Dissertation: Abstract Jakub Rákosník: Changes of Czechoslovak Social Law in Years 1945 - 1956 The postwar popular democratic regime in Czechoslovakia was based on a strong social consensus which provided opportunity for leading political parties to realize extensive economic and social reforms. It was not only the nationalization of the economy (this task, in the case of large enterprises controlling two thirds of the Czechoslovak labor force, had already been finished before the communist coup d'état in February 1948), but also generous reform of social insurance towards the universal welfare state protecting all citizens and not only those insured. This program was inspired on the one hand by the long domestic tradition of social policy and also by the new postwar British reform made by the program of William Beveridge on the other hand. The dissertation is concerned especially with the analysis of continuity of social law. The structure of the welfare state in particular countries is a considerably lasting matter of fact. Even though the governments of various ideological orientation permanently carry out partial reforms of individual fields of welfare policy, the general range of expenses and the system of relations in between particular branches of the welfare policy embody a great extent of...

Conçu de prime abord pour organiser la redistribution sociale entre les membres sédentaires de la communauté de solidarité étatique, l’État providence est par essence fermé. Les frontières de l’État providence, déterminées en principe nationalement et territorialement, servent à empêcher l’entrée des non-membres et à rendre difficile la sortie des membres. La dynamique de l’intégration négative, associée à la citoyenneté de l’Union, aboutit à mettre en cause les critères de nationalité et de résidence comme conditions d’accès à l’État providence, entrainant par-là le double mouvement de « dénationnalisation » et de « déterritoralisation » de l’État providence. Les considérations solidaristiques et financières qui sous-tendent le fonctionnement de l’État providence exigent toutefois de reconnaître à ce dernier une certaine forme de fermeture essentielle à son maintien. Le critère de « liens réels » est érigé en un critère principal de régulation des rapports entre les citoyens migrants et les États membres à l’égard des droits aux prestations sociales. Ce nouveau critère de rattachement basé sur l’intégration témoigne de l’effort de conciliation entre la logique de fermeture et l’exigence de l’ouverture de l’État providence. / Designed to organize the social redistribution between sedentary members of solidaristic community of the Nation State, Welfare State is by nature closed. Its boundaries prevent entry of non-members and render difficult exit of members. The case law which associates European citizenship with principles of freedom of movement and equal treatment prohibits, without justifications, national and residential criteria as conditions of access to Welfare State’s benefits, entailing then the denationalization and the deterritorialization of social systems of the Members States. Nevertheless, some form of closure has to be granted to Welfare State to preserve its specific foundation and function. The “real links” became the main tool to regulate relations between migrants and the Member States as regards access to social benefits. Based on concept of integration, “real links” criterion demonstrates effort to reconcile the opposite interests in this field.

La thèse étudie le travail ordinaire de mobilisation des chômeurs dans différentes organisations militantes. Ce faisant, elle interroge les conditions de leur représentation en regard de l’« autonomie relative » de l’espace des organisations de chômeurs. La faible unification sociale de cette catégorie administrative et la pluralité des inscriptions sociales, politiques et professionnelles des groupes engagés dans la cause déterminent des logiques d’engagement fortement différenciées. En reconstituant l’espace des positions et des prises de position au sein de ces organisations, la thèse montre d’une part l’influence qu’exercent certains groupes sociaux et, à travers eux, les logiques spécifiques à d’autres champs sociaux (syndical, du travail social) sur le travail militant. D’autre part, elle invite à repenser l’opposition classique entre producteurs et bénéficiaires de l’action collective en analysant les effets différenciés du chômage sur les carrières militantes. / This research investigates the ordinary work of mobilization of the unemployed by several militant organizations. By doing so, it interrogates conditions of their representation in light of the “relative autonomy” of the unemployed organizations space. The faint social unification of this administrative category added with the plurality of social, political, and professional admissions of groups involved in that cause determine highly differentiated commitments strategies. Through the reconstitution of stances and standpoints space within the organizations, this thesis shows on the one hand the influence exerted by certain social groups and, through them, specific logic of other social fields (trade-union, social work) on the militant work. On the other hand it tempts to review the classical opposition between producers and recipients of the collective action by analyzing unemployment’s differentiated effects on militant careers.

