Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Tyrimo objektas – sąsajos tarp paauglių merginų siekimo atitikti socialinius – kultūrinius išvaizdos lūkesčius, požiūrio į savo kūną ir sveikatai žalingo kūno masės kontrolės elgesio. Problemos pagrindimas: Tiek pasaulyje, tiek Lietuvoje paauglių merginų fizinis aktyvumas turi tendenciją mažėti. Visuomenėje vis labiau formuojasi kūno grožio kultas, kuris labai veikia merginų savo išvaizdos vertinimą. Siekiant atitikti idealus jos imasi dažnai sveikatai žalingų svorio kontrolės būdų. Kūno vertinimas, fizinio aktyvumas bei svorio kontrolė tarp paauglių yra tyrinėtini, nes tokio pobūdžio tyrimai padėtų spręsti gyvensenos problemas, fizinį pasyvumą ir sveikatai žalingą svorio kontrolės elgesį. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti sąsajas tarp paauglių merginų siekimo atitikti socialinius – kultūrinius išvaizdos lūkesčius ir požiūrio į savo kūną raiškos ypatumų. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti požiūrį į savo kūno raišką merginų KMI bei fizinio aktyvumo grupėse. 2. Palyginti siekimo atitikti socialinius - kultūrinius išvaizdos lūkesčius skirtingo savo išvaizdos vertinimo, KMI, fizinio aktyvumo ir sportinio statuso grupėse. 3. Atskleisti požiūrį į savo kūno sąsajas su socialiniais, savęs vertinimo bei sveikatai žalingo kūno masės reguliavimo veiksniais. 4. Palyginti sveikatai žalingo svorio kontrolės elgesio ir valgymo sutrikimų rizikos pasireiškimus skirtingo KMI ir fizinio aktyvumo paauglių merginų grupėse. Tyrimo metodai ir tiriamieji – anketinei apklausai naudotas klausimynas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The research object – connection between striving to match social and cultural expectations of appearance, attitude towards their own bodies and harmful weight control behavior. Substantiation of a problem: in Lithuania and in all other countries physical activity among adolescent girls tends to be significantly lower. In a society develops the cult of the beautiful body, which has influence on the estimating of their appearance. Trying to be the same like their ideals, they start to use harmful wight control methods. The estimation of body, physical activity and weight control between teens is worth to research, because that kind of inquiry can help to solve today's lifestyle problems, physical passivity and harmful weight control. The aim of my work – to find the connection between teen girls striving to match social and cultural expectation of appearacne and attitude towords their own peculiarities of the body. The tasks of the research: 1. to find expression of attitud to their own body in girls BMI and physical activity groups. 2. to compare striving to match social and cultural expectations of appearance in various estiments of the appearance, BMI, physical activity and sport status groups. 3. to detect the attitudes of their self body with social, self-esteem and harmful weight factors. 4. to compare harmful weight control behavior and the risik of eating disorders in different BMI and physical activity teen girls groups. Research methods and the explored – for the... [to full text]

Abstract Childhood obesity is a growing national and international problem. Besides causing health problems, obesity puts a significant burden on national economy. The aim of this study was to find new information and methods with which school health care and gymnastics associations could collaborate to help families with overweight children in their weight control efforts. This study examines the experiences and perceptions on the reasons for childhood obesity and problems related to weight control among families in Oulu (n=10), school nurses and doctors in Oulu Province (n=170) and actors (n=243) involved in associations belonging to the Finnish Gymnastics Federation that arrange activities for children and adolescents. The study was implemented as action study, in which the researcher led a group aimed at parents. During the year-long intervention the children attended an exercise group with a designated leader. Parents participated once a month in the group sessions together with their children. During the children’s session the parents got together 1-2 times per month to discuss or to exercise. Data were collected through interviews with parents, measurements, interviews with children and surveys aimed at school nurses, doctors and gymnastic association actors in 2006 and 2009. The data were analysed using inductive content analysis. The interviews with parents showed that hectic pace of life, work-related fatigue, parental unemployment, socioeconomic factors and a number of changes in the children’s lives gave rise to uncertainty in the children, who might react to it by eating. The families felt that they did not get enough support from health