Les invasions biologiques sont reconnues comme un facteur évolutif important sur une échelle de temps courte. Elles affectent notamment la structure génétique des populations, les patrons d'évolution phénotypique et la richesse des faunes de parasites associées aux populations envahissantes. Cette étude se propose de quantifier les conséquences d'une invasion biologique suivant ces trois niveaux (génétique, phénotypique et parasitologique) en prenant pour exemple le cas du tilapia du Mozambique Oreochromis mossambicus. Ce cichlidé africain présente un statut remarquable en biologie de la conservation puisqu'il est à la fois (i) l'une des espèces les plus envahissantes au monde car dispersée à l'échelle globale au cours du XXème siècle et (ii) une espèce " quasi-menacée " (UICN) sur son aire native (partie du sud-est de l'Afrique) du fait de son hybridation massive avec d'autres Oreochromis sp. introduits. La démarche générale employée ici est de décrire l'histoire récente des populations à l'aide de marqueurs nucléaires (AFLP) et des séquences de l'ADN mitochondrial (ADNmt), puis de mettre en relation ces résultats génétiques avec la diversité morphologique et la parasitologie des populations. Deux systèmes différents ont été étudiés : Au sein de l'aire native, l'étude se focalise sur le Limpopo inférieur et le sous-bassin de la Changane (Mozambique). Des patrons d'introgression incluant trois espèces en présence sont détectés, mais les hybrides sont peu fréquents et leur expansion limitée. Ces résultats sont de plutôt bonne augure pour la conservation d'O. mossambicus et ils permettent d'identifier deux zones de conservation prioritaires. L'étude des parasites indique une plus grande diversité parasitaire mais de faibles prévalences dans les sites de moindre valeur en conservation, ce qui pourrait favoriser le succès des espèces introduites et de leurs hybrides. Parmi les territoires envahis, les AFLP et l'ADNmt soutiennent une homogénéité générale et une diversité génétique faible, qui sont interprétées comme le résultat d'un fort goulot d'étranglement précédant l'expansion à l'échelle mondiale. Une structure des populations en lien avec la géographie à large échelle (Nouvelle-Calédonie, Guadeloupe, Jamaïque) est cependant détectée. La variation de la forme du corps est également structurée à large échelle géographique, ce en dépit des fortes variations environnementales enregistrées à l'échelle locale. Cela suggère un effet des contraintes génétiques sur la diversification morphologique contemporaine. L'absence de parasites monogènes sur les populations introduites en Nouvelle-Calédonie peut être mise en relation avec un évènement fondateur, et est proposé comme l'un des facteurs ayant pu favoriser le succès de l'espèce. En conclusion, une faible diversité génétique ne contraint vraisemblablement pas un potentiel envahissant élevé et une diversification rapide chez les tilapias.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CyntiaRFM_DISSERT.pdf: 1600999 bytes, checksum: 4275db45083eb06dd6e32765b5903df7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study investigated the relative contribution of natural food and commercial diets assimilated into the Nile tilapia nutrition (nilloticus niloticus) cultured in cages in the reservoir of Santa Cruz-Apodi / RN. All samples of diets and individuals were held between August and November 2013 in the reservoir cages. Individuals throughout the cultivation, as well as take in the natural food, were feed a control 40 and 32% crude protein for three stages of cultivation. For sampling isotopes dorsal muscle samples were taken from 15 individuals captured, collected food samples 15, periphyton and seston (local water filtration). All samples were dried in an oven at a temperature between 55-60 °C for a period ranging from 36-72 hours, and ground in a mortar and pestle manual to a fine powder. were performed sweeps on material samples filters. The powder samples were stored in tin capsules for conducting the analysis of stable isotopes 15N and 13C for tissue samples and diets which were performed at UC Davis Stable Isotope Laboratory Facility, University of California - USA. The field was monitored the limnological variables with the use of a multisensor. In laboratory Limnologia and Water Quality - LIMNOAQUA, analyzes were performed of growing water, in order to characterize the conditions of abiotic cages. The results of the ratios of C and N isotopes for diets and diets of fish and the contribution rates were analyzed using the R software, version 3.2.2. For data of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, for samples with normal distribution and homogeneous variance was applied one-way ANOVA and Tukey test a posteriori. Where the ANOVA assumptions were not satisfied we used the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and paired Wilcoxon. The values of the isotopic ratios were analyzed individually by period. Regarding the values of the contribution rates of the diets were analyzed together for each period. It was used Mixsiar Mixture Model to determine the relative contribution of diets. Limnological variables did not vary during the study period, only variations were observed for total phosphorus concentrations in the final cultivation stage and chlorophyll-a in the entire study period. Samples of feed showed significant differences in isotopic composition of 13C, and the values of 15N in tissue samples from fish between periods I and II, occurring distinct discriminating rates in diet-tissue interface for both isotopic elements of C and N in all diets. The waste feed supplied contributed to the high availability of natural foods, especially for diet based on seston.The periphyton diet (26.6%) had reduced contribution compared the diets of seston (39.2%) and fish feed (34.3%) for fish reared in Santa Cruz. In this context, it can be concluded that natural diet - seston and periphyton - (65.8%) contributed to the growth of Nile tilapia cultured in cages, changing the paradigm that only provided food is assimilated by the fish, contributing so almost exclusively on the growth of this species / A presente pesquisa investigou a contribuição relativa dos alimentos naturais e dietas comerciais assimilados na nutrição de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivada em tanques-rede no Reservatório de Santa Cruz-Apodi/RN. Todas as coletas das dietas e indivíduos foram realizadas entre agosto e novembro de 2013, nos tanques-rede do reservatório. Os indivíduos durante todo o cultivo, além de assimilar o alimento natural, foram alimentados com ração comercial de 40 e 32% de proteína bruta durante três fases de cultivo. Para as amostragens de isótopos foram retiradas amostras da musculatura dorsal de 15 indivíduos capturados, e recolhidas 15 amostras de ração, perifíton e seston (filtragem da água local). Todas as amostras foram secas em estufa com temperatura entre 55-60 °C por um período variando entre 36-72 horas, e moídas em almofariz manual e pistilo até formar um pó fino. Foram realizadas raspagens do material nas amostras de filtros. As amostras em pó foram armazenadas em cápsulas de estanho para realização da análise de isótopos estáveis de 13C e 15N para as amostras de tecidos e dietas, que foram realizadas pelo laboratório UC Davis Stable Isotope Facility, Universidade da Califórnia EUA. Em campo foi realizado o monitoramento das variáveis limnológicas com o uso de um multisensor. No laboratório de Limnologia e Qualidade de Água LIMNOAQUA, foram realizadas análises da água de cultivo, com o intuito de caracterizar as condições abióticas dos tanques-rede. Os resultados das razões de isótopos de C e N para as dietas e peixes e das taxas de contribuições das dietas foram analisados utilizando o software R, versão 3.2.2. Para os dados de isótopos estáveis de C e N, para as amostras que apresentaram distribuição normal e variância homogênea foi aplicada uma ANOVA one-way e teste a posteriori de Tukey. Nos casos em que os pressupostos da ANOVA não foram satisfeitos foi aplicado o teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e teste pareado de wilcoxon. Os valores das razões isotópicas foram analisados individualmente por período. Em relação aos valores das taxas de contribuição das dietas, foram analisadas em conjunto para cada período. Foi utilizado o Modelo de Mistura Mixsiar para determinar a contribuição relativa das dietas. As variáveis limnológicas não apresentaram variações no período estudado, apenas ocorreram variações para as concentrações fósforo total na fase final de cultivo e clorofila-a em todo o período estudado. As amostras de ração apresentaram diferenças significativas em sua composição isotópica de 13C, e para os valores de 15N nas amostras teciduais de peixes entre os períodos I e II, ocorrendo taxas discriminantes distintas na relação tecido-dieta para ambos os elementos isotópicos de C e N em todas as dietas. Os resíduos de ração ofertada contribuíram para a elevada disponibilidade das dietas naturais, especialmente para a dieta com base no seston. A dieta de perifíton (26,6 %) apresentou contribuições reduzidas em relação as dietas de seston (39,2 %), e ração (34,3 %) para os peixes cultivados em Santa Cruz. Neste contexto, pode-se concluir que a dieta natural seston e perifíton - (65,8%) contribuiu no crescimento da tilápia do Nilo cultivada em tanques-rede, alterando o paradigma de que apenas a ração fornecida é assimilada pelos peixes, contribuindo de forma quase que exclusiva no crescimento desta espécie

Orientador: Eduardo Alves de Almeida / Banca: Maria Aparecida Marin Morales / Banca: Glória Elisa Florido Mendes / Resumo: Os contaminantes ambientais são relevantes no contexto ecotoxicológico devido a seus efeitos citotóxicos e carcinogênicos nos organismos não-alvos. A análise de biomarcadores bioquímicos constitui uma ferramenta eficiente nos estudos de avaliação de risco e impacto ambiental, pois conseguem realizar a detecção precoce dos efeitos nos organismos em virtude da exposição aos poluentes ambientais. O Brasil está entre os maiores consumidos de agrotóxicos do mundo e nesse contexto destacam-se os compostos organofosforados (OP) e carbamatos (CA). Neste trabalho foram analisadas em brânquias, fígado e tecido nervoso da tilápia Oreochromis niloticus e do cascudo Pterygoplichthys anisitsi após 2 e 7 dias, a atividade das enzimas acetilcolinesterase (AChE), carboxilesterase (CbE), glutationa S-transferase (GST), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), 7- etóxiresorufina-O-deetilase (EROD), e peroxidação lipídica como candidatos a biomarcadores bioquímicos sensíveis à contaminação por diazinon (OP) e carbaril (CA). A morfologia do fígado dos cascudos foi avaliada após 7 dias de exposição aos pesticidas, em fragmentos de tecidos corados com HE. A exposição aos pesticidas causou significativa inibição da AChE e CbE nas duas espécies; aumento significativo da GST no fígado dos cascudos expostos ao OP , no fígado e brânquias das tilápias expostas ao CA e nas brânquias dos cascudos expostos ao CA; inibição da EROD no fígado das duas espécies expostas ao OP e tendência à ativação nas duas espécies expostas ao CA; tendências à diminuição dos níveis de malondialdeído e aumento da GPx no fígado nas duas espécies. Os cascudos expostos ao OP mostraram aumento na taxa de núcleos hipercromáticos e esteatose, e em ambas as exposições os cascudos apresentaram aumento no diâmetro do núcleo dos