A presente tese tem por objetivo a análise da decisão sobre a constituição econômica, no âmbito da realização da constituição dirigente e da instituição do Estado Democrático e Social de Direito no Brasil, por meio do processo constituinte levado a efeito nos anos de 1987 e 1988. Partindo da constatação de que a literatura jurídico-constitucional brasileira não dá a necessária atenção à problemática constituinte nem à articulação entre Estado, Constituição e Política e tendo em vista a constituição econômica presente no texto constitucional de 1988, o trabalho articula os temas do poder constituinte, da constituição dirigente-econômica e da reconstrução do Estado, utilizando-se do instrumental da teoria constitucional, da teoria do Estado e da história constitucional. Avalia-se, pois, que a manifestação do poder constituinte se inscreve como locus privilegiado para a observação da correspondência entre Estado, Constituição e Política, demonstrado pela observação das suas manifestações no Brasil, em diversos momentos, nomeadamente em 1987/1988. De fato, na esteira da convocação estabelecida pela Emenda Constitucional n. 26, de 27 de novembro de 1985, o Brasil viveu um dos mais importantes momentos de ativação política da sociedade civil organizada, que dava continuidade ao processo de mudança política, o qual, iniciando-se em meados da década de 70 e prolongando-se pelos anos 80, ocasionou a inflexão do regime militar, a construção de instituições representativas e multipartidárias e a realização de uma nova Constituição. Assim, se o ritmo cadenciado das mudanças e as negociações entre os agentes que pressionavam pela abertura política e os líderes do regime burocrático-autoritário sugeriram a existência de um tipo especial de transição, denominado transição pela transação, e apesar das limitações constantes do ato convocatório do Congresso Constituinte, o produto final do esforço constituinte ficou mais próximo das aspirações democráticas e progressistas. Constata-se que, nas duas últimas décadas, apesar das transformações que ocorreram no capitalismo, com a desconstrução do padrão regulatório keyenesiano, a expansão dos mercados, a relativização do Estado, enfim, a ameaça neoliberal, o caráter dirigente da Constituição brasileira, todavia, mantém-se intacto. Por tudo isso, decorridos vinte anos da promulgação da Constituição Federal, conformação normativa de uma ordem econômica, fundada na valorização do trabalho humano e na livre iniciativa, com o fim de assegurar a todos existência digna, conforme os ditames da justiça social (CF, art. 170, caput), representa um salto de qualidade no constitucionalismo nacional e está a desafiar a realização conjunta da democracia política, da sociedade de bem-estar e do desenvolvimento econômico. / This thesis has as its objective an analysis of the decision on the \"economic constitution\", within the ambit of the directive constitution and the establishment of the Social and Democratic State of Law in Brazil, through the constituent process carried out during the years of 1987 and 1988. In view of the fact that legal and constitutional Brazilian literature does not give the necessary attention to the problem nor the linkage between constituent State, Constitution and Politics and in view of the \"economic constitution\" laid out in the constitutional text of 1988, this paper articulates the themes of constituent power, economic directive constitution and the reconstruction of the State, using the tools of constitutional theory, theory of the state and constitutional history. So, it has been assessed that the manifestation of the constituent power comes as privileged locus for the observation of the correlation between State, Constitution and Politics, demonstrated by observing its manifestations in Brazil, at different times, particularly in 1987/1988. In fact, in the wake of the call established by the 26th Constitutional Amendment, from November 27th 1985, Brazil experienced one of its most important moments of political awakening of organized civil society, which had been pushing for political change, from the mid-70s and into the 80s, that led to the fall of the military regime, the building of representative institutions and the founding of multiparty system and a new constitution. Thus, if the rhythmical pace of change and the negotiations between the players that struggled for political opening and the leaders of the political and bureaucratic-authoritarian regime suggested the existence of a special type of transition, called \"transition through the transaction\", and despite the limitations of the call for the Constituent Congress, the final product of the effort was closer to the constitutional democratic and progressive aspirations. It appears that in the past two decades, despite the changes that have occurred in capitalism, with the abandonment of Keynes regulatory standard, the expansion of markets, the relativization of the state, in other words, the neoliberal threat, the leading character of the Brazilian Constitution, however, remains intact. It can be concluded that after twenty years of the enactment of the Federal Constitution, conformation of a normative \"economic order, based on the enhancement of human labor and free enterprise\", in order to \"ensure a dignified livelihood for all, according to the dictates of social justice\" (Federal Constitution, art. 170, caput), it represents a great leap in national constitutionalism and challenges a joint realization of political democracy, social welfare and economic development.