care on weight control-related matters, while representatives of school health care and gymnastics associations criticised parents’ “inability” to act as adults in the family. Due to the children’s poor motor skills, increased childhood obesity was seen in the gymnastics association as complicating the work of coaches. Supporting a regular daily rhythm in families, supporting activities and developing opportunities for family exercise seem to be of significance in children’s weight control. Introduction to exercise among overweight children was facilitated by setting up a special exercise group for them. The readiness for multiprofessional collaboration among school nurses and representatives of gymnastics associations increased during the research process. The working methods of school nurses must be improved so that they, as members of a primary health care expert team, can influence problems in families that may result in overweight in children. The know-how and nationwide operation of gymnastics associations should be made use of in children’s weight control. / Tiivistelmä Lasten lihavuus on kasvava sekä kansallinen että kansainvälinen ongelma. Terveyshaittojen lisäksi lihavuuden aiheuttamat kansantaloudelliset kustannukset ovat merkittäviä. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli löytää uutta tietoa ja keinoja, joilla kouluterveydenhuolto ja voimisteluseurat voisivat yhteistyössä auttaa liikapainoisten lasten perheitä lasten painonhallinnassa. Työssä tutkitaan oululaisten perheiden (n=10), Oulun läänin kouluterveydenhoitajien ja koululääkäreiden (n=170) sekä Suomen voimisteluliiton lasten ja nuorten toimintaa järjestävien seurojen toimijoiden (n=243) kokemuksia ja näkemyksiä lasten lihavuuden syistä ja painonhallintaan liittyvistä ongelmista. Tutkimus toteutettiin toimintatutkimuksena, jossa tutkija toimi vanhempien ryhmän ohjaajana. Vuoden kestävän intervention aikana lapsilla oli kerran viikossa oma liikuntaryhmä ja ohjaaja, vanhemmat osallistuivat lasten kanssa yhteiselle tunnille kerran kuukaudessa. Lasten tuntien aikana vanhemmat kokoontuivat 1-2 kertaa kuukaudessa keskustelemaan tai liikkumaan yhdessä. Tutkimusaineistoa kerättiin vanhempien haastatteluilla, mittauksilla, lasten haastattelulla ja kouluterveydenhoitajien ja koululääkäreiden sekä voimisteluseurojen toimijoiden kyselyllä vuosina 2006 ja 2009. Aineisto analysoitiin induktiivisella sisällön analyysilla. Vanhempien haastatteluista kävi ilmi, että kiire, työn aiheuttama väsymys, vanhempien työttömyys, sosioekonomiset asiat sekä monet muutokset lapsen elämässä hämmensivät lasta, joka saattoi reagoida epävarmuuteen syömällä. Perheet kokivat, etteivät he saaneet painonhallinta-asioissa riittävästi tukea terveydenhuollolta. Kouluterveydenhuollon ja voimisteluseurojen edustajat puolestaan kritisoivat vanhempien ”voimattomuutta” olla aikuinen perheessä. Voimisteluseuroissa lasten liikapainon lisääntyminen näkyi lasten heikkojen motoristen taitojen vuoksi ohjaajien työn vaikeutumisena. Perheiden säännöllisen päivärytmin ja toiminnan tukemisella sekä perheliikunnan kehittämisellä näyttäisi olevan merkitystä lasten painonhallinnassa. Liikapainoisten lasten liikuntaan totuttelua tuki oman liikuntaryhmän perustaminen. Kouluterveydenhoitajien ja voimisteluseurojen edustajien valmius monitahoiseen yhteistyöhön lisääntyi tutkimusprosessin aikana. Kouluterveydenhoitajien työtapoja tulee kehittää niin, että he voivat perus-terveydenhuollon asiantuntijaryhmän jäseninä vaikuttaa perheen todellisiin ongelmiin, joista lasten liikapaino saattaa olla seurausta. Lasten painonhallinnassa tulee hyödyntää voimisteluseuroissa olevaa osaamista ja valtakunnallisesti laajaa toimintaa.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / As the Department of the Navy and Marine Corps looks for efficiencies in Force End Strength Management and improvement to Sailor and Marine quality of life, Semper Fit may provide some answers. This research specifically focuses on the Marine Corps Body Composition Program (BCP) and Remedial Physical Conditioning Program (RPCP). The purpose is to qualitatively analyze a program for Marines who are overfat or on remedial physical training (PT) programs, focusing on the feasibility of Marines obtaining professional assistance from Semper Fit. The scope of this research evaluates existing programs and analyzes their beneficial affects in improving retention and attrition of RPCP Marines. The research shows that Semper Fit professionals would provide overfat and poorly conditioned Marines by USMC standards a consistent program through mandatory training in health, nutrition, and fitness. Semper Fit would directly support unit commanders with classes in nutrition, health, and fitness tailored for each RPCP Marine. Furthermore, this study validates the newly established Department of Defense Physical Readiness Test Standards recently adapted by the Department of the Navy as highly accurate. This study recommends the Marine Corps further expand Semper Fits role in support of the Marine and unit commander. / Captain, United States Marine Corps