hepatócitos, sendo mais acentuado pelo composto CA. Estes resultados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Environmental contaminants are ecotoxicologically relevant due to their cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects in non-targets organisms. The analysis of biochemical biomarkers is a powerful tool in studies of risk assessment and environmental impact, because it can achieve early detection of the effects on organisms as a result of exposure to environmental pollutants. Brazil is among the largest world consumers of pesticides, including organophosphates and carbamates. In this work, after 2 and 7 days of the treatment, the activity of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CbE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and lipid peroxidation were analyzed in gills, liver and nervous tissue of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and armoured catfish Pterygoplichthys anisitsi, as candidates of sensible biochemical biomarkers of contamination by diazinon (OP) and carbaryl (CA). The morphology of the liver of the armoured catfishes was examined after 7 days of exposure to pesticides, in fragments of tissue stained with HE. Exposure to pesticides caused significant inhibition of AChE and CBE in the two species, significant increase in GST in the liver of armoured catfishes exposed to OP, in the liver and gills of tilapia exposed to CA and the gills of armoured catfishes exposed to CA, EROD inhibition in the liver of both species exposed to OP and a trend of activation in both species exposed to CA, and trends to decreased levels of malondialdehyde and increased GPx in the liver in both species. The catfishes exposed to OP showed increased rate of hyperchromatic nuclei and steatosis, and both armoured catfishes showed increase in the diameter of the nucleus of hepatocytes, being more accentuated by the armoured catfishes exposed to CA. These results suggest the usefulness of the activity of AChE, CBE, GST and morphological... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_acf_me_sjrp.pdf: 796473 bytes, checksum: 478bd32abee6cd2efceb78698757085b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os contaminantes ambientais são relevantes no contexto ecotoxicológico devido a seus efeitos citotóxicos e carcinogênicos nos organismos não-alvos. A análise de biomarcadores bioquímicos constitui uma ferramenta eficiente nos estudos de avaliação de risco e impacto ambiental, pois conseguem realizar a detecção precoce dos efeitos nos organismos em virtude da exposição aos poluentes ambientais. O Brasil está entre os maiores consumidos de agrotóxicos do mundo e nesse contexto destacam-se os compostos organofosforados (OP) e carbamatos (CA). Neste trabalho foram analisadas em brânquias, fígado e tecido nervoso da tilápia Oreochromis niloticus e do cascudo Pterygoplichthys anisitsi após 2 e 7 dias, a atividade das enzimas acetilcolinesterase (AChE), carboxilesterase (CbE), glutationa S-transferase (GST), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), 7- etóxiresorufina-O-deetilase (EROD), e peroxidação lipídica como candidatos a biomarcadores bioquímicos sensíveis à contaminação por diazinon (OP) e carbaril (CA). A morfologia do fígado dos cascudos foi avaliada após 7 dias de exposição aos pesticidas, em fragmentos de tecidos corados com HE. A exposição aos pesticidas causou significativa inibição da AChE e CbE nas duas espécies; aumento significativo da GST no fígado dos cascudos expostos ao OP , no fígado e brânquias das tilápias expostas ao CA e nas brânquias dos cascudos expostos ao CA; inibição da EROD no fígado das duas espécies expostas ao OP e tendência à ativação nas duas espécies expostas ao CA; tendências à diminuição dos níveis de malondialdeído e aumento da GPx no fígado nas duas espécies. Os cascudos expostos ao OP mostraram aumento na taxa de núcleos hipercromáticos e esteatose, e em ambas as exposições os cascudos apresentaram aumento no diâmetro do núcleo dos hepatócitos, sendo mais acentuado pelo composto CA. Estes resultados... / Environmental contaminants are ecotoxicologically relevant due to their cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects in non-targets organisms. The analysis of biochemical biomarkers is a powerful tool in studies of risk assessment and environmental impact, because it can achieve early detection of the effects on organisms as a result of exposure to environmental pollutants. Brazil is among the largest world consumers of pesticides, including organophosphates and carbamates. In this work, after 2 and 7 days of the treatment, the activity of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CbE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and lipid peroxidation were analyzed in gills, liver and nervous tissue of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and armoured catfish Pterygoplichthys anisitsi, as candidates of sensible biochemical biomarkers of contamination by diazinon (OP) and carbaryl (CA). The morphology of the liver of the armoured catfishes was examined after 7 days of exposure to pesticides, in fragments of tissue stained with HE. Exposure to pesticides caused significant inhibition of AChE and CBE in the two species, significant increase in GST in the liver of armoured catfishes exposed to OP, in the liver and gills of tilapia exposed to CA and the gills of armoured catfishes exposed to CA, EROD inhibition in the liver of both species exposed to OP and a trend of activation in both species exposed to CA, and trends to decreased levels of malondialdehyde and increased GPx in the liver in both species. The catfishes exposed to OP showed increased rate of hyperchromatic nuclei and steatosis, and both armoured catfishes showed increase in the diameter of the nucleus of hepatocytes, being more accentuated by the armoured catfishes exposed to CA. These results suggest the usefulness of the activity of AChE, CBE, GST and morphological... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:01:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EmersonESM.pdf: 931852 bytes, checksum: f768665fe7e8aa27e4023b4def16f98d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Considering their commercial importance, as these are the species of freshwater fish more commercialized in Brazil, their occurence in different kinds of aquatic environments (lakes, rivers and dams) and for being tolerant to a wide range of variation of various physical parameters and chemical water, the fish species Oreochromis niloticus, Cyprinus carpio and Colossoma macropomum were chosen for this study, furthermore, to test the toxicity we used the herbicide Roundup. The fingerlings of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), commun carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) were submitted to the herbicide roundup in the following concentrations: 0.0 (control); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 and 22,22 mg.L-1, 0.0 (control); 13,89; 14,86; 15,83; 16,81 and 17,78 mg.L-1, and 0.0 (control); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 and 22,22 mg.L-1, respectively, three for 96 hours. The LC50 - 96h for O. niloticus, C. carpio and C. macropomum was 21,63, 15,33 and 20,06 mg.L-1 of the herbicide roundup, respectively. The results show that this herbicide is classified as slightly toxic to the three species. The values of dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature recorded in the aquarium control and aquarium experimental of the three fish species have remained without significant variations during the tests, which reduces the possibility of death caused by sudden variations of these parameters during the 96 hours the experiment. The values of LC50 between different species of fish were observed, noting that the species O.niloticus, C. carpio and C. macropomum showed no expressive differences. The values of environmental risk of Roundup were calculated to obtain more stringent parameters in assessing the dangerousness of those on nontargets. The risk of environmental contamination by Roundup for the Nile tilapia, common carp, and tambaqui are low for the lowest application rate (1 L.ha-1) and depths (1.5 and 2.0 m). The dilution of 100%, the highest recommended dose (5 L.ha-1) and depths (1.5 and 2.0 m) the risk is moderate for the three species. The values of the Risk Ratio (QR) were greater than 0,1, indicating that the values of the CAE and LC50 are above acceptable levels and there is a need, this study, a refinement in ecotoxicological tests / Considerando a import?ncia comercial, por se tratarem das esp?cies de ?gua-doce mais comercializadas no Brasil, por ocorrerem em diversos tipos de ambientes aqu?ticos (lagos, rios e a?udes) e ainda por serem tolerantes a um amplo espectro de varia??o de diversos par?metros f?sicos e qu?micos da ?gua, as esp?cies de peixes Oreochromis niloticus, Cyprinus carpio e Colossoma macropomum foram escolhidas para este estudo com a finalidade de testar a toxicidade do herbicida roundup. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a toxicidade aguda e avaliar o risco de contamina??o ambiental dessas tr?s esp?cies de peixes pelo herbicida Roundup. Os alevinos de Til?pia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), Carpa-comum (Cyprinus carpio) e Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) foram submetidos ao herbicida roundup nas seguintes concentra??es: 0,0 (controle); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 e 22,22 mg.L-1, 0,0 (controle); 13,89; 14,86; 15,83; 16,81 e 17,78 mg.L-1 e 0,0 (controle); 18,06; 19,10; 20,14; 21,18 e 22,22 mg.L-1, respectivamente, os tr?s por 96 horas. A CL50 96h para O. niloticus, C. carpio e C. macropomum foi de 21,63, 15,33 e 20,06 mg.L-1 do herbicida roundup, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que esse herbicida est? classificado como levemente t?xico para as tr?s esp?cies. Os valores de oxig?nio dissolvido, pH e temperatura registrados no aqu?rio controle e nos aqu?rios experimentais das tr?s esp?cies estudadas mantiveram-se sem varia??es significativas ao longo dos testes, o que reduz a possibilidade de mortalidade causada por varia??es bruscas desses par?metros, durante as 96 horas de experimento. Os valores das CL50 entre as diferentes esp?cies de peixes foram observadas, constatando que as esp?cie Oreochromis niloticus, Colossoma macropomum e Cyprinus carpio n?o apresentaram diferen?as expressivas. Os valores de risco ambiental do Roundup foram calculados para a obten??o de par?metros mais rigorosos na avalia??o da periculosidade desses sobre organismos n?o-alvos. O risco de contamina??o ambiental por roundup para a til?pia do Nilo, carpa-comum e tambaqui s?o baixos para a menor dose de aplica??o (1 L.ha-1) e nas profundidades (1,5 e 2,0 m). Na dilui??o de 100%, na maior dose recomendada (5 L.ha-1) e nas profundidades (1,5 e 2,0 m) o risco ? moderado para as tr?s esp?cies. Os valores de Quociente de Risco (QR) foram maiores que 0,1, indicando que os valores da rela??o CAE e CL50 est?o acima dos n?veis aceit?veis, havendo a necessidade de um refinamento nas an?lises ecotoxicol?gicas

