New technological innovations are considered as one of the major drivers of economic growth. However, in order to be able to achieve this growth, the diffusion of these new technologies is essential. The large number of factors that influence the diffusion process makes it rather difficult to make estimations, before the realization of the process. Especially emerging technologies, such as 5G technology, can considerably benefit from a better analysis of the diffusion process in order to fully realize their potential. Based on this shortcoming in the existing literature, this study aims to determine the possible impacts of adoption of 5G technology on business models within the cleaning industry. As it is implied in the objective, these impacts of adoption of 5G technology on business models are enabled by the adoption of 5G technology. Therefore, the constraints which influence the adoption of 5G technology are researched initially, as it is a prerequisite to identify potential modifications on business models.    A qualitative research methodology was deemed appropriate after the investigation of previous research within the field and to complement the case study design which this thesis internalizes. In addition to the review of relevant academic literature, twelve semi-structured interviews have been conducted as another data source. The qualitative data obtained from these interviews are analyzed using the thematic analysis method and themes are identified after the coding and categorization process. After the analysis, three areas of interest, which are Revenue Models, Logistics Operations and Automation for Individualization, have been identified according to the similarities of results, anticipated opportunities and observed challenges within the cleaning industry. Within these areas, the effects of adopting 5G technology on the value proposition of the business model are examined while considering the drawbacks of the cleaning industry through the collaboration with an external company called L2GO. The study concludes by proposing four potential implications of 5G adoption on business models within the identified areas and identifying the possible changes in their value propositions.

This thesis aims to answer the question of how digital technologies create new value pathways within a complex public sector organization. As the public sector faces new and varying challenges, we find it important to highlight how value is generated within a digitalizing organization faced with legal regulations, inertia, and a bureaucratic top-down management model. Also, how different recipients of the value generated with wildly different needs are affected. Performing a case study and conducting semi-structured interviews coupled with rigorous analysis of documents to answer the research question. We apply a digital transformation framework of Holmström (2021) as a lens for understanding how a unit within a larger organization generates novel value pathways. We found that the combinatory and boundary dissolving effect of change guided through a clear digital strategy within several dimensions of the framework is what generates the possibility for new value pathways. However, there is still a need for more longitudinal and reductionistic studies on the smaller details of the phenomena to define the most contributing variables of value creation by using digital technologies.

The use of digital technologies is increasing both within and beyond the borders of organizations. This is affecting supply chains and has given rise to the concept of digital supply chains, which this research defines as supply chains that leverage information systems and digital technologies to enable interaction and communication between supply chain actors. However, research on this has failed to include the aspect of what in digital technologies that enable digital supply chains. Therefore, this study combines research on digital supply chains with the unique properties of digital technologies stemming from Information Systems research. In this research, we conducted an exploratory case study in the Swedish forestry industry. The research question is: “How do the properties of digital technologies enable digital supply chains and how does information sharing in a digital supply chain impact value creation?” The findings reveal that the properties of digital technologies enable digital supply chains by allowing for modification of content and functionality of information sharing. It was also found that information sharing in a digital supply chain can increase value creation. However, increased information sharing was also associated with a number of challenges that could hinder value creation.

