INTRODUÇÃO: No treinamento combinado (TC), a realização do treinamento aeróbio (TA) pode reduzir os ganhos de força e/ou potência decorrentes do treinamento de força (TF) quando ambos são realizados simultaneamente (efeito da interferência). O tipo de exercício aeróbio do TC tem sido investigado como possível fator determinante do efeito da interferência, porém não se sabe os efeitos do TC de força e natação na força muscular (FM). OBJETIVO: Analisar os efeitos do TF, treinamento de natação (TN) e TC de força e natação nas adaptações de FM, cardiorrespiratórias e desempenho de nado em adultos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: 38 sujeitos de ambos os sexos foram randomicamente divididos nas condições TF (n=13; 29,5 ± 10,5 anos), TN (n=14; 30,71 ± 9,38 anos) e TC (n=11; 34,5 ± 9,8 anos). Destes, 14 participantes (29,2 ± 8,6 anos) realizaram um período controle (CON) de quatro semanas, previamente ao início do treinamento. O treinamento foi realizado três vezes por semana, durante 12 semanas. As avaliações da FM, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e desempenho de nado foram realizadas antes da condição CON (PRÉ-4), após condição CON/antes do treinamento (PRÉ0) e após treinamento (PÓS). As cargas do TF e volumes do TN entre os mesociclos de treinamento também foram comparados. Para a análise estatística foram utilizados procedimentos descritivos (média e desvio padrão) e teste de modelos mistos generalizados (GMM). RESULTADOS: Foi observado aumento significante (p<0,05) em todas as condições, sem diferença entre elas, para as variáveis de força dinâmica máxima (RM) de extensão de joelho (FMEJ), de extensão de cotovelo (FMEC) e resistência muscular localizada (RML) de extensão de cotovelos (RMLEC). Para as variáveis de RMLEJ e RM de extensão de ombro (FMEO) o aumento ocorreu apenas nas condições TF e TC, enquanto que a RML de extensão de ombro (RMLEO) só aumentou para o TN. Para a força isométrica, somente a força isométrica máxima de extensão de ombro, amentou significativamente nas condições TF e TC. A potência máxima em cicloergômetro aumentou apenas para o TF. As demais variáveis cardiorrespiratórias não se modificaram, com nenhum dos tipos de treinamento. Os tempos diminuíram e as velocidades de nado aumentaram em todas as distâncias, bem como a frequência de braçada (FB) nos 50 e 100 m e o índice de nado (IN) em 25 m aumentaram significativamente (p<0,05) para TC e TN, sem diferença entre as condições e nos 100 m o aumento ocorreu somente para o TC. Tanto no TN quanto no TF houve aumento significativo (p<0,05) dos volumes e cargas, respectivamente, entre os mesociclos, sem diferença entre as condições. CONCLUSÕES: Não há efeito da interferência nos ganhos de FM com o TC de força e natação. As variáveis cardiorrespiratórias não foram influenciadas por nenhum dos tipos de treino, porém aspectos relacionados à especificidade da medida podem ter afetado os resultados. A realização do TF associado a um TN parece não melhorar o desempenho de nado quando comparado ao TN isolado, em indivíduos adultos previamente destreinados. / INTRODUCTION: In combined training (CT), aerobic training (AT) can reduce strength and/or power gains resulting from strength training (ST) when both are simultaneously performed (interference effect). The type of aerobic exercise of the CT has been investigated as a possible determining factor of the interference effect, however the effects of the combined strength and swimming training on muscle strength (MS) are not known. OBJECTIVE: To analyze ST, swimming training (SW) and combined strength and swimming training effects on MS, cardiorespiratory and swimming performance adaptations in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 38 subjects of both sexes were randomly divided into ST (n=13; 29.5 ± 10.5 years old), SW (n=14; 30.71 ± 9.38 years old) and CT (n=11; 34.5 ± 9.8 years old) conditions. Of them, 14 participants (29.2 ± 8.6 years old) performed a control period (COM) of four weeks, previously to the beginning of the training. The training was performed three times a week during 12 weeks. MS, cardiorespiratory fitness and swimming performance assessments were performed before CON condition (PRE-4), after CON condition/before training (PRE0) and after training (POST). ST loads and SW volumes between the training mesocycles were also compared. For statistical analysis, descriptive procedures (mean and standard deviation) and generalized mixed models (GMM) were used. RESULTS: a significant increase in all conditions were observed (p<0.05), without difference between them, for maximal dynamic strength (RM) of knee extension (RMKE), elbow extension (RMEE) and local