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:13:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jackeline M Dallagnol.pdf: 685104 bytes, checksum: ef21d6f56abd290a28bf0d7046409988 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-20 / Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná. Campus de Toledo / This work was carried out to determine the apparent digestibility of soybean products: soybean meal white (FSB), soybean extruded and pressed (FSP), conventional soybean meal (FSC) and protein isolate soybean (IPS) and the basal diet, and assess whether these derivatives cause injury to health and performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). For the first study, we used approximately 385 juvenile tilapia with mean weight 26 ± 6.31 g, distributed in five conical tanks with a capacity of 90L. The experimental design was a Latin square. The animals were submitted to the method of fecal collection by sedimentation. During the experimental period were measured average values of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and electrical conductivity were measured. The IPS had the best CDaEB index of 84.33%. For CDaPB, there were no significant differences between treatments, with values above 90%. The largest value of digestible energy (ED) was 4139Kcal ED / kg for the IPS. To digestible protein (PD) IPS presented the value of 79.11%, followed by the FSB, and FSC FSP. After the stool collection period, fish were fed for 45 days for evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters of tilapia. For blood tests, were captured at random eight fish weighing on average 94.17 ± 8.60 g. Through blood tests, there was a significant difference between treatments for hematological parameters of hemoglobin and hematocrit to biochemical parameters showed higher triglyceride levels in the analysis of basal diet. The second study aimed to evaluate the performance of tilapia when exposed to soy-based diets (White, IPS, and Conventional Soybean extruded and pressed). We used 200 tilapia with initial weight of 3.6 g and total length averaging 5.2 cm, distributed in 20 experimental cages, housed in a greenhouse. The distribution of treatments used was a fully cazualizado design with four treatments and five replicates for 60 days. Were prepared five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets containing 28% digestible protein and 3,300 kcal ED / kg. At the end of the experiment, fish were weighed and measured individually, where he obtained the calculations of weight gain, feed conversion, feed efficiency, survival rate and condition factor. At the end of the experiment, there were no statistical differences in the composition of fish among treatments and productive performance. It follows that all foods have excellent CDa evaluated with values above 90% protein digestibility. Derivatives of soy are foods high protein, with excellent rates of apparent availability of its nutrients. The soy-based diets do not cause harm to health of tilapia compared with the reference diet, and can be used as food in order to formulate least cost rations for flour in place of animal origin for this species, and that feeds the base of soy products do not cause damage to the performance of tilapia compared with the reference diet. / O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos derivados da soja: farelo de soja branco (FSB), farelo de soja extrusado e prensado (FSP), farelo de soja convencional (FSC) e o isolado protéico de soja (IPS) e uma ração referência, e avaliar se esses derivados causam prejuízos à saúde e ao desempenho da tilápia-do-Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). Para o primeiro estudo, foram utilizados aproximadamente 385 juvenis de tilápias com peso médio de 26±6,31g., distribuídos em cinco tanques de fundo cônico com capacidade para 90L. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o quadrado latino. Os animais foram submetidos à metodologia de coleta de fezes por sedimentação. Durante o período experimental foram mensurados os valores médios de temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, pH e condutividade elétrica foram mensurados. O IPS apresentou o melhor índice de CDaEB de 84,33%. Para o CDaPB, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos, apresentando valores acima de 90%. O maior valor de energia digestível (ED) foi de 4139Kcal de ED/Kg para o IPS. Para a proteína digestível (PD) o IPS apresentou o valor de 79,11%, seguido do FSB, FSC e FSP. Após o período de coleta das fezes, os peixes foram alimentados por mais 45 dias, para a avaliação dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos das tilápias. Para as análises sanguíneas, foram capturados ao acaso oito peixes com peso médio de 94,17±8,60g. Através das análises sanguíneas, observou-se que houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para os parâmetros hematológicos de hemoglobina e hematócrito, para os parâmetros bioquímicos foram observados maiores níveis de triglicerídeos na análise da ração referência. O segundo estudo objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho das tilápias quando submetidas às dietas a base de soja (Branco, IPS, Convencional e Soja Extrusada e Prensada). Foram utilizadas 200 tilápias com peso médio inicial de 3,6g e comprimento total médio inicial de 5,2cm, distribuídos em 20 tanques-rede experimentais, instalado em uma estufa. A distribuição dos tratamentos utilizada foi um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, durante 60 dias. Foram elaboradas cinco rações isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas com 28% de proteína digestível e 3.300Kcal de ED/Kg. Ao final do período experimental os peixes foram pesados e medidos individualmente, onde obteve-se os cálculos de ganho de peso, conversão alimentar aparente, eficiências alimentar, taxa de sobrevivência e o fator de condição. Ao final do experimento, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas na composição centesimal dos peixes e entre os tratamentos do desempenho produtivo. Conclui-se que todos os alimentos avaliados apresentam excelentes CDa, com valores acima de 90% de digestibilidade da proteína. Os derivados da soja são alimentos altamente protéicos, com ótimos índices de disponibilidade aparente de seus nutrientes. As rações a base de soja não causam prejuízos a saúde das tilápias quando comparadas com a ração referência, e pode ser utilizado na alimentação, visando formular rações de menor custo em substituição às farinhas de origem animal para esta espécie, e que as rações a base de derivados de soja não causam prejuízos ao desempenho das tilápias quando comparadas com a ração referência.