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:38:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Na pesquisa bibliográfica realizada e no raciocínio desenvolvido ao longo do texto, intenta-se discutir a fundamentação de uma Teoria da Constituição adequada à realidade brasileira marcada, por sua vez, pela imensa desigualdade social, bem como pela ausência de um Estado (social) capaz de implementar as promessas da modernidade e, consequentemente, de contribuir para a transformação da sofrível condição de vida de seus cidadãos. Para tanto, num primeiro momento, como tentativa de construção de um pano de fundo filosófico-político aborda-se o pensamento de alguns autores que se destacam atualmente nos estudos sobre a questão do reconhecimento político. A partir dessa base teórica, em seguida, discute-se a necessidade de concretização do projeto iniciado pela Constituição de 1988 que visa, dentre os seus principais objetivos, a ampla efetivação da cidadania no Brasil. Nesse percurso alguns temas são enfrentados como: o fortalecimento da idéia de Constitucionalismo Dirigente em face dos desafios globais, a nece / Taking into account this bibliographical research and the ideas developed throughout the text as well, this piece of work aims at discussing the fundamental line of a Constitutional theory adapted to the brazilian reality which is marked by its huge social difference then; not to mention the lack of a Welfare State unable to implement the promises of the modern times, and consequently, to contribute to change the hard life conditions of its citizens. Thus, to begin, as an attempt to construct a political and philosophical scenario, some thoughts of some important current authors that debate politics of recognition issues, will be used here. From this theoretical basis, and then the necessity of the realization of the project started by the Constitution of 1988 that intends, among its various objectives, a large execution of citizenship in Brazil will be argued. In this direction, some issues are faced as: the strengthen of the idea of Directing Constitutionalism before the global challenges, the need of carr

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Beat Wehrle.pdf: 4420698 bytes, checksum: d9b567add2073b441d5574edeeb38a85 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-07 / The following dissertation investigated the welfare states as a specific configuration of social security systems developed in industrialized countries during the twentieth century. This model, known as welfare, recognizes social rights in a wide format and transforms the political nature of the relations between the State and the society. The objective of this study was the analysis of a supposed transition from the welfare state to a welfare production state known as workfare, as a decentered regulation of the welfare production and as a centered regulation on the insertion of its users on the labor market. The investigative process had as objective the analysis of the thesis of this transition as a modernization process of the capitalist hegemony having as the specific focus the social assistance in Switzerland. The investigation, of qualitative character, was substantiated methodologically in bibliographic material, in testimonials of the actors of the social assistance in Switzerland, obtained by structured interviews, as in the participative observation of the researcher. The accomplished study verified that the reconfiguration of welfare in workfare perspective does not get processed necessarily by the dismounting of the welfare systems. Nevertheless, it changes the regulation of the welfare production transforming the social assistance in a social control apparatus serving the globalized capitalism / A presente dissertação investigou os estados de bem-estar social enquanto configuração específica de sistemas de proteção social desenvolvidos nos países industrializados ao longo do século 20. Esse modelo, conhecido como welfare, reconhece direitos sociais de forma ampla e transforma a natureza política das relações entre Estado e sociedade. O objeto deste estudo foi a análise de uma suposta transição do welfare para uma forma de produção de bem-estar denominada de workfare, como regulação descentrada da produção de bem-estar e centrada na inserção de seus usuários no mercado de trabalho. O processo investigativo teve como objetivo analisar a tese dessa transição enquanto processo de modernização da hegemonia capitalista tendo como foco específico a assistência social na Suíça. A investigação, de caráter qualitativo, fundamentou-se metodologicamente em material bibliográfico, em depoimentos de atores do sistema de assistência social na Suíça, obtidos por meio de entrevistas estruturadas, bem como na observação participante do pesquisador. O estudo realizado verificou que a reconfiguração do welfare na perspectiva do workfare não se processa necessariamente por meio do desmonte dos sistemas de proteção social. No entanto, ela altera a regulação da produção de bem-estar transformando a assistência social em instrumento de controle social a serviço do capitalismo globalizado