Styrsätt från privata sektorn såsom NPM har implementerats i den offentliga sektorn med syfte att förändra arbetssätten som styr aktörerna i de offentliga organisationerna. Arbetssätten har dock i många fall lett till ett detaljstyrt arbete för medarbetarna i offentliga organisationer, vilket hämmat aktörernas möjlighet att skapa värde för medborgarna. Ett större handlingsutrymme av styrningen för aktörerna skulle däremot kunna visa sig vara fördelaktigt för värdeskapandet. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur verksamhetsstyrningen inom hemtjänsten påverkar värdet som skapas och inte skapas mellan diverse aktörer. Studien implementerar ett tjänstelogiskt perspektiv vid undersökandet av brister eller möjligheter i värdeskapandet mellan aktörerna. En fallstudie har valts med utgångspunkt i en hemtjänstenhet i Karlstads kommun. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med 12 deltagare i hemtjänsten i Karlstads kommun. Varav 5 var personal, 5 var kunder, en enhetschef och en gruppledare.  Resultaten visar på hur styrningen i hemtjänsten består av en detaljstyrning med fokus på tid och med lite handlingsutrymme för personalen. Tidsstyrningen skapar stress för personalen som också behöver balansera kundernas varierande behov med styrningen. Tack vare en bra samverkan i enheten lyckas dem utföra arbetsuppgifterna som de ska. Dock lämnar styrningen en hel del att önska för alla aktörer. Styrningen i hemtjänsten visar på att personalen inte ges rätt förutsättningar för fortsatt värdeskapande. Det ges lite möjlighet till att beakta diverse kundbehov som kan anses vara av värde.  Det handlingsutrymme som erbjuds personalen innebär däremot att de trots allt kan finna diverse vägar runt styrningen för att hantera denna, även om det inte alltid fungerar. Tjänstelogiken belyser hur brister i styrningen påverkar värdeskapandet mellan aktörerna, oftast på grund av tidsbrist. Logiken visar också på hur möjligheterna till att skapa värde sker när personalen kan använda sina resurser till fullo. Tjänstelogiken kan således ha en funktion att fungera som ett diagnostiskt verktyg av styrningen i offentliga organisationer. Däremot kan mer data och större tillgång till organisationen vara till hjälp för framtida studier. / Management concepts, such as NPM, has been implemented from the private sector to the public sector with the purpose to change the way the various people in the public sector are being governed. This way to work has in many situations led to the staff in the public sector to being micromanaged, which has led to complications in their possibilities to create value for the citizens. A bigger room by the governance for the staff to take their own action could show to be more beneficial for the value creation.  The purpose with this study is to examine how the governance of home care is affecting the value creation between different actors in the organization. This study implements Service-dominant logic as a perspective to examine the deficiencies and the possibilities in the value creation between the different actors.  We chose to do a case study based on the home care in Karlstad county. Semi-structured interviews were performed together with 12 participants from the homecare in Karlstad county. These consisted of 5 staff, 5 clients, 1 manager and 1 group leader.  The results show how the governance of home care consists of micromanagement, with the focus on managing time and offering little room for staff to take their own action. The management of time causes stress for the staff, who also must balance the various needs of the clients with a micromanaged governance. However, thanks to a good cooperation in the home car unit they manage to do this to a certain extent. Although, the governance of the organization leaves something wanting for all the involved actors.  The governance of home care show that the staff hasn’t been given the right basis for a continuous value creation. It leaves to little room for the staff to take the client’s needs into consideration. Although, the staff are offered some latitude in their work. Meaning they can find their ways around the governance to work with it, even if that doesn’t always work. Service-dominant logic emphasizes how the deficiencies in the management are affecting the value creation between the actors, mostly due to a lack of time. The logic also shows how the possibilities to create value happens when the staff can fully use their resources. Therefore, service-dominant logic could have a function as a tool for management in the public sector. However, more data and a bigger access to the organization itself could be helpful in further studies.

This study aims to investigate how cross-sector collaborations facilitate social development stemming from weapon destruction programmes that address peacebuilding and the enhancing of human security (socio-economic and political security) in regions afflicted with armed violence. The authors aim to contribute to the literature by demonstrating the viability of previous theoretical methods on designing and implementing a cross-sector collaboration. The research entails a case-study of the HM initiative, a combined effort between three NGO’s from Sweden and El Salvador that involves melting down seized illegal weapons and repurposing them into valuable products for consumers, to ultimately bring about social development in the conflict-prone communities in El Salvador. Through interviews with the involved actors of the NGO’s and documentation of the initiative, this study focuses on the formation of a cross-sector collaboration, the building of internal and external legitimacy by NGO-business partnerships, and the practices that aim to assess public value creation. This study provides insights on antecedent and linking conditions for the formation of a cross-sector collaboration, collaborative processes and structures that foster trusting relationships with both partners and stakeholders, and an implemented accountability framework for the measurement of public value creation. The researchers close with a discussion of further suggestions for relevant research.

