estratégias para o desenvolvimento sustentável através da recuperação do produto pós-consumo, maximizando a criação de valor ao longo de todo seu ciclo de vida, transformando o que é resíduo em produto para novo uso. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar como a gestão da cadeia de suprimentos de ciclo fechado pode criar e capturar o valor deste produto pós-consumo. O método adotado foi de múltiplos estudos de caso explorando duas cadeias de suprimentos de ciclo fechado a de baterias automotivas chumbo ácido e de produtos eletrônicos tais como telefones celulares, notebooks, tablets, impressoras, desktops e monitores no Brasil. Primeiro conduzimos uma análise do relacionamento entre as empresas de cada cadeia e então expandimos nossa análise comparando as duas cadeias. Os resultados sugerem que para criar e capturar valor na cadeia de suprimentos direta ou tradicional é necessário a gestão das dimensões prioridades competitivas, estrutura da cadeia de suprimentos, relacionamento comprador-fornecedor, compras estratégicas e inovação. Entretanto, para a cadeia de suprimentos de ciclo fechado criar e capturar valor será necessário além da gestão destas dimensões adicionarmos maior interdependência entre as empresas, vantagem colaborativa, gestão tétrade multinível e uma estrutura da cadeia de suprimentos com novas ramificações em outros setores e indústrias que aumenta a quantidade de produtos pós-consumo retornados, resultando em um importante ganho de economia de escala, com foco no processo de reciclagem. / The researches identify closed loop supply chain models and practices as one of the sustainable development strategies through post consumption product recovery, maximizing value creation over the entire life cycle of a product transforming waste in a product for new use. The aim of this research is to understand and identify how the closed loop supply chain management can create and capture the value of this post consumption product. By adopting a multiple case study method, studying two Brazilian\'s closed loop supply chain the lead acid battery industry supply chain and electronic products industry supply chain for mobile phones, notebooks, tablets, printers, desktops and monitors. We first conduct a relationship analysis between the firms of each supply chain then we expand our analysis comparing the two chains. The results show that for value creation and capture in supply chain is required management in dimensions competitive priorities, supply chain structure, buyer supplier relationship, strategic purchasing and innovation. However for closed loop supply chain besides management in these dimensions we must add firms\' bigger interdependency, collaborative advantage, multi-level tetrad management and a supply chain structure with new connections in others industries, that increases the post consumption product\'s return resulting in an important gain from economies of scale focusing in recycling process.

Submitted by RENATO Kogeyama (rkogeyama@gmail.com) on 2018-10-19T21:14:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 final_version.pdf: 1117817 bytes, checksum: f74b9b8398397e1c4fdc399a581996a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2018-10-25T20:18:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 final_version.pdf: 1117817 bytes, checksum: f74b9b8398397e1c4fdc399a581996a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-29T20:13:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 final_version.pdf: 1117817 bytes, checksum: f74b9b8398397e1c4fdc399a581996a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-20 / Literature on modularity acknowledges its relevance to innovation, but it rarely addresses the relationship between modularity and the structure of competition in technological markets. In this dissertation, I seek to extend received wisdom by shedding light on this relationship, and I find that modularity affects the structure of competition by shifting the locus of value capture. An empirical test provides evidence that interfaces are pivotal for prevalence in technological markets due to the network effects created by the use of modularization at the component level, on the design stage. Also, I demonstrate that the location of modularity asymmetrically affects the performance of firms. Firms which adopt modular components performs better than firms that adopt proprietary components when horizontal differentiation is more important than vertical differentiation. Lastly, I examine the effect of participation in Standard Setting Organizations to job mobility and I find an unexpected consequence of competition in technological markets: participation in the standardization effort may inadvertently lead firms to leak intellectual capital due increased job mobility of their inventors. / A literatura atual em modularidade reconhece sua relevância para a inovação, mas raramente discute a relação entre modularidade e a estrutura da competição em mercados tecnológicos. Nesta tese, eu busco expandir o conhecimento neste tema, e identifico que a modularidade afeta a estrutura da competição ao alterar o foco da captura de valor. Um teste empírico fornece evidências de que as interfaces são fundamentais na competição em mercados tecnológicos por causa dos efeitos de rede gerados a partir da modularização no nível do componente, na etapa de projeto. Além disso, eu demonstro que a localização da modularidade afeta assimetricamente o desempenho das empresas. As empresas que adotam componentes modulares obtêm desempenho superior que as empresas que adotam componentes proprietários quando a diferenciação horizontal é mais importante que a diferenciação vertical. Por último, eu examino os efeitos da participação em Organizações de Padronização na taxa de mudança de empregos, e encontro uma consequência inesperada da competição em mercados tecnológicos: a participação em processos de padronização de tecnologias pode inadvertidamente levar empresas a perder capital intelectual para a concorrência devido a um aumento da taxa de mudança de empregos de seus inventores.

