La presente Tesis se centra en exponer las falencias del Internado, señalando cada uno de los aspectos que se deben mejorar, enumerando todos los dispositivos legales que regulan el tema y por ultimo presentando como resultado de toda la investigación realizada, una propuesta que sentará las bases para un proyecto de ley que otorgue beneficios específicos para los internos de medicina. / Tesis

This thesis consists of three essays on the economics of sleep time and work stress. The first essay, “the impact of economic factors on sleep: the role of insomnia”, discusses the role played by insomnia on the link between economic variables and sleep time. Insomnia is a common phenomenon experienced by many Canadians. This paper uses the Canadian General Social Survey (GSS) 2005 to investigate the effect of economic factors on the sleep time of the labour force. It replicates previous work by Biddle and Hamermesh (1990) and then extends this work to look at the role played by insomnia on the link between economic variables and sleep time. The paper concludes that the presence of sleep problems can significantly change the impact of economic determinants such as wage and education on sleep time. This paper finds that a 10 percent increase in the wage rate decreases sleep time by almost 20 minutes per week for non-insomniacs while an increase in the wage rate does not have any impact on sleep time for insomniacs. In fact, the link between wage and sleep time appears to be broken for insomniacs as they do not want to, or cannot, sacrifice their sleep time in order to have more money in their pockets. The second essay, “sleep time and wages: the role of chronic diseases and work environment”, examines the role played by chronic diseases and work environment on the link between economic variables and sleep time. This paper, which expands on the work of the first essay, uses the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2001 to investigate the roles of insomnia, chronic diseases and stressful work environments on the link between the wage rate and sleep time. Whereas Biddle and Hamermesh (1990) report that individuals sleep 14 minutes less per week as a result of a 10% increase in the wage rate, I find that this number increases to 30 minutes for individuals without sleep problems while it is zero for insomniacs. Moreover, the impact of wages on sleep time is even more pronounced – more than 60 minutes per week - once account is taken of health conditions and of the work environment. Interestingly, these health and environmental effects are in addition to their impact on insomnia: in other words, individuals with chronic health problems who are not insomniacs do not respond to an increase in the wage rate by reducing their sleep time. This means that the actual impact of wages on sleep time for those who do not suffer from these conditions is much more important than originally reported by Biddle and Hamermesh (1990). The third essay, “are Québecers more stressed out at work than others? An investigation into the differences between Québec and the Rest of Canada in the level of work stress” discusses the level of stress experienced by workers in Canada. Work stress has a large socio-economic impact: it affects worker absenteeism, productivity, and family life. Psychological health problems including stress at workplace are an important issue in Canada. Using nine cycles spanning twelve years of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), I find that the level of work stress in Québec is much higher than in any other province. In Québec, 40% of the population report having quite a bit or extremely stressful jobs. In the other provinces, this number is much smaller, in the order of 30% in Ontario, Alberta, Manitoba and British Columbia, and even lower in the Atlantic Provinces. I find that Québec still has a higher level of reported work stress even after controlling for the main determinants of work stress: income, education, health, age, gender, marital status, children and work environment. Unionization rate and unemployment rate in the province do not seem to matter. However, I find that immigrants in Québec have less work stress than native-born Francophones. Also, Francophones in Québec and elsewhere have higher levels of work stress than Anglophones and Allophones. A body of literature has examined the subject of work stress, and while it has been noted by a few authors (Bordeleau and Traoré, 2007 and Lesage et al., 2010) that Québec is different; a thorough analysis of the causes of this phenomenon needs to be done. This paper estimates regression models that include a large number of factors such as age, gender, marital status, census metropolitan area (CMA), urban, immigrants, having young children, household type, living arrangement, mother tongue, language of conversation, race, education, income, working hours, part time job, health, physical activity, type of smoker, type of drinker, sense of belonging to community, provincial unionization rate and provincial unemployment rate to examine why there may be a consistent and persistent different between those who reside in Québec relative to the rest of Canada. I find that, even after controlling for those factors, work stress is still higher in Québec. This study suggests that differences in the legal systems and in cultures may be some of the reasons of the differences between Québec and the rest of Canada.

Homosociality, the societal norm toward same-gender social bonding, has been hypothesized as an important explanatory variable in the maintenance of occupational segregation by gender and the low status of women in traditionally male-dominated occupations (Lipman-Blumen, 1976; Reagan & Blaxall, 1976). In this investigation of homosociality in the workplace, 257 women and 197 men employed in managerial, supervisory, professional, and technical positions in seven organizations completed a questionnaire regarding their career development and interpersonal relationships in their current organization. Predictions derived from homosociality theory and the literature and research on mentoring, friendship, and organizational networks were tested. Of the 17 hypotheses associated with five research questions, 8 were fully or partially supported, 6 were not supported, and 3 could not be tested because factor analysis did not support the variable of interest (lifetime attachment). Alpha was apportioned using the Bonferroni inequality procedure; probability levels ranged from .025 to .0025 depending on the number of significance tests conducted for each question. Analysis of variance (Gender x Gender Composition of Network) and simple main effects analysis performed on mentoring and relationship provisions (intimacy, similarity, defiance of convention, respect for differences) scores indicated one significant main effect for gender: women's same-gender networks provided more intimacy than men's. Significant main effects for gender composition were: (a) men's same-gender networks provided more mentoring than their cross-gender networks; (b) women's same-gender networks provided more intimacy than their cross-gender networks; and (c) for both genders, same-gender networks provided higher levels of similarity and defiance of convention than cross-gender networks. Correlational analyses indicated: (a) for women, but generally not for men, homosocial attitudes were significantly related to the size and activities of same- and cross-gender networks; (b) for both genders, same- and cross-gender mentoring and primarily same-gender relationship provisions were positively and significantly related to career- and job-related outcomes. Homosociality was evident in attitudes, network activities, and outcomes. Results also indicated signs of organizational gender integration. Implications for theory and counselling, and suggestions for future research, are discussed. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