A considerable percentage of the UK population are overweight (BMI≥25kg/m2) or obese (BMI≥30kg/m2). However, despite living in the same culture and exposed to a similar “obesogenic” environment, some individuals gain weight while others do not (French et al., 1995). This variability in weight control has been suggested to be associated with individual differences in eating behaviours (French et al., 2012). Certain factors, such as motivation (hedonic hunger and hunger status) as well as cognition (impulsivity and memory) may have an impact on eating behaviours and their relationship with weight control. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to explore individual differences in eating behaviours and investigate their relationship with motivation, cognition and weight control. The first experiment (Chapter 2) investigated the relationship between eating behaviours, motivation (hedonic hunger) and food consumption during an ad-libitum buffet. This study suggests that restrained eating behaviour was associated with higher overall energy intake, greater energy intake from unhealthy foods and greater energy intake from both high and low energy dense foods. However, no interactions between restraint and disinhibition or hedonic hunger was seen. Following this, the second experiment (Chapter 3) examined whether eating behaviours, such as disinhibition, restraint and hunger, change during a weight loss and weight maintenance period and whether they could predict changes in weight during these periods. Indeed, the results suggest that lower baseline restraint could predict greater weight loss during a low-energy liquid diet and interventions which increase restraint and decrease disinhibition may be beneficial for longer term weight maintenance. The third experiment (Chapter 4) was designed to investigate whether motivation and cognition influences eating behaviours. The results suggest that hedonic hunger, restraint and impulsivity may lead to higher levels of disinhibited eating behaviour. This study was also able to replicate the findings of previous literature suggesting that episodic memory is negatively associated with BMI (Cheke et al., 2016). Finally, following on from the previous study results, the fourth experiment (Chapter 5) included a more diverse sample of participants including dieters. The results provide evidence that individuals on a diet have poorer episodic memory ability than those currently not on a diet. This study also extended previous results suggesting that hedonic hunger (but also episodic memory and hunger) are important factors in disinhibited eating. Hedonic hunger was also shown to be important in levels of hunger.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue relacionar la Satisfacción muscular y la Autoeficacia para controlar el peso en 153 usuarios de gimnasios en Lima. Empleándose el Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (Cook, Sánchez, Guadalupe, Reyes y Huamán, 2016) y el Inventario de Autoeficacia Percibida para Controlar el Peso (Román, Díaz, Cárdenas y Zoraide, 2007), encontrándose correlaciones positivas: dependencia al ejercicio y comprobación con actividad física, dependencia al ejercicio y comprobación con estilos de alimentación y externalidad; consumo de sustancias y monitoreo con actividad física, consumo de sustancias y monitoreo con estilos de alimentación y externalidad; y satisfacción muscular correlacionó negativamente con estilos de alimentación y externalidad. Asimismo, se encontró diferencias significativas entre las horas dedicadas al ejercicio y a ver tv semanalmente. / The aim of the present research was to relate Muscle satisfaction and self-efficacy to weight control were related in 153 gym users in Lima. Using the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale (Cook, Sánchez, Guadalupe, Reyes y Huamán, 2016) and the Perceived Self-Efficacy Inventory for Weight Control (Román, Díaz, Cárdenas y Zoraide, 2007), positive correlations were found: dependence on exercise and verification with physical activity, dependence on exercise and verification with eating styles and externality, substance use and monitoring with physical activity, substance use and monitoring with eating styles and externality; muscle satisfaction had a negative correlation with eating styles and externality. Furthermore, significant differences were found between the hours spent exercising and watching TV weekly. / Tesis