muscular resistance (LMR) of elbow extension (LMREE) outcomes. For LMRKE and RM of shoulder extension (RMSE) outcomes, the increase only occurred in ST and CT conditions, whereas LMR of knee extension (LMRKE) only increased for SW. For isometric strength, only maximal isometric strength of knee extension significantly increased in ST and CT conditions. Maximal power in cycle ergometer only increased for ST. The other cardiorespiratory variables were not modified, with none of the training types. Swimming times decreased and swimming speeds increased in all distances, as well as stroke frequency (SF) in 50 and 100 m and index of swimming (IS) in 25 m significantly increased (p<0.05) for CT and SW, without difference between conditions, and in 100 m the increase only occurred for CT. In both SW and ST there was a significant increase (p<0.05) of the volumes and loads, respectively, between the mesocycles, without difference between the conditions. CONCLUSIONS: There is not an interference effect in MS gains with combined strength and swimming training. Cardiorespiratory outcomes were not influenced by any of the training types; nevertheless, aspects related to measurement specificity could have affected the results. The performance of ST associated to a SW does not seem to improve swimming performance when compared to isolated SW, in previously untrained adult individuals.

INTRODUÇÃO: No treinamento combinado (TC), a realização do treinamento aeróbio (TA) pode reduzir os ganhos de força e/ou potência decorrentes do treinamento de força (TF) quando ambos são realizados simultaneamente (efeito da interferência). O tipo de exercício aeróbio do TC tem sido investigado como possível fator determinante do efeito da interferência, porém não se sabe os efeitos do TC de força e natação na força muscular (FM). OBJETIVO: Analisar os efeitos do TF, treinamento de natação (TN) e TC de força e natação nas adaptações de FM, cardiorrespiratórias e desempenho de nado em adultos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: 38 sujeitos de ambos os sexos foram randomicamente divididos nas condições TF (n=13; 29,5 ± 10,5 anos), TN (n=14; 30,71 ± 9,38 anos) e TC (n=11; 34,5 ± 9,8 anos). Destes, 14 participantes (29,2 ± 8,6 anos) realizaram um período controle (CON) de quatro semanas, previamente ao início do treinamento. O treinamento foi realizado três vezes por semana, durante 12 semanas. As avaliações da FM, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e desempenho de nado foram realizadas antes da condição CON (PRÉ-4), após condição CON/antes do treinamento (PRÉ0) e após treinamento (PÓS). As cargas do TF e volumes do TN entre os mesociclos de treinamento também foram comparados. Para a análise estatística foram utilizados procedimentos descritivos (média e desvio padrão) e teste de modelos mistos generalizados (GMM). RESULTADOS: Foi observado aumento significante (p<0,05) em todas as condições, sem diferença entre elas, para as variáveis de força dinâmica máxima (RM) de extensão de joelho (FMEJ), de extensão de cotovelo (FMEC) e resistência muscular localizada (RML) de extensão de cotovelos (RMLEC). Para as variáveis de RMLEJ e RM de extensão de ombro (FMEO) o aumento ocorreu apenas nas condições TF e TC, enquanto que a RML de extensão de ombro (RMLEO) só aumentou para o TN. Para a força isométrica, somente a força isométrica máxima de extensão de ombro, amentou significativamente nas condições TF e TC. A potência máxima em cicloergômetro aumentou apenas para o TF. As demais variáveis cardiorrespiratórias não se modificaram, com nenhum dos tipos de treinamento. Os tempos diminuíram e as velocidades de nado aumentaram em todas as distâncias, bem como a frequência de braçada (FB) nos 50 e 100 m e o índice de nado (IN) em 25 m aumentaram significativamente (p<0,05) para TC e TN, sem diferença entre as condições e nos 100 m o aumento ocorreu somente para o TC. Tanto no TN quanto no TF houve aumento significativo (p<0,05) dos volumes e cargas, respectivamente, entre os mesociclos, sem diferença entre as condições. CONCLUSÕES: Não há efeito da interferência nos ganhos de FM com o TC de força e natação. As variáveis cardiorrespiratórias não foram influenciadas por nenhum dos tipos de treino, porém aspectos relacionados à especificidade da medida podem ter afetado os resultados. A realização do TF associado a um TN parece não melhorar o desempenho de nado quando comparado ao TN isolado, em indivíduos adultos previamente destreinados. / INTRODUCTION: In combined training (CT), aerobic training (AT) can reduce strength and/or power gains resulting from strength training (ST) when both are simultaneously performed (interference effect). The type of