As pesquisas identificam os modelos e práticas ligados a cadeias de suprimentos de ciclo fechado, como uma das estratégias para o desenvolvimento sustentável através da recuperação do produto pós-consumo, maximizando a criação de valor ao longo de todo seu ciclo de vida, transformando o que é resíduo em produto para novo uso. O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar como a gestão da cadeia de suprimentos de ciclo fechado pode criar e capturar o valor deste produto pós-consumo. O método adotado foi de múltiplos estudos de caso explorando duas cadeias de suprimentos de ciclo fechado a de baterias automotivas chumbo ácido e de produtos eletrônicos tais como telefones celulares, notebooks, tablets, impressoras, desktops e monitores no Brasil. Primeiro conduzimos uma análise do relacionamento entre as empresas de cada cadeia e então expandimos nossa análise comparando as duas cadeias. Os resultados sugerem que para criar e capturar valor na cadeia de suprimentos direta ou tradicional é necessário a gestão das dimensões prioridades competitivas, estrutura da cadeia de suprimentos, relacionamento comprador-fornecedor, compras estratégicas e inovação. Entretanto, para a cadeia de suprimentos de ciclo fechado criar e capturar valor será necessário além da gestão destas dimensões adicionarmos maior interdependência entre as empresas, vantagem colaborativa, gestão tétrade multinível e uma estrutura da cadeia de suprimentos com novas ramificações em outros setores e indústrias que aumenta a quantidade de produtos pós-consumo retornados, resultando em um importante ganho de economia de escala, com foco no processo de reciclagem. / The researches identify closed loop supply chain models and practices as one of the sustainable development strategies through post consumption product recovery, maximizing value creation over the entire life cycle of a product transforming waste in a product for new use. The aim of this research is to understand and identify how the closed loop supply chain management can create and capture the value of this post consumption product. By adopting a multiple case study method, studying two Brazilian\'s closed loop supply chain the lead acid battery industry supply chain and electronic products industry supply chain for mobile phones, notebooks, tablets, printers, desktops and monitors. We first conduct a relationship analysis between the firms of each supply chain then we expand our analysis comparing the two chains. The results show that for value creation and capture in supply chain is required management in dimensions competitive priorities, supply chain structure, buyer supplier relationship, strategic purchasing and innovation. However for closed loop supply chain besides management in these dimensions we must add firms\' bigger interdependency, collaborative advantage, multi-level tetrad management and a supply chain structure with new connections in others industries, that increases the post consumption product\'s return resulting in an important gain from economies of scale focusing in recycling process.

This study is a part of the HITS-project at the Integrated Transport Research Lab at KTH. The demand for urban freight transportation has continued to grow during the last decades due to increased urbanization. Road-based freight transport contributes to air pollution, traffic congestion and noise pollution. The dependency of these services and because of their emissions of greenhouse gases there is a need for new sustainable initiatives.  To investigate the possibility of consolidating the delivery of parcels and collection of recycling materials, a pilot initiative called Älskade Stad has been implemented in Stockholm. Traditionally, similar initiatives have encountered problems when municipalities have stopped the funding and it has also been difficult to convince companies to cooperate. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate what values that are being created from an urban consolidation center (UCC), as these could be seen as incentives for joining. Furthermore, it will identify what value propositions that are being offered for the city and the involved companies and how these companies capture these values.  The thesis is conducted as a qualitative case study and uses the business model approach as a conceptual framework. The result from the study shows that four key resources and activities were related to value creation: a smaller truck which increased the filling rates, exemptions received from the municipality, new garage space utilization, and goods and waste flow consolidation. Furthermore, sustainable value propositions are offered to the companies and the city, such as, more attractive streets, higher profitability on trucks, increased publicity, improved work environment and finally green transportation solutions. This has entailed changes to the value capturing for the involved companies. Changes that are related to savings, revenue, and cost streams. The analysis from the study showed that the implementation of an UCC can help the city when facing urbanization challenges, and lead to a cleaner, safer, and more attractive city. / Denna studie är en del av HITS-projektet vid Integrated Transport Research Lab vid KTH. Efterfrågan på urbana varutransporter har fortsatt att öka under de senaste årtiondena på grund av en ökad urbanisering. Vägbaserad varutransport bidrar till luftföroreningar, köbildning och ljudföroreningar. Vikten av dess tjänster i kombination med dess stora utsläpp av växthusgaser skapar ett behov av nya hållbara initiativ.  