A inclusão da função social da propriedade no texto constitucional brasileiro, está em consoância com a passagem do Estado Liberal ao Estado Social. A função social deve ser analisada, portanto, no sentido de garantir faticamente as liberdades e igualdades garantidas apenas juridicamente pelo Estado Liberal. O Estado Social é uma evolução em relação ao Estado Liberal, mas ele o pressupõe. A função social não tranformou a propriedade, em direito-função, mas impôs um equilíbrio entre posições jurídicas que garantem, a partir de direitos e interesses contrários, esferas de liberade colidentes. Uma análise comparativa entre o direito alemão e o direito brasileiro, nesse sentido, mostra-se relevante ao exame dos enunciados normativos referentes a função social e a propriedade, sob a perspectiva do discurso jurídico. No âmbito dos direitos fundamentais, juízos são corretos apenas se puderem ser o resultado de uma ponderação corretamente realizada. A teoria ampla do tipo legal, no presente estudo, relacionada tanto ao direito de propriedade quanto ao de função social, permite, a partir do exame das condições concretas que foram consideradas à época, a análise da ponderação realizada pelo constituinte, quando da restrição dos enunciados normativos na CF/88, a partir da fixação das regras estabelecidas nos artigos 182 e 186. É possível também uma averiguação acerca da questão da igualdade como um critério independente de ponderação, ante a sua estrutura de direito geral de igualdade. / The inclusion of the social function of property in the Brazilian constitutional text is in line with the transition from the Liberal State to the Welfare State. The social function must be analyzed, therefore, in the sense of guaranteeing the freedoms and equality only guaranteed judicially by the Liberal State. The Welfare State is an evolution in relation to the Liberal State, but it presages it. The social function did not transform property, in right-function, but imposed a balance between legal positions that guarantee conflicting spheres of liberty from conflicting rights and interests. A comparative analysis between German law and Brazilian law, in this sense, is relevant to the examination of normative statements referring to social function and property, from the perspective of legal discourse theory. In the scope of fundamental rights, judgments are only correct if they can be the result of a properly balancing consideration. The theory of broad legal type, in the present study, related to both the property right and the social function, allows, from the examination of the concrete conditions that were considered at the time, the analysis of the balancing performed by the constituent, when restricting the statements Normative in CF/88, from the establishment of the rules disposed in the articles 182 and 186. It is also possible to inquire about the question of equality as an independent criterion of balancing, given its structure of general equality law.

Quais os efeitos de conjunturas críticas externas ao ambiente institucional de organizações que prestam serviços públicos correlatos ao Estado de Bem Estar Social? Esses efeitos se manifestam de forma diversa em tempos de intensificação do uso de tecnologias digitais? Por quê? Partindo da premissa de que conjunturas críticas que ocorrem em ambientes que circundam instituições do Estado tendem a impulsionar a evolução de capacidades e seu desenvolvimento institucional, o estudo analisa o tema considerando construção e ajuste de habilidades e padrões em agência que integram o arranjo institucional da Previdência Social no país. Variações relacionadas ao status do regime, tais como controle social e liberdade de imprensa, são especialmente analisadas, em referente empírico que experimentava recomposição de democracia: o Brasil do final dos anos 1980, palco também da emergência da digitalização do Estado. Esse quadro analítico, ainda pouco explorado por cientistas políticos, foi a base para formulação e posterior investigação do problema de pesquisa: “Por que conjunturas críticas exógenas a arranjo institucional de política pública produzem implicações no desenvolvimento institucional digitalmente mediado de instituições previdenciárias brasileiras entre os anos de 1988 e 2013?” Para dar tratamento a tal problema, o documento foi organizado em dois capítulos, sendo o primeiro dedicado à fundamentação teórica e o seguinte à pesquisa empírica Mais especificamente, o capítulo teórico consolida fundamentos acerca de Estado de Bem Estar e Desenvolvimento Institucional, em articulação com trabalhos acerca da digitalização do Estado com destaque para os que expressam concepção inovadora de Desenvolvimento Institucional Digitalmente Mediado (FOUNTAIN 2001, 2006, 2011, 2014). Esse referencial é tomado como insumo para empreender análise do caso da Previdência Social no Brasil, no intervalo entre a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988; e