aerobic exercise of the CT has been investigated as a possible determining factor of the interference effect, however the effects of the combined strength and swimming training on muscle strength (MS) are not known. OBJECTIVE: To analyze ST, swimming training (SW) and combined strength and swimming training effects on MS, cardiorespiratory and swimming performance adaptations in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 38 subjects of both sexes were randomly divided into ST (n=13; 29.5 ± 10.5 years old), SW (n=14; 30.71 ± 9.38 years old) and CT (n=11; 34.5 ± 9.8 years old) conditions. Of them, 14 participants (29.2 ± 8.6 years old) performed a control period (COM) of four weeks, previously to the beginning of the training. The training was performed three times a week during 12 weeks. MS, cardiorespiratory fitness and swimming performance assessments were performed before CON condition (PRE-4), after CON condition/before training (PRE0) and after training (POST). ST loads and SW volumes between the training mesocycles were also compared. For statistical analysis, descriptive procedures (mean and standard deviation) and generalized mixed models (GMM) were used. RESULTS: a significant increase in all conditions were observed (p<0.05), without difference between them, for maximal dynamic strength (RM) of knee extension (RMKE), elbow extension (RMEE) and local muscular resistance (LMR) of elbow extension (LMREE) outcomes. For LMRKE and RM of shoulder extension (RMSE) outcomes, the increase only occurred in ST and CT conditions, whereas LMR of knee extension (LMRKE) only increased for SW. For isometric strength, only maximal isometric strength of knee extension significantly increased in ST and CT conditions. Maximal power in cycle ergometer only increased for ST. The other cardiorespiratory variables were not modified, with none of the training types. Swimming times decreased and swimming speeds increased in all distances, as well as stroke frequency (SF) in 50 and 100 m and index of swimming (IS) in 25 m significantly increased (p<0.05) for CT and SW, without difference between conditions, and in 100 m the increase only occurred for CT. In both SW and ST there was a significant increase (p<0.05) of the volumes and loads, respectively, between the mesocycles, without difference between the conditions. CONCLUSIONS: There is not an interference effect in MS gains with combined strength and swimming training. Cardiorespiratory outcomes were not influenced by any of the training types; nevertheless, aspects related to measurement specificity could have affected the results. The performance of ST associated to a SW does not seem to improve swimming performance when compared to isolated SW, in previously untrained adult individuals.

Recent advances in the field of audiology have indicated that there has been a growing concern regarding the potential damage to the hearing mechanism induced by recreational noise exposure from personal music devices (PMD). Regular PMD use may have a long-term damaging effect on the outer- and inner hair cells of the cochlea which may result in a progressive hearing loss. As PMDs have advanced to a stage where the memory of the devices are able to contain hours of listening content, the environments where these devices are being used are rapidly expanding. Many young adults tend to use their PMDs whilst exercising. Exercise in itself induces physiological and metabolic changes such as increased blood flow and oxygen levels within the structures of the cochlea. The purpose of this study was to determine the differential impact and short-term effects of simultaneous cardiovascular workout and personal music device (PMD) use on the otoacoustic emissions of young adults. Seven female and five male subjects completed three testing conditions: (i) one hour exposure to PMD use in isolation, (ii) one hour exposure to cardiovascular workout in isolation, and (iii) one hour simultaneous exposure to PMD use and cardiovascular workout. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) were conducted prior to, as well as directly following each testing condition, as primary indicator of cochlear responses emitted through a preset stimulus frequency sequence measuring the 2f₁ - f₂ (75 – 70 dB SPL) and constructing a plot of DPOAE levels as a function of frequency. While each of the testing conditions on its own did not result in statistically significant changes of the DPOAE response, a highly significant different profile in the DPOAE response level increase/decrease for the higher frequencies (6-8 kHz) was obtained when comparing the different sessions to each other. Where exposure to cardiovascular workout showed a clear trend of an increased DPOAE response level between the pre-exposure and post-exposure testing from 2 kHz to 8 kHz with a maximum increase at 6 kHz, both the music only condition and the combined condition where the cardiovascular workout was combined with music resulted in a significant different profile. During combined exposure a clear trend of decreased DPOAE response amplitudes between the pre-exposure and post-exposure testing were seen for the higher frequencies. These findings may support the notion of a clear effect of cardiovascular workout on the otoacoustic emissions at higher test frequencies, measured by DPOAEs when performed with and without music exposure. / Dissertation (MLOG)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / MLOG / Unrestricted

Title: Influence of different way of strength training on body composition, postural stability and muscle and explosive strength in Men's Physique and Street Workout Athletes Objectives: The aim of the thesis was to find out the level and the difference between the parameters of body constitution, postural stability and muscular and explosive force of upper and lower limbs with groups of Men's Physique and Street Workout athletes. Methods: The research sample was represented by two groups (Men's Physique competitors and Street Workout athletes). We assessed chosen parameters of body constitution by Tanita MC-980MA, postural stability by RS Footscan, explosive force (Kistler) and muscular force (Cybex Humac Norm and Takei A5401). Assessed parameters of body constitution were percentage of body fat and fatless matter. In the tests of postural stability, we assessed total travel way of the center of pressure (TTW) in chosen stands (open/closed eyes and one- leg left/right). When testing explosive force, overall produced maximal force and height of the leap were assessed. Muscular force of upper limbs was evaluated by produced force in kg and muscular force of lower limbs was assessed with the help of muscular force moment in concentric muscle activity with angular velocity 60ř·s-1. Result: We found...

Диссертационное исследование посвящено выявлению возможностей использования нового направления в фитнесе – воркаута для подготовки мужчин к сдаче норм ГТО. Положительная динамика показателей физической подготовленности потвердела выдвинутую гипотезу о том, что занятия воркаутом оказывают положительное влияние на развитие тех физических качеств, которые необходимы для сдачи норм ВФСК ГТО мужчинами 18-29 лет. / The dissertation study is devoted to identifying the possibilities of using a new direction in fitness - workout to prepare men for passing the TRP standards. The positive dynamics of physical fitness indicators confirmed the hypothesis that workout classes have a positive effect on the development of those physical qualities that are necessary for passing the VFSK GTO norms for men aged 18-29.

I den här kandidatuppsatsen inom Designteknik ska passform på shorts utforskas. I rapporten undersöks grensömmars passform i komfort, visuellt och under fysiska avprovningar. Olika faktorer som påverkar grensömmars passformsproblem analyseras. Arbetet baseras på ett samarbete mellan ett företag där en fältstudie utfördes, där företaget producerar träningskläder. Kärnan till ämnet uppkom när man sett brister i passform runt grensömmen på byxor och shorts i vävda material under avprovningar på marknaden. I tidigare forskning instämmer en stor majoritet av författarna att grensömmen är en kritisk punkt. Framställning av byxor med en god passform i grensömmen kan vara förhållandevis komplext men det beror inte bara på arbetslivserfarenheten. Under projektet granskas fyra befintliga shorts från marknaden. Det som dokumenteras är passformen, grensömmen på provpersoner och genomskärning av grensömmen för att utvärdera likheter och olikheter. Två shortsmodeller konstrueras utifrån litteratur och annan sekundära data. En tabell för kroppsmått för dam från företaget och mätningar på de tilldelade shortsen används som referens. Shortsens passform provas fram i form av 3D- simulering och på levande modeller. Resultatet av avprovningarna visar likheter av placering av veckbildning och dragningar i 3D- simuleringen respektive de fysiska avprovningarna. Shortsen provas även av i tränings positioner, det resulterade i att shortsen kändes annorlunda runt grensömmen vid hukande gentemot stående position och att grenkurvan ändrade form. Shortsen vidareutvecklades utifrån tidigare prövningar och studier, det resulterade i ett grundmönster. Grundmönstret ska kunna vara till hjälp för flera företag i deras framtagning av byxor och shorts till dam och minimera tillverkning av fysiska prototyper.