This study investigated what helps and what hinders RCMP officers in being meaningfully engaged in their work. Experiencing workplace engagement is becoming increasingly meaningful and important for both workers and employers in the new economy. The study is important to the field of counselling, and related fields such as organizational psychology, in terms of both theory and practice, as it concretely expands our understanding of the experience of workplace engagement for workers. In this study, the participants consisted of 14 male RCMP officers and 11 female RCMP officers. Participants were all posted in the Greater Vancouver area at the time of the study, although officers had previously been posted at a variety o f locations throughout Canada. Officers were individually interviewed using a semi-structured, open-ended interview consistent with Flanagan's (1954) Critical Incident Technique. In total, 370 critical incidents were elicited from the 25 participants. Critical incidents helping officers experience meaningful engagement in their work totaled 197. Critical incidents hindering officers in experiencing meaningful engagement in their work totaled 173. The critical incidents were then grouped into 19 categories based on the nature of the incident and the meaning the incident held for the officer. To address reliability in categorizing incidents, two independent judges categorized a sampling o f incidents. In both cases judges agreed with the researcher's categorization in over 90% of incidents. Four participants were also presented with their own critical incidents, and asked to categorize them. Again participants agreed with the researcher's categorization in over 90% of incidents. The main categories identified in this the study were supervision, police incidents, perceived organizational support, transfer, personal circumstances, and peers. In each of these categories both helping and hindering critical incidents were identified by participants. This study provides a detailed description and analysis of the critical incidents that help or hinder RCMP officers in being meaningfully engaged in their work. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

The objective of this thesis is to characterize the corporate culture of the United States, both from a theoretical and practical point of view, taking into account some specific U.S. companies. The entire thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is solely theoretical and its purpose is to familiarize the reader with the most basic terms connected with this topic (i.e. culture, national culture, corporate culture, etc.). The second chapter deals with the specific typologies and theories of national and corporate culture. The third subsequent chapter analyzes both the relationship between national and corporate culture, as well as the comparison of Czech and American culture. On top of thar, the Hofstede's and Trompenaars's dimensions are used in this chapter to help highlight the differences but also common features of both nations. The fourth chapter is devoted to the American corporate culture, focusing on its connection with corporate identity, the importance of code of ethics and the portrayal of the work environment and employment process in the United States. The final fifth chapter contains the analysis of information obtained from interviews with employees of four U.S. based companies, as well as of the FBI agency.

The research herein was developed to gain a robust understating of the relationship of transformational leadership and work environment in East Africa (Bass & Avolio, 1994). Likewise, the study provides additional data and an examination of what correlation and impact the aforementioned have on organizational commitment. The research faced many challenges, including examining a new model in a high context society that relies heavily on enriched clan, subclan, tribes, super tribes, and communal relationships, which had not been tested prior. Valid and reliable survey instruments included 60 questions from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X), 90 questions from the Work Environment Survey (WES), 30 questions from the Three-Component Model (TCM), and a demographic survey, which ensured research efforts were consistent with previous studies (Bass & Avolio, 1994; Meyer & Allen, 1991; Moos & Insel, 2008). Over 15,121 emails from 63 countries were sent out randomly from the Directory of Development Organizations (2010) database. The degree of accuracy and a high degree of validity was reached at a rate of .05 (Krejcie & Morgan, 1970). A response rate of 36.4% was achieved, which was acceptable for the study. The study relied on English as the language of choice, given that over 2,000 dialects and languages exist in East Africa, thereby reducing contextual risk significantly. The statistical methodology used incorporated advanced SPSS software to process the Mahalanobis distance and Pearson coefficients to test five hypotheses. There were 188 cases available for analysis and 22 cases identified through Mahalanobis distance as multivariate outliers. The findings conformed to previous studies of transformational leadership and organizational commitment in organizations as being highly significant and correlative. Work environment was found not to be significant to transformational leadership or organizational commitment. Therefore, more research is required to understand this phenomenon and to make recommendations to leaders and managers to increase levels of influence and encouragement in the work environment. By doing so, a greater return of investment should be obtained for companies, for work areas, and for the work force, which participates in the global marketplace.