Le monde industriel actuel connaît des changements fréquents et parfois brutaux suite aux progrès que connaissent la science et les technologies et aux besoins des clients, qui sont de plus en plus exigeants. Par conséquent, pour faire face à ces perturbations et assurer leur compétitivité, les industriels développent des méthodes pour maîtriser et améliorer leur processus pour plus de performance. Le Lean management est une de ces méthodes qui a pu faire ses preuves dans le pilotage et l’amélioration des processus (en particulier de production).Néanmoins, le Processus de Développement de Produit (PDP) reste le socle des enjeux industriels car c’est à ce stade que les grandes décisions liées à la stratégie, l’organisation, les délais et les coûts de conception et de fabrication sont prises, d’où l’intérêt de développer des méthodes pour piloter et améliorer ce processus. Or, la complexité du PDP rend difficile l’application directe des méthodes Lean déjà existantes.De ce fait, notre projet de recherche a pour objectif de proposer une méthodologie de pilotage et d’amélioration du PDP, basée sur une approche Lean et visant la gestion de la création et de la transformation de la valeur dans ce processus. Cette méthodologie adapte en particulier les deux premiers principes du Lean, à savoir la définition de la valeur et sa cartographie dans le processus considéré.Nous avons donc pu proposer un cadre de définition de la valeur qui puisse s’adapter au cours du temps à la stratégie d’une entreprise. Cette définition vise à une prise en compte exhaustive des parties prenantes du PDP, pour que la valeur soit partagée par tous. Nous avons aussi proposé un outil de cartographie de cette valeur sur le PDP, qui répond aux spécificités du PDP et de la définition de la valeur. L’ensemble de ces travaux ont pu être testés au sein de notre partenaire industriel, Exxelia Technologies. / The current industrial world is facing frequent changes, which are sometimes abrupt. This is due to the scientific and technical progresses and increasingly challenging needs of customers. Therefore, to deal with these disruptions and ensure competitiveness, manufacturers are developing methods to control and improve their processes for greater performance. Lean management is one of such methods that has proven its effectiveness in controlling and improving process (especially in manufacturing process). However, the Product Development Process (PDP) remains one of the most important industrial challenges, since it is where PDP actors take the major decisions related to strategy, organization, delay, development and manufacturing costs. That is why methods to control and improve this process have to be developed. Nevertheless, the PDP complexity makes direct application of existing Lean methods difficult. Thus, this research project aims at proposing a methodology for controlling and improving the PDP based on a Lean approach in order to manage the creation and the transformation of the value in this process. This methodology adapts especially the first two principles of Lean, namely the definition of value and its mapping in the given process. We so propose a framework for defining value that can be adapted to the evolutions of the company’s strategy. This definition tries to exhaustively take into account all the PDP stakeholders, so that the value is shared by everyone. We also propose a value mapping tool for the PDP, which complies with PDP specificities and proposed value definition.All these research works have been tested in the industrial partner, Exxelia Technologies

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Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga hur HR-funktionens arbete är värdeskapande i organisationen. Metod: Studien utgår från en deduktiv forskningsansats och har tillämpat en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi. Det empiriska underlaget har samlats in genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer inom HR och med chefer i organisationen. Studien genomfördes på företagen Volvo Cars och Scania Slutsats: Studien har visat att de faktorer som ger ett värdeskapande HR-arbete är verksamhetsförståelse, närvarande HR, delaktighet i ledningsgrupp för HR-personal samt att det finns en förståelse för vad HR arbetar med från chefernas perspektiv.

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga hur HR-funktionens arbete är värdeskapande för organisationen. Metod: Studien utgår från en deduktiv forskningsansats och har tillämpat en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi. Det empiriska underlaget har samlats in genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer inom HR och med chefer i organisationen. Studien genomfördes på företagen Volvo Cars och Scania. Slutsats: Studien har visat att de faktorer som ger ett värdeskapande HR-arbete är verksamhetsförståelse, närvarande HR, delaktighet i ledningsgrupp för HR-personer samt att det finns en förståelse för vad HR arbetar med från chefernas perspektiv.

