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A utilização da renda fundiária no financiamento das cidades brasileiras: estudo de relações chave em municípios da área metropolitana de São Paulo / The use of urban land rent to finance Brazilian cities: a study of key relations in São Paulo metropolitan areaRicardo Dualde 18 May 2009 (has links)
A investigação tem por objetivo aprofundar a análise de temas relacionados à recuperação de renda fundiária decorrente de investimentos públicos que tenham gerado valorização em imóveis urbanos no Brasil. A renda fundiária, capturada por instrumentos fiscais e urbanísticos, consiste em fonte adequada de financiamento ao desenvolvimento local, pois atua sobre um largo potencial de receita e não implica conflito de competência com os demais níveis de governo. Entretanto, no caso brasileiro, com o rápido desenvolvimento das cidades, foi formada uma rede urbana muito diversificada, o que resultou em problemas socioespaciais agravados com o aprofundamento da lógica capitalista sobre a terra. Neste trabalho, esses problemas são explorados em duas cidades: Diadema, em que é analisado o dilema do governo local em relação à política de habitação de interesse social e as conseqüências do processo de apropriação da renda fundiária; e Barueri, onde surgiu o emblemático produto conhecido como Alphaville, que se constitui num exemplo paradigmático de urbanização dispersa. Mesmo considerados os avanços no reconhecimento da função social da propriedade e o caráter inédito do Estatuto da Cidade, os problemas decorrentes da lógica de desenvolvimento das cidades brasileiras o modelo federativo que centra o desenvolvimento da urbanização no Município impõem dificuldades de difícil superação ao processo de recuperação da renda fundiária, que resulta fundamentalmente da aplicação do esforço coletivo coordenado pela ação do Estado sobre o território. Os casos analisados são exemplos da dissociação entre a produção do ambiente construído e a recuperação da renda fundiária que, decorrente de falhas, iniqüidades e dilemas, retorna à Administração em quantidade incipiente o que implica dificuldades crescentes para o financiamento das cidades. / This investigation has as its goals strengthening the analysis of themes related to the recovery of urban land rent originated in public investments which may have resulted in value added of urban real estate in Brazil. The urban land rent, captured through fiscal and urban instruments, consists in an adequate source of financing to local development, since it acts over a large income potential and it doesnt imply in a competency conflict with other levels of government. Therefore, in the Brazilian case, along with cities quick development, a diversified urban network was formed, which ended up creating social-spatial issues exacerbated by the increased emphasis on the capitalist rational thought over land. Those issues are examined in the Diadema city case where it is analyzed the local government dilemma in relation to the social interest housing politics and the consequences of land rent appropriation process. Also, in Barueri city case where it was originated the emblematic product known as Alphaville, which constitutes a paradigm example of disperse urbanization. Considering the advances in the recognition of the social function of property and the unforeseen aspects of the Estatuto da Cidade (main Brazilian law), the problems resulting from the thoughts on the development of Brazilian cities is examined. Also, the influence of the federal model which centers urbanization development on the municipality and ignores the process needed to coordinate among its entities. After several decades of political and administrative centralization initiated with the development politics model and seen through the military government period resulted in failure, there are many great difficulties hard to overcome in the process of recovery of land rent, which results fundamentally in the applying of collective effort coordinated by States action over land. The cases analyzed are examples of the dissociation between built environment production and the recovery of land rent; which results of failures, inequities and dilemmas; is captured in a symbolic quantity which implies in increasing difficulties for the financing of cities.