Orientador: Tânia Suely Antonelli Marcelino Brabo / Banca: Neusa Maria Dal Ri / Banca: Vagner Matias / Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a precarização do trabalho docente na Rede de Educação do município de Marília/SP. Para a compreensão dessa realidade partimos, de um lado, da análise do processo de reestruturação produtiva operada na década de 1970 nos países de capitalismo central que culminou com a instalação de uma nova morfologia social do trabalho, caracterizada pelos aspectos da flexibilização, intensificação e alienação do processo produtivo. Por outro lado, analisamos as políticas públicas educacionais implantadas no Sistema Educacional Brasileiro, da Ditadura Militar ao neoliberalismo, nos anos de 1990, as quais, em conformidade com os interesses do capital, reestruturaram a gestão e a produção do trabalho docente no interior das escolas públicas do país em consonância com a nova morfologia social do trabalho capitalista. Essas transformações atingem a Rede em estudo a partir do processo de municipalização do Ensino Fundamental, impactando de modo negativo no mundo do trabalho docente local e conduzindo a categoria a um intenso processo de precarização. A investigação ocorreu a partir da análise de relatos das professoras pertencentes a quatro escolas da Rede em questão, representativas das regiões da cidade, bem como do estudo das legislações e documentos locais. A partir das análises empreendidas à luz da fundamentação teórica adotada, pretendemos contribuir para o desvendamento das condições objetivas que conduziram e conduzem o processo de precari... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the precarization of teachers' labor at Marilia's, SP Municipal Education Network. To comprehend this reality, we start from one side, the analysis of the productive restructuration process operated in the 70's in central capitalism countries which culminated with the installment of a new labor social morphology, marked by processes of flexibilization, intensification and alienation of productive process, inscribed in protocols derived from Taylorism, Fordism and then Toyotism of production organization. On the other hand, we analyzed the educational public policies implanted on the country as a device used by the capital aiming to promote reforms in societal sectors in conformity with market needs. Therefore, we investigated the implemented reforms in the Brazilian Educational System, since the Brazilian Military Government until the neoliberalism, in the 90's, that restructured the management and production of teachers' labor inside public schools to be in consonance with the new morphology of capitalist labor. These transformations hit the Network studied from a process of municipalization of Elementary Schools, negatively impacting the world of teachers' labor and conducting the category to an intense process of precarization. The investigation is based on the analysis of the reports of teachers belonging to four schools of the Network in question, representative of the regions of the city as well as the study of laws and local documents. From these analyses In light of the theoretical basis adopted we intend to contribute to the unraveling of objective conditions that has led the process of precarization of labor of category and, at the same time, point out the implications operated on human subjectivity plan. / Mestre

This research examines the level of stress experienced by social workers employed in a locked mental health hospital. A comparative analysis was completed measuring the level of stress associated with the type of unit: acute or chronic.

No description available.

Denna studie syftar till att bidra med kunskaper om orsaker till och hantering av stressfaktorer som förskollärare kan möta i deras arbetsmiljö. De frågeställningar som arbetet utgår från är: Vilka stressfaktorer beskriver förskollärarna att de upplever i förskolan? Hur hanterar förskollärarna de stressfaktorer som de beskriver? Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer för att nå fram till vårt resultat. Urvalet var åtta verksamma förskollärare med en stor variation i både ålder och verksamma yrkesår. Vi har använt oss av metodansatsen IPA och teorin KASAM för att kategorisera och tolka resultatet utifrån begreppen begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet. Resultatet av studien visar att förskollärarna upplever flera stressfaktorer i deras arbetsmiljö som de hanterar på olika sätt. De främsta stressfaktorer som förskollärarna beskriver är stora barngrupper, hög ljudnivå och många kringuppgifter. Våra slutsatser av studien är att det krävs en hög känsla av begriplighet för att förskollärarna ska kunna sortera den information som de dagligen utsätts för. För att kunna göra vardagen och alla dess utmaningar på förskolan hanterbar så behöver förskollärarna ta till egna erfarenheter samt yttre resurser för att undvika att stressnivån ska öka. Trots hög arbetsbelastning och höga krav så är den mest meningsfulla uppgiften att lägga energi och engagemang på att vara en trygghet för barnen. / This study aims to contribute knowledge about the causes and management of stressors that preschool teachers may encounter in their work environment. The questions that the work is based on are: What stress factors do preschool teachers describe that they experiencein preschool? How do preschool teachers deal with the stressors they describe? We have used a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews to reach our result. The selection was eight active preschool teachers with a large variation in both age and active professional years. We have used the method approach IPA and the theory KASAM to categorize and interpret the results based on the concepts of comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness. The results of the study show that preschool teachers experience several stressors in their work environment which they handle in different ways. The main stressors that the preschool teachers describe are large groups of children, highnoise levels and many ancillary tasks. Our conclusions from the study are that a high sense of comprehensibility is required for preschool teachers to be able to sort the information to which they are exposed on a daily basis. In order to make everyday life and all its challenges at the preschool manageable, the preschool teachers need to use their own experiences as well as external resources to avoid the stress level increasing. Despite a high workload and high demands, the most meaningful task is to put energy and commitment into being a security for the children.