Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:33:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LIMA_Tania_2013.pdf: 544878 bytes, checksum: 3ab61a445786d45aa5a0f88a548b8b74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-10 / This research sought to understand the Brazilian youth unemployment in the period 2003 - 2011. The aim of this study is to verify if the business cycles and changes in the minimum wage have been affecting youth unemployment, considering the control of socioeconomic variables. In order to develop such analyses, this study has considered linear panel data as one estimation method and dynamic panel as the other method. In addition, the current research has been considered the four initial interviews contained in PME database. The results of the study show that the youth unemployment rate has been affected by economic cycles, wages and socioeconomic variables, like proportion of labor force non-white , formal sector and metropolitan region that the individual belongs to. Concerning the dynamic character, the previous level of youth unemployment and economic cycles are the main factors affecting the variability of youth unemployment rate. It is worth mentioning that the present study splits the youth group into two subcategories, "teens" and "young-adults", aiming at verifying whetherthe cycles and wages have been impacting in a similar fashion. Thus, the results show that the two distinct subcategories demonstrate different sensitiveness, making room for the creationof different public policies. / A presente pesquisa buscou compreender o desemprego juvenil brasileiro no período 2003 - 2011. O objetivo do presente estudo consiste em verificar se os ciclos econômicos e as mudanças no salário-mínimo afetam o desemprego juvenil, controlado por variáveis socioeconômicas. Para dada análise utilizou-se os métodos de estimação painel linear e painel dinâmico, sendo consideradas as quatro entrevistas iniciais da base de dados da PME (Pesquisa Mensal de Empregos). Os resultados do estudo apontaram que a taxa de desemprego juvenil é afetada em nível pelos ciclos econômicos, salário e variáveis socioeconômicas, tais como proporção da força de trabalho não branca, carteira assinada e a região metropolitana que o indivíduo pertencia. No tocante ao caráter dinâmico, nota-se que o nível do desemprego juvenil passado e a variável de ciclo econômico são os principais fatores a afetarem a taxa de desemprego dos jovens. Vale ressaltar que a presente pesquisa dividiu o grupo juvenil em duas subcategorias, adolescentes e jovem-adulto , no intuito de verificar se ciclos e salários impactavam da mesma forma. Sendo assim, observou-se que as duas subcategorias apresentam sensibilidades distintas, dando espaço para escopos de políticas públicas diferenciados.

在經濟全球化的發展下，勞動市場與就業結構也隨著改變，全球青年皆受到失業問題的衝擊，尤其是青年的失業率高於成年失業率。根據國際勞工組織ILO在「2015年全球就業與社會趨勢」報告中強調，2014年的全球青年失業率高達13%，有多達7,400萬名的青年處於失業困境中。而全球青年失業率是全球整體失業率的近3倍。突顯出青年高度失業的現象已成為各國必須積極面對的議題。 本研究係進行「青年就業讚計畫」之執行成效評估，藉由相關文獻回顧各國曾經施行的方案制度及我國近年相關的就業促進政策的制度，以作為分析「青年就業讚計畫」的基礎工作。透過半結構式的深度訪談青年、辦訓單位及公立就業中心就業服務員三方探討該計畫是否對青年之就業有所助益，並據以提出調整、改善後續工作之規劃與執行建議，以作為未來政策或制度設計修正之依據，期望能有效解決青年的高失業問題。 經過深度訪談，本研究發現如下: 一、青年就業讚計畫有助青年提升就業力，但缺乏後續協助就業配套措施 二、受訓青年訓後就業與參訓職類有相當程度關聯性 三、未建立就業追蹤平台，無法追踨訓後就業關聯性 四、課程審核流程時間過長，影響招生進度 五、參加訓練計畫需事先繳費，對經濟弱勢青年經濟負擔大 六、同質性計畫多, 造成資源重疊 本研究經訪談結果建議如下： 一、加強培訓公立就業服務中心人員職涯諮商、導引角色 二、課予辦訓單位就業媒合責任，提升青年就業率　 三、青年調整就業心態，鼓勵及早規劃職涯，建立正確職業觀念 四、建置「訓後青年追蹤資料庫」，追蹤就業歷程 五、建立課程審核進度查詢機制，簡化行政流程 六、研擬課程分期付款機制，另設排富條款 / The phenomenon of economic globalization has affected labour market and employment structure, also impact on the unemployment rate around the world. In particular, Youth unemployment is higher than adult unemployment. According to the ILO “World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2015“report, it find that over 13% youth unemployed rate in 2014 around the world, and almost 74 million young people were looking for work in 2014. The youth unemployment rate is practically three times higher than the worldwide unemployment rate. Consequently, the high rising youth unemployment is a conspicuous problem that every countries around the world have to facing. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the“Youth’s Employment Ultimate Plan”by literature review of Taiwan’s and other countries’employment promoting policies, in addition, to explore whether the plan is helpful for youth employment by semi-structured in-depth interview with youth people, the staff of training resource center and employment service center, afterwards, give information on the plan, thus a reference can be provided for the suggestion of the policy modify in the future. After in-depth interviews, this study found the following: 1.The“Youth’s Employment Ultimate Plan” help to raise employment rate but it’s short of provide after assistance and complementary measures. 2.The youth people after vocational training employed have a significant degree and correlation to the trained categories. 3.Lack of establishing employed tracking platform, thus can not track the correlation to the trained categories. 4.The time of approving course is too long to affect recruiting. 5.Joining the“Youth’s Employment Ultimate Plan”requires payment in advance, economically disadvantaged youth people can’t afford. 6.Many homogeneity plans result in resources overlapping. After in-depth interviews, this study suggested: 1.To enhance the employment service center staffs’consulting and introducing abilities. 2.To assign the response for employment matching services. 3.To encourage youth to adjust the attitude, to plan career earlier, and to establish correct views about career. 4.To establish the”database of trained youth people” to track the employed history. 5.To establish the inquiry system of the approving course progress rate, and to simplify process. 6.To develop a course installment system, and to set clause of wealth restrictions.