o ano de 2013, quando a Previdência Social comemorou 90 anos no país. Como se verá, o cumprimento desses passos permitiu compor quadro sinóptico das variações do atendimento a demandas por direitos previdenciários, face à trajetória de DIDM nos 25 anos que se seguiram à Constituição vigente, conforme apresentado nas conclusões do estudo. / What are the effects of critical exogenous junctures correlated to digital technologies over institutions based on service provision and social security? Why do variables related to the incorporation of digital technologies tend to produce implications over the results of policies? Starting from the premise that critical junctures occurring under the environment of state institutions tend to impulse the evolution of capacities and of its institutional development, this Thesis reaches the understanding that the emergence and substantive redesign of the welfare state contributes to the development of new abilities, conventions, and relations of power among agencies. The framework also suffers expressive variation as a result of a political system’s characteristics, especially concerning the existence of democratic institutions such as social control and freedom of the press. These characteristics were being recomposed in Brazil by the end of the 1980’s, parallel to the emergence of a worldwide expressive phenomena: the digitalization of the state. This analytical framework, albeit still underexplored by political scientists, especially regarding the conduct of empirical research in the Southern Hemisphere countries, inspired the present study by means of the following research problem: Why have critical exogenous junctures had expressive implications on the digitally mediated institutional development of Brazilian welfare institutions between 1988 and 2013 In order to give the correct treatment to the problem, this study is divided in three chapters, the first two being devoted to the theoretical basis and the third, to empirical research. More specifically, the first chapter establishes the foundations of classic works on welfare state and Institutional Development. These issues are then articulated in the second chapter, which presents literature on state digitalization, highlighting the innovative conception of Digitally Mediated Institutional Development (DMID), as formulated by Jane Fountain (2001, 2006, 2011, 2014). Lastly, this reference is taken as a relevant input for employing historical analysis of the Social Security case in Brazil, during the period of the promulgation of the 1998 Federal Constitution and 2014, when Social Security celebrated 90 years of existence in the country. As will be shown in the conclusion, the fulfillment of these steps allowed to compose a synoptic framework regarding the variations of attendance towards demands for social security in the DMID trajectory following 25 years after the implementation of the Constitution.

Cette thèse vise à comprendre comment les acteurs concernés par un drame collectif de grande ampleur, ici le scandale de l’amiante, tentent de se mettre d’accord quant à ce qui constitue une juste réparation des dommages engendrés. Le scandale de l’amiante a donné naissance à des innovations au niveau de l’indemnisation des victimes, avec la création d’un Fonds d’indemnisation (le Fiva), et la rénovation du dispositif de la « faute inexcusable de l’Employeur » devant les Tribunaux des Affaires Sanitaires et Sociales. Ces innovations ont questionné le système d’indemnisation traditionnel des Accidents du Travail et des Maladies Professionnelles, système consistant en une indemnisation forfaitaire reposant sur un système de gestion paritaire. Il s’agit alors de comprendre comment les dispositifs d’indemnisation qui font suite à un scandale sanitaire coexistent avec les dispositifs issus de l’État-Providence mis en place en 1946, et comment ces différents dispositifs permettent l’expression de différents types de citoyenneté. Afin de répondre à ces questions, la thèse s’attache à décrire les évaluations normatives portées par les acteurs sur les dispositifs d’indemnisation, ainsi que la manière dont ces évaluations se confrontent les unes aux autres. Fondée essentiellement sur des entretiens avec les acteurs concernés et sur des ethnographies d’associations locales, la thèse articule trois niveaux d’analyse :Les acteurs institutionnels qui ont participé à la création ou à la rénovation des dispositifs d’indemnisation des maladies de l’amiante (représentants syndicaux et associatifs, avocats, représentants patronaux, représentants des pouvoirs publics). La thèse montre comment les acteurs attribuent différentes finalités aux dispositifs d’indemnisations et évaluent différemment leurs principes de fonctionnement. Elle met en évidence une fracture importante entre représentants syndicaux et associatifs qu’elle tente d’expliquer.Les associations locales visent à aider les personnes à obtenir indemnisation. La thèse s’attache à décrire la diversité des modes de structuration et de fonctionnement de ces associations, qui émanent de communautés variées, et montre l’influence de cette diversité sur la manière dont elles viennent en aide aux