L’objectif de cette recherche qualitative était de porter un regard sur la problématique du poids chez l’homme à partir des déterminants de la santé masculine définis par Courtenay (2003). En donnant la parole à 17 hommes québécois en surpoids lors d’entrevues individuelles, différentes variables associées à leur préoccupation à l’égard du poids, sont examinées. Selon ces hommes, il existe un comportement alimentaire typiquement masculin autant dans le choix des aliments que dans la façon de manger. La présence féminine joue pour eux un rôle prépondérant dans ce domaine. La vision masculine de la santé suit souvent la fonctionnalité de leur corps tandis que leur description du surpoids semble davantage partir du « vécu » et être moins stricte que la définition purement médicale. Néanmoins, beaucoup d’hommes sentent la pression de l’image du corps idéal masculin et sont souvent insatisfaits de leur corps selon la masculinité valorisée et selon la stigmatisation subie. La préoccupation des hommes à l’égard de leur santé est très présente parmi les hommes de 30-45 ans et perdre du poids dans ce contexte devient alors légitime mais les raisons évoquées varient : la santé, l’apparence, le bien-être. L’expression des douleurs émotionnelles autour du poids est difficile pour les hommes et trop souvent la masculinité traditionnelle constitue une barrière de taille à la consultation pour ces problèmes. Pour le futur, il sera donc important pour les professionnels de la santé d’intégrer les différentes caractéristiques de cette masculinité traditionnelle dans leur approche et leur communication avec les hommes en surpoids. / The purpose of this study was to explore different weight issues of men by using the « key determinants of the health and the well-being of men » established by Courtenay (2003). By interviewing 17 overweight men of Québec, different variables were examined that could possibly explain the preoccupation with their weight. According to these men, a typical masculine behaviour in the food choice and in the way of eating can be acknowledged and by traditional masculine standards, women often play an important role in this area. The health beliefs of men is often limited to the functionality of their body while the description of overweight is more based on their lived experience and less restrictive than the pure medical definition of health. Nevertheless, the social pressure of the ideal masculine body is felt by many men and makes them often dissatisfied with their body depending on the masculinity that is valued and the stigmatisation that they encounter. Men’s health concerns are predominant in the 30-45 age group and legitimize their desire for weight loss although given reasons may vary: health, appearance or well-being. Expression of emotional pain in weight issues is difficult for a lot of men and very often the traditional masculine values constitute a serious barrier to consulting for these kinds of problems. Health professionals in the future will therefore need to recognize the different characteristics of this masculinity and integrate them in their approach and communication with overweight men.

Obesity is a serious health concern in modern society. One way to reduce caloric intake is with nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS). However, recent research suggests they may be compounding the obesity problem. Nonnutritive sweeteners have been linked to increased body mass in a few studies and may be a barrier to effective weight management for some individuals. Under the framework of the health belief model, the research question was: Does this pattern of NNS-BMI covariance exist in young adults at the University of North Florida and, if so, are there other dietary or activity differences that might partially explain this relationship? A sample of 113 students completed an online survey based on the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey to answer this question. Their responses quantified BMI, activity level estimates, NNS intake, and produce consumption. There was a no trend of covariance between BMI and NNS intake overall. However, there was a significant relationship between length of NNS usage and both BMI (p<0.01) and NNS intake (p<0.05). A positive correlation also existed between NNS usage and fruit and vegetable intake (p<.005). Weight variability was positively related to NNS due to the maintenance of previous weight loss (p<0.005). There was no correlation between NNS and activity. There is a tendency to have a higher BMI the longer NNS is consumed. This pattern does not appear to be explained by nutrient intake or activity. However, it may be due to increased tolerance towards sweets over time. Nurse practitioners can make recommendations that facilitate healthy behaviors amongst their patients. Therefore, this is an important issue for advanced practice nursing.