Med anledning av dagens Covid-19 pandemi har svensk arbetsmarknad drabbats hårt vilket har resulterat i en ökad arbetslöshet bland ungdomar. Forskning visar att arbetslöshet har en negativ påverkan på både den enskilda individen och samhället i stort genom bland annat ökad risk för psykisk ohälsa, försummad kompetens och höga samhällskostnader. Detta påvisar vikten av att öka förståelsen och medvetenheten kring situationen som ungdomar som är arbetslösa befinner sig i. Syftet med studien var därför att beskriva och identifiera aspekter som skapar en meningsfull och kompetensutvecklande arbetslöshet utifrån arbetslösa ungdomars egen upplevelse. Studien har utgått från en teoretisk grund i hälsoteorin KASAM och den pedagogiska teorin transformativt lärande. En kvalitativ ansats har tillämpats i studien bestående av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med arbetslösa ungdomar i åldersspannet 19–24 år. Den insamlade datan analyserades med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys vilket medförde i tre huvudkategorier innehållande totalt sex underkategorier. Resultatet redogör för hälsofrämjande aspekter som skapar en trygg, hanterbar och motiverande arbetslöshet. Fortsättningsvis visade resultatet att kompetensutveckling sker både individuellt och kollektivt, vilket förutsätter dialog med andra och eget ansvar. Studiens resultat belyser också att samhället kan tillämpa mer individanpassade insatser för att främja välbefinnandet och lärandet under arbetslösheten. Slutsatsen för den här studien visar att ha individuella resurser tillsammans med stöd från samhällets instanser är viktiga för att främja kompetensutveckling och hälsa hos ungdomar som befinner sig i arbetslöshet. Slutligen kan det även vara väsentliga förutsättningar för att motverka den växande arbetslösheten och skapa en mer jämlik hälsa bland den svenska befolkningen.

Magister Economicae - MEcon / Entrepreneurship has been regarded as a solution to various developmental challenges such as unemployment, inequality, and poverty, which are inherent among the marginalised populations. However, the high rate of failure of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) remain an impediment to the use of entrepreneurship as a means to ameliorate the challenges. This is especially the case among young entrepreneurs. In addition, given the imperativeness of financial literacy in the success of SMEs, this study determines the influences of financial literacy on entrepreneurial success within the marginalised communities. It also explores and identifies the reasons why failure rates are high among young entrepreneurs in the economically disadvantaged community of Khayelitsha, Cape Town. This study employs a concurrent mixed methods design, making use of both quantitative and qualitative data. A survey is conducted in Khayelitsha using the snowballing sampling technique due to difficulty in accessing young entrepreneurs. The quantitative data from the survey provides demographic and socioeconomic information on young entrepreneurs