victimes.Les parcours d’indemnisation des victimes elles-mêmes et des ayants droit sont ensuite analysés, en s’attachant à mettre l’accent sur la diversité des manières dont ceux-ci formulent ce qui leur arrive, expriment des reproches, et réclament réparation. La thèse met en évidence l’influence de la carrière des personnes et des associations locales sur leurs itinéraires. / In this dissertation I aim to understand how actors affected by a major collective drama, here the asbestos scandal, try to reach agreement on what constitutes a fair compensation of the harms that have been caused. The asbestos scandal has given birth to innovations in the way victims are compensated, through the creation of a Compensation Fund (the Fiva) and the renewal of the procedure of « Faute inexcusable de l’employeur ». These innovations have come to question the traditional compensation system for Work-Related Accidents and Illnesses, which consisted of a lump-sum compensation based on a system of joint management between representatives of trade-unions and employers. The objective is to understand how compensation mechanisms that are created following a public health scandal coexist with mechanisms grounded in the welfare state that were put into place back in 1946, and how these different mechanisms allow the expression of different types of citizenship. In order to respond to these questions, the dissertation describes the normative evaluations expressed by different actors on these compensation mechanisms, as well as the way in which these evaluations confront each other. The dissertation is based mainly on interviews with the involved actors and on ethnographies of local associations, and articulates three analytical levels:The institutional actors that have participated in the creation or renovation of compensation mechanisms of asbestos-related diseases (union and association representatives, lawyers, employer representatives, government agents). The dissertation shows how actors attribute different ends to the compensation mechanisms and evaluate their principles and functioning differently. The thesis brings to light an important divide between union representatives and associations, which it tries to explain. Local associations seek to aid persons in obtaining compensation. The dissertation describes the diversity in the structuration and mode of functioning of these associations, that emanate from different types of communities, and shows the influence of this diversity on the way in which these associations provide aid to victims. Finally, the compensation paths of victims themselves and beneficiaries are analyzed, accentuating the diversity of ways in which they name what is happening to them, in how they express blame, and in how they claim compensation. The dissertation brings to light the influence of persons’ careers and of local associations on the itineraries they pursue.

A partir de dezenove textos publicados por Otto Kirchheimer no período final da República de Weimar, o presente trabalho investiga as possibilidades oferecidas por uma forma específica de organização política o Estado Constitucional Parlamentar para a realização da democracia e, ao mesmo tempo, para a promoção de transformações sociais. Amálgama inconstante entre a crítica de Carl Schmitt às instituições liberais e a crítica marxista da sociedade, a obra weimariana de Kirchheimer apresenta uma análise instigante do ordenamento jurídico e da realidade histórica na qual ele está inserido. Constituição, Estado Parlamentar, separação de poderes e a legitimidade de diferentes meios de ação política são alguns dos temas abordados. O trabalho discute, assim, uma importante ruptura teórica na obra de Kirchheimer nesse período: o progressivo reconhecimento de que o direito pode e deve servir como limitador do poder político, garantindo certo conteúdo mínimo de liberdade. Das falhas no funcionamento do Parlamento e das instituições da democracia formal passa a decorrer, para ele, a necessidade de aperfeiçoá-los e não mais de rejeitá-los. / Based on nineteen texts written by Otto Kirchheimer during the final period of the Weimar Republic, the present work wishes to investigate the possibilities opened by a specific form of political organization the Parliamentary Constitutional State for the implementation of democracy and, at the same time, for the promotion of social change. Shifting combination of Carl Schmitt criticism of liberal institutions and Marxist criticism of society, the weimarian work of Kirchheimer offers a compelling analysis of the legal system and the historical reality in which it inheres. Constitution, Parliamentary State, separation of powers, and the legitimacy of different ways of political actions are some of his main themes. We detect, then, an important cleavage appearing in the writings of Kirchheimer during this period: his progressive conscience that the legal system can and should serve as a counterweight to political power, in order to guarantee a minimum of liberties. From the deficiencies detected in the working of Parliament and, more generally, of democratic institutions, he now arrives at the necessity of enhancing them not anymore of rejecting them.