För att utforska en lösning som konsoliderar varuleveranser och upphämtning av returmaterial, har en pilotstudie med namnet Älskade Stad genomförts i Stockholm. Historiskt sett har liknande initiativ mött problem när finansiering från offentlig sektor tagit slut och dessutom har det varit svårt att övertyga företag att delta i samarbeten. Därför ämnar denna studie att kartlägga vilka värden som faktiskt skapas med hjälp av en urban samlastningscentral, vilket skulle kunna ses som möjliga incitament. Vidare syftar denna studie till att kartlägga vilka värden som erbjuds för staden samt involverade företag och hur dessa värden fångas av företagen.  Denna uppsats är genomförd i form av en kvalitativ fallstudie och använder ett affärsmodellsperspektiv som teoretiskt ramverk. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med experter som är involverade i initiativet samt forskare insamlades data. Resultaten från studien påvisar fyra huvudsakliga aktiviteter och resurser kopplat till värdeskapande: en mindre lastbil som ökade fyllnadsgraden, dispenser utdelat från stadsförvaltningen, ny garageanvändning samt godskonsolidering. Utöver detta så uppstår ett hållbart värdeerbjudande till företagen och staden i form av en mer attraktiv gatumiljö, högre lönsamhet på sopbilar, ökad publicitet, förbättrad arbetsmiljö och en grön transportlösning. Detta har medfört förändringar när det gäller företagens värdefångst, förändringar kopplade till besparingar, intäkts- och kostnadsflöden. Analysen från studien visat att en implementering av en urban samlastningscentral kan hjälpa staden att bemöta urbaniseringsutmaningar och bidra till en renare, säkrare och attraktivare stadsmiljö.

Promoting the use of electric vehicles (EVs) has become an important measure to solve the environmental issue in China. In Beijing, the number of EVs has increased rapidly during recent years. In parallel, an extensive charging infrastructure has been deployed. However, most charging infrastructure operators find it difficult to make a profit by only providing charging services due to the lack of a sound business model. This thesis aims to investigate the current status of charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in urban Beijing and the business models of Beijing’s main charging infrastructure operators. Furthermore, based on the empirical findings, the weaknesses in the business models are identified. Beijing was chosen as case study in which the three main operators were studied in order to identify their business models in terms of value proposition, value creation and value capture. Questionnaire and interview as data collection methods were used to collect qualitative data. The study has shown that owing to the market demand and governmental promotion, the charging infrastructure industry retains its rapid development in Beijing. Moreover, the study indicates that the EV users’ most important demands on the charging services are: safety, convenience, speed, and stability during charging. The services need to be delivered at a reasonable price, and this is the development orientation for the charging operators. The business models of the three main charging infrastructure operators are almost identical, as all of them both manufacture and deploy charging piles as well as deliver charging services. They create and capture value by providing charging piles and service as well as various services based on mobile apps. Furthermore, through the investigation and analysis of their business models, five weaknesses in the business model have been identified: the slow pace of technology adoption, high initial investment requirements, few revenue streams, high cost for both internal personnel and external contractors, and insufficient information from App/mobile platform. / Att främja användningen av elbilar har blivit en viktig åtgärd för att lösa miljöproblemet i Kina. I Peking har antalet elbilar ökat snabbt de senaste åren. Parallellt har en utbyggnad av laddningsinfrastruktur skett. De flesta laddningsinfrastrukturoperatörer har dock svårt att göra vinst genom att endast tillhandahålla laddningstjänster på grund av bristen på en sund affärsmodell. Denna avhandling syftar till att undersöka den nuvarande situationen för laddningsinfrastrukturen för elbilar i Peking samt affärsmodellerna hos Pekings främsta laddningsinfrastrukturoperatörer. Enligt de empiriska resultaten identifieras svagheterna i affärsmodellerna. Peking valdes som fallstudie där de tre huvudoperatörerna studerades för att identifiera deras affärsmodeller i fråga om värderbjudande, värdeskapande och värdefångst. Frågeformulär och intervju som datainsamlingsmetoder användes för att samla in kvalitativa data. Studien har visat att, på grund av efterfrågan på marknaden och statens främjande behåller laddningsinfrastrukturbranschen sin snabba utveckling i Peking. Dessutom visar studien att elbilanvändarnas viktigaste krav på laddningstjänsterna är: säkerhet, bekvämlighet, hastighet och stabilitet under laddning. Tjänsterna måste levereras till ett rimligt pris, och detta är utvecklingsorienteringen för laddningsoperatörerna. Affärsmodellerna för de tre huvudoperatörerna är nästan identiska, eftersom alla tillverkar och distribuerar laddstolpar samt levererar laddningstjänster. De skapar värde genom att tillhandahålla laddningspolar och service samt olika tjänster baserade på mobilapp. Vidare, har fem svagheter identifierats genom undersökningen och analysen av affärsmodellerna: den långsamma teknikspridningen, höga initiala investeringskrav, få inkomstströmmar och höga kostnader för både intern personal och externa entreprenörer samt otillräcklig information från app / mobil plattform.