2008年金融危機，對全球經濟造成嚴重的衝擊，連帶影響勞動市場，青年失業問題日趨惡化，高失業率使許多青年放棄求職，或選擇繼續留在教育體系中，延後進入勞動市場。國際組織及各國政府皆致力於解決青年失業問題，我國也不例外，惟多年來我國青年就業情況卻未獲改善，是否我國的青年就業政策有不足之處值得深思。本研究主要針對青年失業問題與原因進行討論，亦欲藉由國際組織之建議及各國青年就業政策，來探討我國青年就業政策應加強之處，最後試圖從教育改革面向切入我國青年失業率升高之原因，並於文末提出建議。 / The global economy suffered a serious impact by financial crisis in 2008, also affected the labor market. The youth unemployment situation has been getting worse since 2008. Discouraged by high youth unemployment rates, many young people have either given up the job search altogether or have decided to postpone it and continue to stay in the education system. Both international organizations and governments have devoted effort to solve the youth unemployment problem─ our country is not an exception. But the youth unemployment situation has not improved for several years. Are there any insufficient in our country‘s Youth employment policy worth to think. This thesis focused on the problems and reasons of youth unemployment. Also discuss how to strengthen our youth employment policy and the high youth unemployment rates from the perspective of Taiwan's education reformation system. Finally, make recommendations to strengthen the current youth employment policy.

This thesis consists of four papers summarized as follows. Do Payroll Tax Cuts Raise Youth Employment? We study whether payroll tax reductions are an effective means to raise youth employment. In 2007, the Swedish employer-paid payroll tax was cut on a large scale for young workers, substantially reducing labor costs for this group. Using the variation in payroll taxes across cohorts, we estimate a significant, but small, impact both on employment and on wages. Effects of Taxes on Youth Self-Employment and Income. I examine the link between taxes and youth self-employment. I make use of a Swedish reform that made the payroll tax and the self-employment tax vary by age. The results suggest that youth self-employment is insensitive to tax reductions, both in the short run and in the somewhat longer run. For those defined as self-employed, I find positive effects on income from self-employment, and negative effects on income from wage employment. Can Indifference Make the World Greener? We conducted a natural field experiment at a large university in Sweden to evaluate the effects of two resource conservation programs. The first intervention consisted of a campaign that actively tried to convince people to cut back on printing in general, and to use double-sided printing whenever possible. The second intervention exploited people's tendency to stick with pre-set alternatives. At random points in time we changed the printers’ default settings, from single-sided to double-sided printing. Whereas the moral appeal had no impact, the default change cut paper use by 15 percent. The Origins of Behavioral Contagion: Evidence from a Field Experiment on Facebook. We explore the micro-level foundations of behavioral contagion by running a natural field experiment on the networking site Facebook. Members of Facebook express positive support to content on the website by clicking a Like button. We show that users are more prone to support content if someone else has done so before.

The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of the unemployed youth. To achievethat, we have investigated who the unemployed young people are, how their wellbeing isaffected and what they need for a change to take place. The study was conducted in amedium-sized Swedish city with the help of a method combination. The target population forthis study is people enrolled in “Job-guarantee for Youth” in spring 2014. The quantitativepart of the study was conducted using questionnaires and qualitatively through interviewswith seven young people in the group. The result shows that the social heritage is reflected inwhich education the young people have chosen and what future plans they have. Furthermore,the study shows that mental health is affected. The economy as well. / Syftet med den här studien är att öka förståelsen för arbetslösa ungdomar. För att uppnå detsyftet har vi undersökt vilka de arbetslösa är, hur de mår och vad de behöver för att enförändring ska kunna ske. Studien genomfördes i en medelstor svensk stad med hjälp av enmetodkombination. Målgruppen för vår studie är personer inskrivna i ”jobbgaranti förungdomar” under våren 2014. Den kvantitativa delen i studien genomfördes med hjälp avenkäter och den kvalitativa med hjälp av intervjuer med sju berörda personer i gruppen.Resultatet visar att det sociala arvet avspeglar sig i vilken utbildning de unga har valt ochvilka framtidsplaner dem har. Dessutom visar studien att den psykiska hälsan påverkasnegativt. Ekonomin likaså.

The political and economic changes of the past three decades exercised varying effects on the lives and prospects of young people in Hungary and the Czech Republic. The destructive outcomes of the countries' struggle with the hardships of the global economic crisis pushed many of them to leave their countries and try their chances elsewhere over the past few years. Even though, the prevalent migratory fluxes of Europe may generally be characterized by the Westward movement of a group composed of predominantly young Central and Eastern European men and women, my two countries of research display diverging migratory tendencies. While today's Hungary advocates the threat of emerging as a country of emigration, the Czech Republic's population inflow outrules its emigration, making it gradually turn into a country of immigration. In my research, I wish to reveal the specificities of Hungarian and Czech migratory tendencies and their underlying social and economic reasons. Ultimately, my aim is to provide an understanding of the evolution of current migration tendencies in Hungary and in the Czech Republic, as well as their potential long term effects on the two countries' social and economic structure. KEY WORDS Emigration, immigration, youth, unemployment, poverty, education, work, European Union, free...