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Innovative transportation finance : value capture techniques applied in the state of TexasTooley, Shaun E. 04 January 2011 (has links)
Transportation finance has been historically dominated by assessing taxes to
transportation users and taxes on the general public. Innovative financing mechanisms
such as tax increment financing, special assessment districts, and others represent value
capture techniques that tax property owners to pay for transportation costs. Value capture
techniques provide supplemental funds to support capital construction costs but are not
substitutes for existing dedicated and traditional tax revenue methods. The major
findings of Texas practice indicate that tax increment financing for transit does not
significantly contribute towards the transit infrastructure. Instead tax increment funds
finance the improvement of public infrastructure surrounding transit stations and stops
and can be labeled transit-supportive investments. / text
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Expanding the toolkit for industry analysis: an application of the value capture conceptOsen, Marte Risdal January 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017 / The purpose of this study is to apply value-based business concepts to a product in order to gain insight into the competitive environment within its related industry. This case study is based upon qualitative information from the decision makers in a company producing a product. It is shown that the value based business theories, when organised into one framework, does facilitate the organisation of data, and hence some conclusions about the competitive dynamics of the industry can be drawn. The approach to thinking about business suggested by the value based business concepts might hence lead to insights that can serve as a new background for strategic decisions. / O propósito deste estudo é aplicar conceitos associados à geração e captura de valor a um produto específico para melhor compreender o ambiente competitivo de seu respectivo mercado. Este estudo de caso é baseado em dados qualitativos obtidos de tomadores de decisão de uma empresa produtora do produto em questão. Será mostrado que os conceitos de captura e geração de valor de fato facilitam a organização de dados e, portanto, permite traçar conclusões sobre a dinâmica competitiva da respectiva indústria. A abordagem sugerida a partir destes conceitos permite direcionar perspectivas que podem ser usadas como plano de fundo para tomadas de decisão estratégica.
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Criação e apropriação de valor: estudo de caso na indústria de softwareCarvalho, Samuel de Souza 19 March 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / Esta dissertação visa proporcionar um melhor entendimento sobre as dinâmicas de criação e apropriação de valor, testando a aplicabilidade do modelo derivado da noção de valor econômico (BRANDENBURGER; STUART, 1996) no mercado de software, levando em consideração os fenômenos econômicos que são particulares a esta indústria. Tais fenômenos, como efeitos de rede, custos de mudança, aprisionamento e similares eram incomuns na economia industrial, de acordo com Varian (2003) e são a norma na economia da informação. A estratégia de pesquisa adotada foi o estudo de caso único, com investigação qualitativa, que teve como técnicas de coleta de dados uma série de entrevistas em profundidade aplicado a gestores da empresa com roteiro semiestruturado e análise documental. A empresa estudada possui atuação representativa na indústria nacional de software e presença em outros países da América Latina, com foco de atuação voltado ao fornecimento de sistemas de gestão empresarial para o segmento varejista. Ao final do estudo foi verificado que a criação e captura de valor no setor de software precisa considerar a rápida evolução tecnológica que permeia o setor, não podendo-se esquecer do que defendem Shapiro e Varian (1998a) de que apesar da economia ter mudado e hoje ser pautada na informação, as leis de mercado continuam as mesmas. Os resultados indicaram que tanto as estratégias de desenvolvimento de produtos e de go to Market quanto a dinâmica competitiva dos mercados em que a empresa atua afetam a capacidade de criar e apropriar valor. Alguns efeitos econômicos, como efeito de rede e aprisionamento ajudam a empresa a manter boas margens, especialmente quando sua participação de mercado é alta. Em alguns casos, observou-se que o efeito de rede e de sistema podem ser mais decisivos para a migração de um fornecedor para outro do que o efeito aprisionamento, considerando o custo de mudança. Em geral, esses fenômenos variam de intensidade de modo a beneficiar ou prejudicar a empresa de acordo com as estratégias adotadas para o posicionamento dos produtos. / This dissertation aims to provide a better understanding of the dynamics of value creation and appropriation, by testing the applicability of the model derived from the notion of economic value (BRANDENBURGER; STUART, 1996) in the software market, taking into account the economic phenomena that are particular to this industry. Those phenomena, such as the network effects, switching costs, lock-in and similars were uncommon in the industrial economy, according to Varian (2003) and are the norm in the information economy. The research strategy adopted was the single case study with qualitative research, which had as data collection techniques a series of in-depth interviews applied to managers of the company with a semi-structured script and documentary analysis. The company studied has a representative role in the national software industry and presence in other Latin American countries, with a focus on providing business management systems for the retail segment. At the end of the study, it was verified that the creation and capture of value in the software sector needs to consider the rapid technological evolution that permeates the sector, not forgetting what Shapiro and Varian (1998a) argue that despite the fact that the economy has changed and is now ruled in information, how market laws continue as their own. The results indicated that both the product development and go to market strategies and the competitive dynamics of the markets in which the company operates affect its ability to create value and to appropriate value. Some economic effects such as the network effect and lock-in contribute for the company to maintain good margins, especially when its market share is high. In some cases, it has been observed that the network and system effects may be more decisive for the migration from one supplier to another than the lockin effect, considering the switching costs. In general, these phenomena vary in intensity in order to benefit or harm the company according to the strategies adopted for the positioning of the products.