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:13:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniele M Albuquerque.pdf: 425418 bytes, checksum: 257e51c8fd4dccafbaa92e976f8b7c0e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective was to evaluate the water quality, performance, phenotypic sexing, corporal indexes, macro and micro composition, proximate composition, partial operating cost of Nile tilapia, GIFT strain, fed with diets formulated with probiotic Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi and Bacillus subtilis C-3102, during 113 days of cultivation in the sex reversal and nursery. Had been used 1200 post-larvae with an average initial weight of 24.7±0.50 mg. Fish were randomly distributed to a system of 24 aquaria of 0.03 m³ in a completely randomized design consisting of three treatments and eight replications, consisting of two probiotics and without probiotic. Initially during the sex reversal was considered an experimental unit, a aquarium containing 50 fish with a volume of 0.03 m³ and during the nursery an aquarium with 30 fingerlings. The data of performance, body índices, indexes, macro and micro composition, partial operation costs were subjected to ANOVA with 5% significance level, and sex ratio data were subjected to chi-square (&#967;2). There were differences (p<0.05) in the parameters of final weight, weight gain, average daily weight gain, specific growth rate, final biomass, biomass gain during sex reversal and nursery. Except for the specific growth, the fishes of nursery showed values of performance higher than sexual reversion. There was no association between the proportion of males and females (&#967;2=1.42, p=0.4926) and inclusion of the probiotics. There were no differences (p<0.05) in the indexes, proximate composition of the fishes fed with probiotics or absent in the rations. The inclusion of any of probiotics was influenced (p=0.00458) on calcium levels under carcass of the juveniles in relation to fish absent of probiotics. The COP was affected significantly (p=0.02159) for the treatment with Bacillus subtilis in its formulation in comparison to fish that were not fed probiotics. There was an increased colonization by bacteria and total coliforms during the nursery in relation to sex reversal (p<0.05). The utilization of the Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus improves the performance and partial operating cost, and doesn t negatively affect the corporal indexes, intestinal microbiology, proximate composition, macro and micronutrients in the cultive fingerlings of Nile tilapia, GIFT strain. / Objetivou-se avaliar qualidade de água, desempenho produtivo, sexagem fenotípica, índices corpóreos, composição centesimal, macro micronutrientes, custos operacionais parciais (COP) e microbiologia intestinal de tilápia do Nilo, linhagem GIFT, alimentadas com ração formulada com probióticos Bacillus cereus var. Toyoi e Bacillus subtilis C-3102, durante 113 dias de cultivo nas fase de reversão sexual e alevinagem. Foram utilizados 1200 pós-larvas com peso médio inicial de 24,7±0,50 mg. Os peixes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em um sistema de 24 aquários de 0,03 m³ num delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto por três tratamentos e oito repetições, constituído por dois probióticos e, tratamento isento de probiótico. Inicialmente na fase de reversão sexual considerou-se uma unidade experimental um aquário contendo 50 peixes com volume útil de 0,03 m³ e, na fase de alevinagem um aquário contendo 30 peixes. Os dados de desempenho produtivo, índices corporais, composição centesimal, macro e micronutrientes, COP e microbiologia intestinal foram submetidos à ANOVA a 5% de significância e, sexo fenotípico foi submetido ao Qui-Quadrado (&#967;2). Houve diferenças (p<0,05) entre as fases de reversão sexual e alevinagem nos parâmetros peso final, ganho em peso médio diário, crescimento específico, ganho em biomassa. Exceto o crescimento específico, os peixes da fase de alevinagem apresentaram valores de desempenho superiores aos da fase de reversão sexual. Não houve associação entre a proporção de machos e fêmeas (&#967;2 =1,42; p=0,4926) e a inclusão de probióticos. Não houve diferenças (p>0,05) nos índices corporais, composição centesimal dos peixes alimentados com probióticos ou ausentes nas rações. A inclusão de quaisquer dos probióticos foi influenciada (p=0,00458) sobre valores de cálcio na carcaça dos alevinos em relação aos peixes ausentes de probióticos. O COP foi afetado significantemente (p=0,02159) para o tratamento que continha na sua formulação Bacillus subtilis em comparação aos peixes que não foram alimentados de probióticos. Houve uma maior colonização por bactérias totais e coliformes totais na fase de alevinagem em relação à fase de reversão sexual (p<0,05). A utilização de Bacillus subtilis ou Bacillus cereus melhora o desempenho produtivo e custos operacionais parciais e, não afetam negativamente os indices córporeos, microbiologia intestinal, composição centesimal, macro e micronutrientes no cultivo de alevinos de tilápia do Nilo, linhagem GIFT.