Bygg- och fastighetsbranschen har en stor påverkan över samhället, såväl ekonomiskt, miljömässigt och socialt. Dock kännetecknas branschen av att vara ineffektiv, konservativ och ligga steget efter i den digitala utvecklingen. Studier har visat att fastighetsbolag utgör en viktig nyckelaktör för att driva branschens digitala utveckling framåt. Det har även lyfts fram att fastighetsbolags strategiarbete är av stor betydelse för att kunna möjliggöra denna utveckling. Att arbeta med strategier beskrivs som direkt avgörande för att företag ska kunna överleva och vara konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden. Strategier beskrivs finnas på tre olika organisatoriska nivåer, vilket är koncern-, affärs- och funktionsstrategi. Det framgår att det finns stora vinningar av att strategier, mellan de organisatoriska nivåerna, är sammankopplade. Detta för att enklare kunna samordna strategiarbetet och därmed kunna arbeta mot samma processer och mål. En strategi som berör användandet av digital teknik är funktionsstrategin IT-strategi. När den är sammankopplad med affärsstrategin skapas en digital strategi. Digital strategi, kan med andra ord beskrivas av att digital teknik är integrerad med verksamheten. Digital strategi lyfts fram som en viktig drivkraft för att driva den digitala utvecklingen framåt. Följande examensarbete syftar därmed till att undersöka hur en digital strategi kan underbygga konkurrenskraft och värdeskapande, genom att undersöka hur fastighetsbolags affärsstrategi och IT-strategi är sammankopplade. Studien undersöker även fastighetsbolags övergripande arbete för att utvecklas digitalt. Studien baseras på en kvalitativ metod, där data erhållits från semi-strukturerade intervjuer från två fastighetsbolag. Bolagen benämns Fastighetsbolag A och Fastighetsbolag B. Båda bolagen riktar primärt in sig på kommersiella fastigheter, med ett långsiktigt ägande. Respondenterna utgörs av enhetschefer, projektchefer, projektledare och digitaliseringssakkunniga. Studiens resultat tyder på att det råder en högre medvetenhet kring fastighetsbolagens affärsstrategi, i jämförelse med strategier kring digitalt arbete. Vad gäller kopplingen mellan användandet av digital teknik och affärsverksamheten framgår det att det finns goda förutsättningar, men att dessa inte är tydligt uttalade och medvetna inom bolagen, vilket leder till att de tillsynes upplevs obefintliga. De slutsatser som kan dras från studien är att arbete med strategier ses som oerhört komplext, därav ställs höga krav på struktur i arbetet. För att digital teknik ska integreras i affärsverksamheten, framgår det i studien, att allt i slutändan handlar om att kunna påvisa en direkt nytta. I dagsläget underbygger den digitala strategin inte konkurrenskraft och värdeskapande i den mån den skulle kunna göra hos fastighetsbolagen, då det inte har kunnat påvisa en direkt nytta. Dock kan det ifrågasättas vems nytta som driver fastighetsbolagens digitala utveckling. Är det kunden som ska efterfråga en nytta? Eller är det bolagen som ska erbjuda kunden något som skapar nytta, innan kunden själv har efterfrågat det? Detta kan ses som en komplex paradox, som kan vara en förklaring till att fastighetsbolagens digitala utveckling bromsas. / The construction and real estate industry has a major impact on society; financially, environmentally as well as socially. However, the industry is characterized by being inefficient, conservative and lagging behind in digital development. Studies have shown that real estate companies are an important key player in driving the industry's digital development forward. It has also been emphasized that real estate companies' strategy work is of great importance to enable this development. Working strategically is described as a crucial factor in enabling companies to survive and be competitive in the market. Strategies are described at three different organizational levels, which are at corporate group, a business or an operational level. Research has shown that great benefits can be seen upon interconnecting the strategies between the different organizational levels. This makes it easier to coordinate strategic work and thus eases working towards the same processes and goals. One strategy that concerns the use of digital technology is the functional strategy IT strategy. When it is linked to the business strategy, a digital strategy is created. Digital strategy, in other words, can be described by the fact that digital technology is integrated with business activities. A digital strategy is highlighted as an important driver for driving digital development forward. The following thesis work aims to investigate how a digital strategy can substantiate competitiveness and value creation by examining how real estate companies' business strategy and IT strategy are aligned. The study also investigates the overall work of real estate companies to develop digitally. The study is based on a qualitative method, where data was obtained from semi-structured interviews from two real estate companies. The companies are referred to as Real Estate Company A and Real Estate Company B. Both companies are primarily focused on commercial properties, with long-term ownership. The respondents from the interviews are head of operations, project managers, assistant project managers and digitization experts. The study's results indicate that there is a higher awareness of the real estate companies' business strategy, as compared to strategies of digital work. Regarding the connection between the use of digital technology and the business activities, it is clear that the preexisting conditions are good, but not clearly stated and conscious within the companies, which makes them perceived as non-existent. The conclusions drawn from the study are that strategical work is seen as extremely complex, hence high demands are placed on the structure of the work. For digital technology to be integrated into business activities, the study shows that everything is ultimately about being able to demonstrate a direct benefit. At present, the digital strategy does not support competitiveness and value creation within real estate companies to the extent that it has the ability to, as it has not been able to demonstrate a direct benefit. However, it can be questioned whose benefit drives the real estate companies' digital development. Is it the customer who demands a benefit? Or is it the companies that needs to offer the customer something that creates benefits, before the customer has demanded it himself? This can be seen as a complex paradox, which may be an explanation for the real estate companies' digital development being slowed down.