Träning och fysisk aktivitet har kommit att bli alltmer av en lärdom i en nutid och framtid som präglas av en allt mindre aktiv livsstil. Opinionen i rapporterade undersökningar och statistik visarpå en tydlig och permanent övergång till en mer flexibel och digital arbetsplats med mindre avsatt kontorstid i veckan. En lösning till problemet är användningen av en multifunktionell träningsmaskin för hemmabruk med möjlighet till träning som kan motsvara ett fulländat helkroppspass. En tydlig majoritet av studier och branschexperter hävdar att marknaden för hemmagym och träningsredskap för hemmabruk kommer att växa. Samtidigt är utbudet av träningsmaskiner påmarknaden för hemmabruk som möjliggör basövningar knapphändig. Projektets mål är att utveckla och konstruera en träningsmaskin som möjliggör effektiv belastande helkroppsträning. Produktutvecklingsprocessen utgörs av ett antal aktiviteter som utförs för att förstå, konstruera och marknadsföra produkter. Den tillämpade produktutvecklingsmetoden utgår från en hybrid av den allmänna produktutvecklingsprocessen enligt Ulrich och Eppinger samt projektmodellen somanvänds vid KTH Södertälje. Träningsmaskinen konstrueras med utgångspunkt i en kombination av ett så kallat power rack, en kubisk ram av stålbalkar som används vid skivstångsövningar, och en kabelmaskin tillämpad för att genomföra de sex vanligaste basövningarna för att uppnå en fullständig helkroppsträning. Ett antal befintliga lösningar på marknaden i kombination med en nyskapande talja implementeras föratt optimera och effektivisera såväl träningen som hemmabruk. Träningsmaskinen lämpar sig som såväl ett substitut som komplement till fria vikter samtidigt som stabiliteten och användarvänligheten förekommande hos kommersiella träningsmaskiner tas tillvara. Slutligen presenteras träningsmaskinen som en prototyp vars avsikt är att påvisa genomförbarheten med denna typ av utformning av träningsmaskin. / Exercise and physical activity have become more of an achieved knowledge in a present and future that is characterized by an increasingly less active lifestyle. The reported trend in surveys shows adistinct and permanent transition to a more flexible and digital workplace with less weekly office hours. One solution to the problem is the use of a multifunctional exercise machine for home use with the possibility of exercise that correspond to a full body workout. A clear majority of studies and experts claim that the market for home gyms and equipment will continue to grow. At the same time, the availability of multifunctional exercise machines on the market for home usage that utilizes compound exercises is scarce. The goal of the project is to develop and design an exercise machine that enables effective whole bodytraining. The product development process consists of several activities that are performed to understand, design and market products. The applied product development method is based on a hybrid of the general product development process according to Ulrich and Eppinger and the project course model used at KTH Södertälje. The exercise machine is designed based on a combination of a power rack, a cubical cage made of steel beams that is used for barbell exercises, and cable machine applied to perform the six most common basic exercises to achieve a complete full body workout. Several existing solutions onthe market in combination with an innovative hoist are implemented to optimize and streamline both training and home use. The exercise machine is suitable as both a substitute and a complement to free weights, while at the same time taking advantage of the stability and user-friendliness of commercial exercise machines. Finally, the exercise machine is presented as a prototype whose intention is to demonstrate the feasibility of this type of exercise machine design.

Master's thesis topic: Effects of the training with the krankcycle on wheelchair users Author: Bc. Ondřej Doubrava Branch of study: Physiotherapy Disertation Tutor: Mgr. Rostislav Čichoň, Ph.D. Year of Defense: 2014 This work was focused on training and strengthening of wheelchair users as a prevention of their health problems, a regulation of wrong physical and physiological mechanisms and an increase their fitness and motional skills. In this training the new instrument designed to strengthen the upper extremity and to improve the function of the cardiorespiratory system was used. This device is called krankcycle and its popularity has increased dramatically especially in the recent years. Therefore it became the main purpose of this work to determine whether completing a 12-week continuous training with krankcycle will lead to changes in monitored parameters evaluating physiological, physical and motional skills of subjects and thus identify the true value of its use. At the same time, we wanted to verify previously confirmed advantages and effectiveness of this exercise especifically for wheelchair users and reveal the krankcycle to them and the wider public as well. Values of body composition were measured in the biomedical laboratory of the UK FTVS by caliperation of four skinfolds method on...

No description available.