Ph.D. / The current study evaluated a bio-monitoring technique developed in the USA by Adams, Brown and Goede, 1993. This project was sponsored by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), to enable testing of the Health Assessment Index (HAI) under South African conditions. Testing took place in the Olifants River system, one of the most polluted river systems . in South Africa. Initially two river points were tested using Oreochromis mossambicus (Robinson, 1996), Clarias gariepinus (Marx, 1996) and Labeo rosae (Luus-Powell, 1997). The current study re-tested the HAI at the same two sample sites, namely Mamba and Balule in the Kruger National Park, using 0. mossambicus and C. gariepinus respectively. Two additional sites were tested in the upper catchment area, namely Loskop Dam and Bronkhorstspruit Dam. The current study further enabled the comparison of HAI results collected during drought and flood conditions. Results obtained after deployment of the HAI were corroborated using chemical analysis of water, sediment and biota. Water and sediment analysis was carried out by the Institute for Water Quality Studies using standard techniques. Bio-accumulation of aluminium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, strontium and zinc was assessed in the gills, liver, skin and muscle tissue of sample fish using standard Atomic Absorption Spectrometry techniques. Modifications made to the original HAI involved the inclusion of variable ranking in the assessment of fish parasites, with endo- and ectoparasites evaluated separately. Testing of this parasite hypothesis lead to the development of a Parasite Index component to the HAI. Assessment of water, sediment and fish tissue determined that the Olifants River system is indeed exposed to macro and heavy metal pollutants, which negatively affect aquatic health. Constituents posing the greatest threat are chlorides, fluorides, phosphates, total dissolved solids, copper and iron concentrations. Testing the HAI and parasite hypothesis using C. gariepinus, provided the most meaningful results. During testing of the parasite hypothesis both endo- and ectoparasite numbers conformed to the suggested idea that higher endoparasite numbers will occur at highly impacted areas, whereby ectoparasite numbers will be low. This was particularly evident in the lower catchment area, whereby comparisons between drought and flood conditions were carried out. Subsequent decreases in water quality directly after the flood were noted using water and sediment analysis. This observation reflects the results gathered using the HAT and during testing of the parasite hypothesis at all four sample sites. During statistical analysis of the HAI, using logistic regression analysis, parasite numbers, more specifically endoparasite numbers, were the most indicative of fish health. Environmental stressors (flood conditions) result in immunological responses observed in fish, and are reflected statistically using the HAI as changes in WBC %. It is suggested that endoparasites and WBC % provide the best overall assessment of fish condition. These variables should thus not be eliminated, in order to streamline the HAI evaluation procedures. Testing of this bio-monitoring technique under South African conditions provided meaningful results. This indicates that the HAI can be used to assess water quality, with existing water monitoring programmes further benefiting from its incorporation.