Syfte – Studiens syfte är att öka kunskapen om hur fordonstillverkares affärsmodeller påverkas vid förändring av statliga regelverk genom att studera ett framtida införande av HCT i Sverige. HCT, High Capacity Transports, är ett samlingsnamn för lastbilar som är tyngre och/eller längre än vad gällande lagstiftning tillåter. Regelförändringen övervägs för att sänka kostnader och miljöpåverkan.  Metod – Arbetet har genomförts i form av en case-studie. För att studera påverkan på både fordonstillverkares och åkeriers affärsmodeller har intervjuer genomförts med varuägare, åkerier och förare inom fjärrtransporter av styckegods. Detta har kompletterats med löpande kontakt med uppdragsgivande fordonstillverkare samt deltagande i konferenser inom ramen för det nationella HCT-arbetet.  Resultat – Inget större modalskifte mellan järnvägs- och landsvägstransporter förväntas eftersom järnvägens infrastruktur styr transportvalet och inte påverkas av ett HCT-tillåtande. Vidare riskerar fordonstillverkare att sälja färre lastbilar vid ett tillåtande av HCT men genom anpassning av affärsmodellen kan de öka värdet per fordon. Detta värde kan ökas genom att sänka kundernas driftkostnad, maximera fordonens drifttid och föra kundens talan mot myndigheter.  Praktiskt bidrag – Studien har resulterat i ett nytt affärsmodellsramverk för fordonstillverkare vid införande av HCT. Ramverket visar att samtliga nuvarande värdeområden bör inkluderas i kommande affärsmodell och att flertalet får ökad betydelse. På grund av nya förutsättningar blir vissa av dessa områden dessutom svårare att uppnå samtidigt som nya områden kan läggas till.  Vetenskapligt bidrag – Genom att öka kunskapen om affärsmodellspåverkan vid förändring av statliga regelverk utvidgar studien befintlig teori om förändringar av affärsmodeller. Studien belyser även vikten av att studera hela leverantörskedjan vid sådana förändringar. Detta eftersom statliga regelverk styr förutsättningarna för flera aktörer med starka inbördes relationer. Därmed sprider sig effekterna av en regelverksförändring till övriga aktörer i kedjan. / Purpose – The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge about how legislative changes affect the business model of vehicle manufactures by studying a future allowance of HCT in Sweden. HCT, High Capacity Transports, is a generic term for trucks exceeding today’s weight and/or length regulations. Reasons for implementing HCT include reducing costs and environmental consequences. Method – Effects of legislative changes have been studied through a case-study of how HCT would affect the Swedish transport system. In order to study business model implications for both vehicle manufactures and hauliers, interviews have been held with transport buyers, hauliers and drivers within long distance haulage of break bulk cargo. This has been complemented by continuous contact with the commissioning vehicle manufacturer and participation in HCT conferences. Findings – Findings indicate that there will be no major modal shift between railway and road since the railway infrastructure determines the modal choice and is unaffected by HCT. Furthermore findings show that vehicle manufactures risk to sell fewer vehicles in case of HCT allowance but a business model adaption can increase the value per vehicle. This can be achieved by reducing customer operating costs, increasing vehicle uptime and being the voice of the customer against authorities. Practical implications – The study has resulted in a HCT business model framework for vehicle manufactures. The framework shows that all present value areas should be included in a future business model and that several areas will increase in importance. In the effect of new conditions several areas will become more difficult to fulfill. Furthermore new areas will be added. Theoretical implications – This study expands current theories within business model changes by increasing knowledge about how legislative changes affect business models. Furthermore this study highlights the importance of studying the whole supply chain in the event of these changes. The reason for this is that legislations affect the conditions for several players with strong peer relationships. Thereby effects due to changed legislations will spread to other players in the chain.