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Proposta de um sistema de análise da captura de valor nos canais de distribuição com base nos fluxos de marketing / Proposal of a system for distribution channels value capture analysis based in the marketing flows performanceMatheus Alberto Cônsoli 31 August 2005 (has links)
Este trabalho desenvolve um levantamento dos principais aspectos relacionados à gestão e planejamento dos canais de distribuição e seu desenvolvimento como sistemas verticais de marketing, sendo sua gestão uma possível fonte de vantagem competitiva para a empresa. O objetivo do trabalho foi propor um sistema de análise da captura de valor nos canais de distribuição com base nos fluxos de marketing, a partir de levantamento bibliográfico e do estudo de alguns modelos, teorias e sistemas que consideram a execução dos fluxos de marketing e agregação de valor como determinantes do nível de serviços do canal. Os tópicos abordados foram a importância dos canais de distribuição e dos intermediários no processo de trocas, as produções de serviços e os fluxos de marketing desempenhados pelos membros do canal, a estrutura e a eficiência dos canais de distribuição, as questões de poder e conflito que envolvem os relacionamentos interorganizacionais e a agregação e captura de valor nos canais de distribuição. O sistema foi desenvolvido para servir como ferramenta no processo de planejamento de canais e utilizou o referencial e autores clássicos a respeito do tema proposto e contempla as seguintes etapas: (1) ponderação e pontuação dos fluxos de marketing para o canal e a divisão das atividades entre os membros do canal para cálculo da participação normativa nos lucros do canal; (2) levantamento de informações de custos e margens brutas dos membros de canal para comparação da participação real nos lucros do canal com a participação normativa; e (3) análise dos resultados e implicações para gestão e planejamento dos canais de distribuição. O sistema proposto foi, então, aplicado em duas empresas, uma no segmento alimentação animal e outra no mercado de bens de consumo alimentares, com foco nos canais estruturados para atendimento a varejistas. Pôde-se com essa aplicação verificar algumas vantagens e limitações do sistema como ferramenta para análise e planejamento dos canais de distribuição. Desse modo, apresentou-se como resultado um sistema de análise e avaliação de canais que pode ser utilizado por qualquer empresa com canais convencionais de distribuição, sendo que, em alguns casos, pode ser necessário algum ajuste ou adaptação às especificidades da empresa ou do setor. / This research analyzed some of the main features related to the planning and the management of distribution channels and their development as vertical marketing system, and considered the channel management as a source of the companys competitive advantage. The research objective was to propose a system for distribution channels value capture analysis, based in the marketing flows performance. This was done after a literature review and the study of some models, theories and systems that take into consideration aspects of marketing flows performance and added value as a service output determinant. The highlighted topics in this study are the importance of distribution channels and intermediaries for market exchanges, the services outputs and marketing flows performed by channel members, the channel structure and efficiency, the power and conflict aspect in the inter-organizational relationships, and the value capture in the distribution channels. The proposed system was developed as a tool to support the channel planning process, and contemplates the following steps: (1) weighted marketing flows scores and division of members activities to calculate the normative channel profit share; (2) channel members costs and margins surveys to calculate the real channel profit share and compare to normative profit share; and (3) results analysis and managerial implications for planning and management of marketing channels. Besides, the proposed system was applied on two companies of two different industries, one in the animal feed and the other in the dairy industry, focusing channels structured for selling to retailers. The cases applications were useful to evidence advantages and limitations of the system as a tool for analyzing and planning marketing channels. In this way, the research outcomes are a channel analysis and evaluation system that could be applied for any company that pursue a conventional channel system, with necessary adaptations to companies or market segment specificities.