No description available.

Bakgrund Viktklassidrotter och deras kulturella kontext har genom tidigare forskning påvisats utgöra en risk för ätstörda beteenden, något som beskrivits kunna förorsakas av idrottsliga villkor. Styrkelyft och tyngdlyftning är viktklassidrotter där viktminskningsstrategier nyttjas för en ökad konkurrenskraftighet. Coacher besitter en nyckelroll i att uppmärksamma och motverka ätstörda beteenden hos sina atleter, men det saknas ett djupgående perspektiv avseende hur de förhåller sig till viktminskningsregimernas påverkan på kvinnliga atleter. Syfte Studien avser att utforska coachers erfarenheter av och förhållningssätt till etablerade viktminskningsregimer och viktkontroll inom kraftsporten. Fokus ligger på coachers erfarenheter av att ha tränat damatleter inom de, historiskt sett, mansdominerade kraftsporterna tyngdlyftning och styrkelyft. Metod Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med nio kraftsportscoacher. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades ordagrant och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat Analysen resulterade i fem kategorier: - Viktminskningskulturen är ett normaliserat fenomen inom kraftsporten, - Kraftsportens villkor kräver användandet av viktminskningsmetoder, - Risk för att ätstörda beteenden utvecklas, maskeras och/eller undgår ifrågasättande, - Identitet och samhällets kroppsideal – bromsklossar för idrottslig utveckling samt - Coacherna saknar stöd och riktlinjer – lämnas ensamma i ansvarsfrågan. Fokus på vikt och viktminskning ansågs allmänt vedertaget inom kraftsporten, vilket medförde att ätstörda beteenden kunde maskeras och förbises. Konkurrenskraftighet beskrevs ligga till grund för viktminskningsstrategierna, berättigat både inom idrotten och utanför, där samhällets utseendenormer därtill försvårade idrottslig utveckling. Coacherna eftersökte interventioner för ökad kunskap i ämnet samt åtgärdsplaner för agerande när en atlet behöver professionellt stöd. Slutsats Kraftsportsatleter existerar i en miljö som ökar risken för dysfunktionella ät- och viktkontrollerande beteenden, och bedöms vara farlig för individer med sårbarhet för att utveckla ätstörda beteenden och ätstörningar. Interventioner behövs om inte kraftsporten ska riskera att bli en miljö där ätstörningar tillåts florera fritt. / Background Previous research has found weight-class athletes to be at risk of developing disordered eating, something that could be induced by the demands of the sport. Powerlifting and weightlifting are examples of weight-class sports where weight loss strategies are utilized for increased competitiveness. Coaches have a key role in recognizing and counteract disordered eating behaviors in their athletes, but an in-depth perspective on how they address the impact of weight loss strategies in female athletes is lacking. Objective The aim of the study is to explore coaches’ experiences of and approaches to established weight loss regimes and weight control within weightlifting and powerlifting. The focus is on coaches’ experiences of having trained female athletes in the historically male-dominated sports of weightlifting and powerlifting.  Method Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine coaches. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative content analysis.  Results The analysis resulted in five categories: - Weight loss culture as a normalized phenomenon within the sports, - The conditions of the sports require the use of weight loss methods, - Risk of developing, disguising and/or escape questioning of disordered eating, - Athletic development is held back by identity and society’s body ideals and - Coaches lacking support and guidelines – left alone in the matter of responsibility. The focus on weight and weight loss was considered widely accepted in the sports, which meant that disordered eating could be disguised and overlooked. Competitiveness was described as the basis for the weight loss strategies, justified both within the sport and in society, where society’s body-ideals also interfered with athletic development. The coaches requested interventions for increased knowledge on the subject and action plans for when an athlete needs professional support.  Conclusion Athletes in powerlifting and weightlifting exist within an environment that increases the risk of dysfunctional eating and weight control behaviors and is deemed dangerous for individuals with susceptibility to develop disordered eating behaviors and eating disorders. To avoid a setting where eating disorders flourish freely, interventions will be needed within the sports.