This thesis presents an evaluation of the dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) method referred to as the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method for the determination of four organochlorine pesticide residues in fish samples. The pesticides investigated in this study were o, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDE, aldrin and dieldrin. The combined use of Gas Chromatography with an Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) and sensitive Time of Flight (TOF) mass detector facilitated the identification of the target analytes. In the absence of certified reference material, the overall analytical procedure was validated by systematic recovery experiments on spiked samples at three levels of 2, 5 and 10 ng/g. The targeted compounds were successfully extracted and their recovery ranged from 76 to 96% with relative standard deviations of less than 13%. The optimum QuEChERS conditions were 2g of fish powder, 10 ml acetonitrile and 1 min shaking time. The optimal conditions were applied to assess the levels of chlorinated pesticides in blunt-tooth catfish (Clarias ngamensis), tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus), Oreochromis andersonii and red-breasted tilapia (Tilapia rendalli) from the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Dieldrin, p, p′-DDE and aldrin were detected in all the analysed samples with a concentration range of 0.04 – 0.29, 0.07 – 0.33, 0.04 – 0.28 and 0.03 – 0.24 ng/g per dry weight in O. andersonii, C. ngamensis, T. rendalli and H. vittatus respectively. These concentrations were below the US-EPA 0.1 μg/g allowable limit in edible fish and the Australian Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) of 50 - 1000 ng/g in fresh fish. DDT was not detected in all the fish species investigated. The mean lipid content recorded in the fish samples were 1.24, 2.16, 2.18 and 4.21% for H. vittatus, T. rendalli, O. andersonni and C. ngamensis respectively. No systematic trend was observed between fish age and pesticide levels in fish. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity assays were performed to assess the effects of organochlorine pesticides in Clarias ngamensis. The enzyme activity recorded in Clarias ngamensis from the Okavango Delta and the reference site was 12.31 μmol of acetylcholine iodide hydrolysed/min/g brain tissue. The enzyme activity remained the same indicating no enzyme inhibition. The conclusions drawn from this study are that the QuEChERS method is applicable for the determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in fish matrices. The fish from the Okavango Delta are safe for human consumption.

PhD / An important component of fish health is an optimally functioning reproductive system. The Luvuvhu River Catchment in the Limpopo Province, South Africa, is a tropical, high-risk malaria area where 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC), has been used annually since 1945 as a malaria vector control. DDT is known to affect testes morphology and motility of fish sperm. As such, testicular histology and sperm motility (kinematic) parameters were studied as reproductive indicators of the reproductive capacity for two wild, indigenous fish species (Oreochromis mossambicus and Clarias gariepinus) from the currently DDT sprayed area. Three field studies were carried out over two years (2007 – 2008), including two high flow (HF) periods and one low flow (LF) period [HF 1 (March 07), LF (October 07), HF 2 (February 08)]. Both species were sampled from three sites on the Luvuvhu River for testicular histology and computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA), during all three field studies. The sites included a reference site outside the DDT sprayed area, Albasini Dam (AD), and two exposed sites within the DDT sprayed area, Xikundu Weir (XW) and Nandoni Dam (ND). CASA, based on open-source software, was used for the first time in South Africa to assess sperm kinematic parameters of indigenous fish species in field conditions. These included percent motile sperm (% MOT), curvilinear velocity (VCL μm s-1), velocity of an average path (VAP μm s-1), straight line velocity (VSL μm s-1), linearity (LIN %), progression (PROG μm), and average efficiency (AVE. EFF.). Water and sediment samples were collected during all field studies from the three sites for metal and EDC analysis. Controlled laboratory studies were also carried out on the sperm of both species, externally sourced from aquaculture farms equipped to breed and raise fish in toxicant free water. The laboratory studies involved in vitro exposure of spermatozoa to two different, but environmentally relevant, concentrations of both DDT (DDT 1: 0.27 μg L-1; DDT 2: 0.5 μg L-1) and 1,1-dihloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) (DDE 1: 0.11 μg L-1; DDE 2: 1.0 μg L-1) with the aim to provide data to support the possible outcomes found in the field studies using CASA. Furthermore, peroxidation of sperm lipids was assayed by production of malondialdehyde (MDA) after in vitro exposure of spermatozoa to DDT and DDE. DDT and its metabolites were found in varying concentrations in the water from all three sites (0.1 μg L-1 – 1.2 μg L-1). Levels of dieldrin (3.5 μg L-1) and lindane (9.4 μg L-1) residues were also found at XW in HF 2. The histological results revealed alterations to testis tissue of both species at all three sites. The testes were assessed through the identification of alterations and an organ index was calculated: Testes Index (IT). The index is indicative of the histological response in the respective tissue type. O. mossambicus at XW had the highest mean IT value during LF (7.45 ± 5.73) and for all field studies combined (5.47 ± 4.63), primarily due to the occurrence of testicular oocytes (intersex), where the frequency of prevalence was 72.73% and 58.82% respectively. These results were statistically higher than the laboratory control (C) group. The CASA results showed statistical differences primarily for O. mossambicus, where motility parameters were lower at XW when compared to AD. Laboratory exposures found a decrease in sperm motility (% MOT) between the control (C) group and the DDT 1, DDE 1 and DDE 2 exposed groups for C. gariepinus. No significant differences were seen for lipid peroxidation (MDA). On the other hand, no significant differences were seen in CASA parameters between the control and exposed laboratory groups for O. mossambicus, but there was an increase in MDA production from the control to the DDT 1 exposure group.