Background: An inactive lifestyle is a problem in today’s society, a problem that can contribute to negative health effects. Group fitness instructors have the possibility to affect the participants’ attitudes towards physical activity. This study therefor aims to examine how and why group fitness instructors choose to convey instructions and feedback, and which other factors are perceived as motivating for continued physical activity. Method: The study was conducted in the form of semi-structured interviews with ten participants from different fitness centers situated in the middle region of Sweden. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and thereafter analyzed by the interpretative phenomenological analysis methods. Results: Instructions were communicated mainly verbally or in a combination of verbally and visually. The majority were aware that learning is individual and that different techniques therefor should be used to create an understanding for the execution of an exercise. Feedback was communicated frequently and the majority meant that it should be adapted to the needs of each participant. Positive feedback was mainly used to inspire participants to additional performance, while constructive feedback mainly was used to correct improper execution. Other motivating factors that appeared to be important was to create an environment that help every participant to reach the goals of each session by act inspiring, create a holistic perspective and to involve the participants in their own development. Social interaction appeared to be an important factor, which was created by relationships. New finds consist of the discovery the majority of the instructors, after having given repeated constructive feedback to a participant on an exercise, would allow an incorrect execution to pass instead of solving the problem. Conclusion: The group fitness instructors seem to create a motivating environment, as is indicated by various factors. Recurring participants suggests that they experience the exercise as positive and that they are motivated to continue performing the physical activity in question. The group fitness instructors try to individualize their instructions and feedback, to get through to each individual. Furthermore they try to show alternative exercises, to give each participant the possibility of choosing a suitable level and thereby take part in their own development. The social interaction appeared to be an important factor in making participants return. The behavior of the group fitness instructors indicate that they are striving to create an environment that inspires continued physical activity. / Bakgrund: En inaktiv fritid är i dagsläget ett samhällsproblem som kan bidra till hälsohämmande effekter. Som gruppträningsinstruktör finns möjlighet att påverka deltagarnas inställning till fysisk aktivitet. Studiens syfte var därmed att studera hur och varför gruppträningsinstruktörer väljer att förmedla instruktion och feedback samt vilka övriga faktorer som de upplever är betydelsefulla för att öka deltagarnas motivation till fysisk aktivitet. Metod: Studien genomfördes i form av semi-strukturerade intervjuer med tio stycken deltagare tillhörande olika gymkedjor i Mellansverige. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades genom den tolkande fenomenologiska analysmetoden. Resultat: Instruktioner förmedlades främst verbalt eller kombinerat verbalt/visuellt. Majoriteten var medvetna om att lärande är individuellt och därför användes olika tekniker för att skapa förståelse för utförandet. Feedback förmedlades frekvent och majoriteten ansåg att den bör anpassas efter individens behov. Positiv feedback användes främst för att inspirera deltagarna till ytterligare prestation medan konstruktiv feedback främst användes i syfte att korrigera ett tekniskt felaktigt utförande. Övriga motiverande faktorer som framstod betydelsefulla var att skapa förutsättningar för att uppnå gruppträningspassets målsättning genom att inspirera, skapa ett holistiskt perspektiv samt involvera deltagaren i sin egen utveckling. Socialt samspel skapades genom relationer och trygghet vilket ansågs vara en viktig faktor. Nya fynd är att när en deltagare tillägnats konstruktiv feedback upprepade gånger angående samma utförande menar flertal att de låter ett felaktigt utförande passera istället för att lösa problemet. Slutsats: Gruppträningsinstruktörerna tycks skapa en motiverande miljö vilket påvisas genom flera faktorer. Återkommande deltagare tyder på att de upplever gruppträningen positivt och är motiverade till att utföra den formen av fysisk aktivitet. Alla gruppträningsinstruktörer försöker individanpassa deras instruktioner och feedback för att nå ut till enskild individ. Dessutom försöker gruppträningsinstruktörerna visa alternativövningar för att varje enskild deltagare skall ha möjlighet att hitta lämplig nivå och vara delaktig i sin egen utveckling. Det sociala samspelet framstod som en viktig faktor som tycks vara en anledning att deltagarna återkommer på gruppträningspassen. Gruppträningsinstruktörernas upplevda agerande indikerar på att de strävar efter att skapa en motiverande miljö för fortsatt fysisk aktivitet.