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A medida de confiar é confiar sem medida? Estudo sobre o efeito da confiança na criação e na captura de valor na relação comprador-fornecedorMartins, Guilherme Silveira 27 February 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Este trabalho buscou analisar o efeito da confiança tanto na criação de valor nas relações comprador-fornecedor quanto na sua captura. Partiu-se da perspectiva teórica da Visão Relacional, em que as relações colaborativas são capazes de criar um valor único, que não seria criado por nenhum dos membros da parceria de forma independente, nem mesmo em uma simples troca de mercado. A confiança tem papel central em relações colaborativas, pois atua como um efetivo mecanismo de governança relacional, que minimiza os custos de transação, como aqueles relacionados a monitoramento e controle, e promove o engajamento das firmas em atividades de criação de valor. Contudo, enquanto que a criação de valor é um cenário ganha-ganha, a captura de valor indica que, se uma fatia maior do bolo fica com uma firma, resta uma fatia menor para o outro parceiro. Se a presença da confiança é importante para o bom andamento de relacionamentos colaborativos, seu excesso pode fazer com que a firma se abstenha do uso do poder, o que significa deixar para o parceiro uma parte dos ganhos que seriam apropriáveis por ela. O estudo foi desenvolvido em 117 díades da indústria química brasileira, a partir dos relacionamentos das firmas desta indústria com compradores de outras indústrias. A modelagem de equações estruturais e a regressão múltipla compuseram as técnicas multivariadas de análise dos dados coletados. Os resultados do trabalho demonstraram a existência tanto do ‘lado brilhante’ quanto do ‘lado obscuro’ da confiança. Embora tenha ficado evidente a sua importância na criação das rendas relacionais para a díade, foi encontrado um limite para os benefícios crescentes do nível de confiança, pois seu excesso afetava negativamente a parcela de valor capturada pelo fornecedor. Os resultados do trabalho indicam ainda que o potencial de captura das rendas relacionais pelo fornecedor é prejudicado pelo aumento da sua dependência em relação ao comprador. Estes achados oferecem importantes contribuições teóricas e sugerem oportunidades para estudos futuros sobre o tema. / This study aims to analyze the effect of trust on both value creation and value capture in the buyer-supplier relationships. We have started from Relational Vision perspective, in which collaborative relationships are able to create a single value that would not be created by any of partnership members independently, even in a simple market exchange. Trust plays a central role in collaborative relationships, since it acts as an effective relational governance mechanism. Therefore, it minimizes transaction costs, such as those related to monitoring and controlling, and it promotes firms engagement in value creation activities. However, whereas value creation is a winwin scenario, in value capture, it means that, if a bigger slice of pie is taken by a firm, a smaller slice is left to the other firm. Thus, despite the importance of presence of trust to promote collaborative relationships, its excess makes firm forbear from bargain power use, meaning it would hand out to a partner a share of the gains that would be appropriated by the firm. The study was conducted on 117 dyads of Brazilian chemical industry, based on this industry firm’s relationships with buyers from others industries. Structural equation modeling and multiple regression techniques have formed the multivariate data analysis. Our results demonstrated the existence of both 'bright side' and 'dark side' of trust. Although the importance of trust was evident in relational rents creation on dyads, we found a limit to the benefits of the growing level of confidence. In excess, it actually hurts the potential of suppliers in capturing value. Our results also indicate that suppliers’ potential in capturing relational rents was hampered by high dependence in a particular buyer. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
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Towards a model for digital distribution and value capture in the South African music industryNkala, Dumisani Nomagugu 24 February 2013 (has links)
New digital distribution and value capture models have emerged on the global music industry scene in the last ten years. These models are highly dependent on a strong underlying communications and broadband internet infrastructure which is largely present in most developed markets. South Africa, however, is a developing country whose broadband infrastructure is still nascent and not as widely available or accessible. Due to the permeation of mobile technology, most broadband internet access is likely to occur through the mobile networks in most developing markets. This stands in stark contrast to developed markets where broadband internet access occurs primarily via fixed line infrastructure with mobile as a secondary option.This research set out to investigate whether digital value distribution and value capture models which succeeded in developed countries would be suitable for the South African music industry given the broadband infrastructure constraints and the different internet access methodologies prevalent in this developing market. This research employed an exploratory research methodology in order to investigate this question and found that a mixture of value distribution and value capture models would address the entire market requirement, with mobile-centric digital distribution models being most suitable for mass market deployment. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted
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How improved rail infrastructure will affect property values in northern Stockholm. : A study in value capture and the development of public transport in the northern regions of Stockholm.Pikosz, Alexander, Tiberg, David January 2011 (has links)
This report aims to determine the economical benefits of improved public transport in some of Stockholms northern suburbs that are strategic locations for further urbanization. The correlation between public transport (PT) and property values will be explored. How will the PT scenarios that are suggested here increase the value of real estate in the regional focal points? How can the financial winners by this improvement be prepared to take part in financing the PT solutions? Denna uppsats syftar till att fastställa de ekonomiska fördelarna av förbättrad kollektivtrafik i norra Stockholmsregionen. Det kommer att undersökas i vilken utsträckning det föreligger ett samband mellan tillgänglighet till kollektivtrafik och fastighetsvärden. Hur kan de olika kollektivtrafiklösningarna komma att påverka fastighetsvärdena i de regionala kärnorna? Hur skulle nyttotagarna av en sådan investering kunna vara med att finansiera den?
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Värdeåterföring vid transportinfrastrukturinvesteringar : En litteratur- och dokumentstudie med internationell utblick / Value capture for infrastructure investmentsGyllenberg, Filip, Koppfeldt, Johan January 2018 (has links)
Utveckling av infrastruktur är en förutsättning för att hantera, men också för att stimulera, urbanisering och stadsutveckling. År 2012 inleddes vad som kom att kallas stockholmsförhandlingen där staten, Stockholms läns landsting och fyra kommuner skulle besluta om finansiering av nya tunnelbanesträckningar samt bostadsbebyggelse i Stockholms län. Att genomföra stora infrastrukturprojekt är kostsamt och kräver omfattande finansiering och den första april 2017 öppnades nya möjligheter upp för finansiering av sådana projekt. Denna nya möjlighet innebär att kommuner kan ålägga exploatörer att medfinansiera en del av kommunens kostnader för investeringar i transportinfrastruktur, så kallad medfinansieringsersättning. Den nya medfinansieringsersättningen är i sin tur ett verktyg för så kallad värdeåterföring. Under antagandet att infrastruktur ger upphov till stora värdeökningar i närliggande fastigheter används värdeåterföring för att den som har nytta av infrastruktur ska finansiera densamma. Internationellt har värdeåterföring sedan länge använts för att finansiera infrastruktur och således finns det en mängd olika metoder för hur det ska gå till. Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att, med utgångspunkt i hur värdeåterföring implementeras vid utbyggnaden av tunnelbanan i Stockholm, jämföra olika metoder för värdeåterföring. Jämförelsen av tre olika metoder: Development Impact Fees, Tax Increment Financing och Special Assessments, har gjorts i form av fallstudier med utgångspunkt i faktorer så som möjlighet till applicering på svenska förhållanden, grad av värdeåterföring och deltagandegrad. Fallstudier tillsammans med teori om markvärden visar att värdeåterföring är en finansieringsmetod med stor potential att möjliggöra infrastrukturinvesteringar. Utgångspunkten är att en bra metod för värdeåterföring bör kännetecknas av att det värde som återförs står i relation till nyttan samt att deltagandegraden är hög. Det visar sig att samtliga studerade metoder har sina för- och nackdelar och att total rättvisa är svår att åstadkomma. Samtidigt visar det sig att den metod som i störst utsträckning anses uppfylla kriterierna för vad som är en bra metod för värdeåterföring inte lämpar sig bäst i Sverige givet rådande förhållanden. Att Sverige har regioner med olika förutsättningar, framförallt skillnader i markvärden, har bidragit till slutsatsen att ett strikt rikstäckande ramverk kan vara kontraproduktivt i syftet att utnyttja värdeåterföringens fulla potential. / Development of infrastructure is fundamental to manage, but also to stimulate urbanization and development of cities. In 2012, an agreement called stockholmsförhandlingen, was made where the state, Stockholm County Council and four municipalities were to decide how a new subway should be financed and how the supply of housing in the Stockholm region were to be solved. It is not a new finding that infrastructure projects require large