The aim was to analyse how the political parties, relate to questions of young individuals in Sweden, particularly to the question of youth unemployment. The theoretical basis encompassed two perspectives explaining party politics - “the party as outflow of society” and “the party as actor”, derived from the structure-agency school. Units of analysis were the parliamentary parties and their youth organisations, and the material comprised the parliament’s special debate of youth unemployment in 2006, and text from the youth organisations' web sites. The method was qualitative with an interpretative approach. Conclusions were that young individuals in society have a limited impact on the appearance of political parties. No party has a stable responsiveness to questions of young individuals; only three out of the seven youth organisations had the current youth unemployment on the agenda (parties as outflow of society). All parties had suggestions on how to combat unemployment, but not all had suggestions directed towards youth in particular. The proposals were adjusted to other party policies to facilitate a power position through alliances (parties as actors). The Centre party brought forward the current youth unemployment the most and “the special youth agreements” might attract new voters, including young individuals, but could also deter traditional voters.

疤痕效應(Scarring Effect)所指的當一個人的就業歷程出現失業，失業將會對往後的就業歷程產生長期性的影響，且影響的範圍相當廣，包含收入、就業狀況、身心健康等等。然而，在所有年齡層中，青年是最容易失業且待在勞動市場中時間最長的群體。 　　本研究將在疤痕效應的理論基礎上探討：台灣青年在失業後是否會影響終生的就業歷程、造成長期性工作貧窮的現象。本研究試著從青年找不到適得其所的工作時，其實際工作狀況和生活來理解失業的成因及長期性影響。 　　本研究採取多元方法的研究設計，透過「人力運用擬-追蹤調查資料庫」以及「華人家庭動態資料庫」比較15-29歲有失業經驗的青年及無失業經驗青年，往後薪資及就業狀況，觀察失業的短期性及長期性的影響。並以深度訪談的方式，訪談七位不同背景且在15-29歲期間有3個月以上失業經驗的受訪者，透過訪談青年失業理解連續性脈絡，藉此理解疤痕效應的成因及疤痕效應造成影響的詳細情形。 　　實證結果發現不論觀察期長短，有失業經驗的青年的收入漲幅普遍會低於沒有失業經驗的青年，失業確實會對收入水準造成長期影響。就業情形的差異上，有失業經驗青年陷入再度失業的機率普偏高於無失業經驗青年陷入失業的機率。 　　訪談結果發現疤痕效應的原因有(一)工作經驗不足，無法進入職場；(二)雇主對過短工作經驗的負面評價；(三)人力資本難以積累；(四)社會關係封閉，難以向外得到援助；(五)工作經驗的中斷。 　　本研究透過疤痕效應的理論，指出失業對青年所造成的長期性影響。藉由實證數據及訪談結果，深入理解青年失業所造成的長期性影響及成因，作為解決青年失業問題及工作貧窮上的政策參考。 / The “Scarring Effect” means the unemployment of a person's career path, which will have a long-term impact on the future career path, and have the influence of a wide range, including income, employment status, physical and mental health and so on. However, youth have the highest unemployment rate in all ages and have the longest time in the labor market. 　　This study will explore the theory of scarring effect: whether unemployment will affect Taiwanese youth’s lifetime career path after unemployment, resulting in long-term poverty. This study tries to understand the causes and long-term effects of unemployment from the time when youth find jobs that are not suitable for them. 　　This study is based on a multimethod research approach to compare youth from 15 to 29 years old with unemployed experience and young people with no unemployment experience. Through "Manpower Utilization Quasi-longitudinal Survey" and the “Panel Study of Family Dynamics" in subsequent earnings and employment status, we observe the short-term and long-term effects of unemployment. And through deep-interviews with seven different backgrounds and those who had more than three months of unemployment experience during the 15-29 year old period, we understand the continuity of unemployment, the causes of scar effects and the details of the impact. 　　The empirical results show that regardless of the length of the observation period, the income growth of youth with unemployed experience is generally lower than which of those without unemployed experience. Unemployment will indeed have a long-term impact on income levels. The difference in employment status, the re-unemployment rate of the youth with unemployment experience is higher than which of youth without unemployment experience. 　　The results of interviews finds that the cause of scarring effects are contributed to (1)Lack of working experiences to get work. (2)Employer have negative impression on short working experience.(3)The difficulty of accumulating human capital.(4) Closed social relationships, which is difficult to get assistance from others. (5)Interruption of work experience. 　　This study, through the theory of scarring, points out the long-term effects of unemployment on youth. Through empirical data and interviews, we will understand the long-term impact and causes of youth unemployment as a policy reference to solve the problem of youth unemployment and working poverty.