investments but in April 2017 a new possibility of financing these kinds of projects occurred. This opportunity makes it possible for municipalities to oblige developers to bear a part of the infrastructure costs. This new possibility is a tool for value capturing. With the assumption that infrastructure cause large increases in values of nearby properties, value capturing is used because property owners who benefit from the infrastructure should contribute to the cost of the investment. Value capturing has been widely used internationally and therefore there are many ways to accomplish it. The purpose of this thesis is, with starting point in the financing of the new subway in Stockholm, to compare different methods for value capturing. The comparison of the three methods; Development Impact Fees, Tax increment Financing and Special Assessments has been made using case studies to acknowledge the possibilities of implementing each method in current Swedish legislation and conditions. The case studies, along with theory about property values shows that value capturing is a method of big potential to enable investments in infrastructure. The conclusion is also that a good method should be characterized by the fact that the value captured is in proper relation to the benefits received but also a high level of participation. It has been shown that all three methods have its advantages and disadvantages and that total justice is hard to accomplish. At the same time, it has been shown that the method best meeting these requirements perhaps isn’t the best method for implementation in Sweden. The fact that Sweden has regions with different attributes, especially large variations in property value has led to the conclusion that a strictly nationwide framework could turn out to be counterproductive in the purpose of utilizing the full potential of value capture.
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Value Creation with Battery Energy Storage Systems and a Service-based Business Model Approach : A study of economic performance and business model opportunities for Battery Energy Storage Systems in high power machine applications / Värdeskapande med Stationära Batterisystem i Kombination med en Tjänstfokuserad AffärsmodellsstrategiGarton, Louise January 2022 (has links)
Energy Storage Battery Systems (BESS) will have an important role in the transformation from conventional energy systems to the decentralized energy systems of the future with a larger share of renewable energy sources. At the same time, the high investment costs for batteries are a challenge to the development and transformation of the Swedish energy system. This study examines the technical and economic performance of a battery system in a case study, where it is connected to a waste vacuum machine with daily power peaks that are higher than the base demand. The purpose of the battery system is to combine it for peak shaving and for Svenska Kraftnät's market for grid services. This study also examines how a service-based business model, where the ownership of the battery is transferred to a third party, affects value proposition, value creation and value capture. The results from this study show that actual cost savings are realized through peak shaving as well as opportunities for revenue by offering the battery for grid services. Furthermore, scenario modeling shows on certain operational insights, that at a certain level of compensation for grid services, it is most profitable to perform as high peak shaving as possible. Offering the battery as a service is shown to provide additional benefits for customers and companies, while society and the environment benefit above all from the battery technology itself. / Stationära batterisystem (BESS) kommer ha en viktig roll i transformationen från konventionella energisystem till framtidens decentraliserade energisystem med större andel förnyelsebara energikällor. Samtidigt är de höga investeringskostnaderna för batterier ett hinder för utvecklingen och transformationen av det svenska energisystemet. Denna studie undersöker ett batterisystems tekniska och ekonomiska prestanda i en case studie, där det är kopplat till en sopsug med dagliga effekttoppar som är högre en basbehovet. Syftet med batterisystemet är att kombinera det för effektkapning och för Svenska Kraftnäts balansmarknad. Denna studie undersöker även hur en tjänstebaserad affärsmodell, där ägarskapet av batteriet flyttas till en tredje part påverkar värdeerbjudande, värdeskapande och värdefångst. Resultatet från denna studie visar att faktiska kostnadsbesparingar blir realiserade genom effektkapning samt möjligheter till intäkter genom att erbjuda batteriet för stödtjänster. Vidare visar scenariomodellering på vissa operationella insikter, att det till en viss nivå av ersättning för stödtjänster är det mest lönsamt att utföra så hög effektkapning som möjligt. Att erbjuda batteriet som tjänst visas ge ytterligare fördelar för kunder och företag, medan samhället och miljön gynnas framför allt av själva batteritekniken.
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