Chromosomal aberrations are common causes of abnormal development of fetuses leading to the birth of malformed indvidual or to the intrauterine death. Half of miscarriages in the first trimester and a third in the second trimester are caused by fetal chromosomal abnormalities, mainly aneuploidies. If fetus is abnormally developed, invasive prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis should be recommended. Positive cytogenetic finding can be reason for induced abortion till the end of 24th week of gestation. We investigated 81 miscarriages, 46 fetuses from induced abortions and 80 fetuses with abnormal development from ongoing pregnancies. G-banding analysis was used as the main method for investigating miscarriages. Genomic DNA isolated from abnormally developed fetuses was screened by array CGH technique. We found 43,75 % chromosomal abnormal miscarried fetuses, majority of them with numerical aberrations (91,4 %). In group of induced abortions, 25,71 % fetuses carried chromosomal abnormality. The lowest rate 11,67 % of chromosoal aberrations was detected in group of prenatally diagnosed fetuses from ongoing pregnancies. Array CGH detected submicroscopic aberrations in 13,41 % fetuses with ultrasound findings. All together 25,74 % microscopic and causal submicroscopic chromosomal abnormalities were found to be...

L’infertilité concerne 8 à 12% des couples en âge de procréer. Face à ce problème, des prises en charge médicales peuvent être proposées comme la fécondation in vitro (FIV) et l’injection intracytoplasmique de spermatozoïde (ICSI). Toutefois, le taux d’échec de ces techniques reste relativement élevé. Dans la première partie, l’impact des facteurs maternels et paternels sur les résultats de 194 cycles de FIV et 586 cycles d’ICSI a été étudié. L’âge maternel, le nombre d’ovocytes ponctionnés et matures influencent principalement les résultats. Ni l’âge paternel ni les paramètres spermatiques (numération et mobilité) ne s’associent significativement à l’échec des techniques d’assistance médicale à la procréation (AMP). Seule la morphologie du spermatozoïde injecté a une influence sur la fécondation en ICSI. En deuxième partie, l’apoptose, la fragmentation de l’ADN et le contenu chromosomique avant et après tri cellulaire à l’aide des microbilles magnétiques ont été étudiés chez des hommes avec un taux de fragmentation de l’ADN spermatique anormal et chez des hommes porteurs d’une anomalie chromosomique constitutionnelle. Une diminution significative des spermatozoïdes apoptotiques avec un ADN fragmenté et chromosomiquement déséquilibrés a été observée. Le tri cellulaire aboutissant à une sélection de spermatozoïdes de meilleure qualité pourrait s’avérer une méthode de référence pour l’AMP. Dans une troisième partie, un protocole fiable a été élaboré pour étudier le transcriptome des spermatozoïdes. La mise au point de ces technologies permettra de mieux comprendre les causes d’échec des techniques d’AMP et ainsi améliorer leur taux de réussite. / Infertility concerns 8-12% of couples of reproductive age. Various medical treatments such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are available to address this problem. However the rate of failure of these procedures remains relatively high.In the first part of this work the impact of maternal and paternal factors on the results of 194 IVF cycles and 586 ICSI cycles was studied. Results are mainly affected by maternal age, the number of oocytes retrieved and the number of mature oocytes collected. Neither paternal age nor spermatic parameters (number and mobility) are significantly associated with the failure of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART). Only the morphology of the sperm injected during ICSI influences fertilization rate.In the second part of this work apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and the chromosomal content before and after cell sorting with magnetic micro beads were studied in men with an abnormal level of sperm DNA fragmentation and in men with a constitutional chromosome abnormality. A significant decrease of apoptic spermatozoa with fragmented DNA and chromosome imbalance was observed. Thus cell sorting leading to the selection of better quality spermatozoa could become a reference method for ART.In a third part of the work a reliable protocol for the study of spermatic transcriptomes is designed.The development of these technologies will lead to a better understanding of the underlying causes ofART failure and thus increase the success rate.

Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de disgenesias dentárias em indivíduos com síndrome Richieri-Costa-Pereira. Material e Métodos: 13 indivíduos, registrados no Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais - Universidade de São Paulo (HRAC-USP), Bauru Brasil, com síndrome Richieri-Costa-Pereira, de ambos os gêneros, de etnia branca, acima de oito anos de idade e com pelo menos uma radiografia panorâmica disponível. As disgenesias dentárias foram avaliadas clinica e radiograficamente, por uma única examinadora, e foram classificadas como alterações hiperplasiantes, hipoplasiantes e heterotópicas e como alterações de forma, número, posição e estrutura, sendo as alterações de esmalte classificadas pelo índice de Defeitos de Desenvolvimento do Esmalte (DDE) e descritas com relação à face dentária afetada. Antes da coleta de dados, foi realizado estudo piloto para avaliação da concordância intra-examinador quanto à presença de agenesias dentárias e dentes supranumerários. Resultados: Todos os indivíduos (100%) apresentavam pelo menos uma disgenesia dentária, com predominância de alterações hipoplasiantes, principalmente representadas por agenesias dentárias dos incisivos e segundos pré-molares inferiores e opacidades de esmalte de coloração branco-creme, demarcada, afetando principalmente os pré-molares superiores seguidos dos molares inferiores, com predominância de alterações na face vestibular. Conclusão: Indivíduos com síndrome Richieri-Costa Pereira apresentam alta prevalência de agenesias dentárias, principalmente incisivos e pré-molares inferiores, bem como alta freqüência de opacidades de esmalte. Estes achados são compatíveis com a fissura mandibular presente em todos os indivíduos e refletem também a característica hipoplasiante da síndrome. / Objective: To investigate the prevalence of tooth abnormalities in individuals with Richieri-Costa-Pereira syndrome. Material and Methods: 13 individuals registered at the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies University of São Paulo (HRAC-USP), Bauru, Brazil, with Richieri-Costa-Pereira syndrome, of both genders, Caucasoid, aged more than eight years and with at least one panoramic radiograph available in the hospital files. The tooth abnormalities were evaluated clinically and radiographically by a single examiner and were classified as hyperplastic, hypoplastic or heterotopic alterations and as alterations of shape, number, position and structure. The enamel alterations were classified by the DDE index and described according to the tooth surface affected. Before data collection, a pilot study was conducted to evaluate the intraexaminer agreement as to the presence of tooth agenesis and supernumerary teeth. Results: All individuals (100%) presented at least one tooth abnormality, with predominance of hypoplastic disorders, mainly including agenesis of mandibular incisors and second premolars, as well as demarcated creamy-white enamel opacities, primarily affecting the maxillary premolars, followed by mandibular molars, mainly affecting the buccal surface. Conclusion: Individuals with Richieri-Costa Pereira syndrome present high prevalence of tooth agenesis, especially mandibular incisors and premolars, as well as high frequency of enamel opacities. These findings are compatible with the mandibular cleft observed in all individuals and also reflect the hypoplastic characteristic of the syndrome.

Consonni, E. B. (2013). Vínculo e perda: vivências de mulheres que interromperam a gestação por malformação fetal incompatível com a vida após o nascimento. Tese de Doutorado, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto. O desenvolvimento das técnicas de diagnóstico pré natal possibilita detecção acurada de anomalias letais no feto, colocando o casal frente à difícil decisão de interromper ou não a gestação. O presente estudo teve por objetivo compreender o significado das vivências de mulheres que interromperam a gestação sob autorização judicial, devido à malformação fetal incompatível com a vida. Participaram do estudo dez mulheres atendidas no Setor de Medicina Fetal do Hospital das Clínicas de Botucatu. Para coleta dos dados foram realizadas duas entrevistas semi-estruturadas, uma durante a gestação e outra quarenta dias após a interrupção. As entrevistas foram audiogravadas, transcritas na íntegra e tiveram os dados analisados na perspectiva da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados revelaram que o contato com o diagnóstico desencadeou reações de choque, incredulidade e esperança. As imagens do feto na ultrassonografia, especialmente nos casos de anomalias externas, causaram espanto e sofrimento, ao mesmo tempo em que, junto a outras imagens e informações obtidas pelas mães na internet, colaboraram para que melhor compreendessem o diagnóstico fetal. Os relatos apontaram dificuldades das gestantes na esfera social, como ao responder perguntas e comentários sobre a gravidez e o bebê e ao ouvir opiniões a respeito da malformação e da interrupção. Desde o diagnóstico pré-natal até o puerpério, as mães buscaram explicações e significados para a condição fetal e a perda do filho, sendo muito frequentes respostas religiosas e auto culpabilizantes. Os relatos mostram a existência de forte vinculação materno-fetal, tanto antes como após o diagnóstico, e as mulheres optaram pela interrupção da gestação na intenção de não se vincular ainda mais ao bebê e evitar sofrimento maior, sem que isso no entanto significasse o rompimento do vínculo. As mães que optaram por conhecer e se despedir do bebê após o nascimento, enfatizaram a importância deste momento, lembrado como positivo pela possibilidade de ver, despedir-se e guardar para sempre uma lembrança. Os relatos no puerpério marcaram sentimentos de tristeza, saudade e sensação de vazio pela perda do filho, revelando também a necessidade das mães manterem-se ligadas a ele. Na opinião destas mulheres, mediante a confirmação médica da impossibilidade de sobrevida após o nascimento, a mãe e/ou casal deveria ter autonomia para decidir sobre a interrupção da gestação, sendo a autorização judicial percebida como desnecessária e um fator de mais angústia para a situação vivida. Conclui-se que o diagnóstico fetal de malformação incompatível com a vida causou sofrimento para essas mulheres, pois precedeu inúmeras perdas e desencadeou complexo processo de luto. As mães estavam e continuaram vinculadas aos seus filhos; a interrupção da gestação, embora tenha sido uma escolha que evitasse a intensificação do vínculo e minimizasse a dor de uma perda inevitável, não as poupou de vivências de grande sofrimento. O estudo traz subsídios para a discussão e planejamento de abordagens e cuidados com a saúde de gestantes que recebem diagnóstico de malformação fetal letal. / Consonni, E. B. (2013). Attachment and loss: the experiences of women who terminate a pregnancy due to fetal malformations incompatible with postnatal life. Tese de Doutorado, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto. The development of prenatal diagnostic techniques has enabled lethal fetal anomalies to be detected with accuracy, thus leaving couples with the difficult decision of whether or not to terminate the pregnancy. The objective of the present study was to gain understanding on what these experiences meant to those women who were granted legal authorization to terminate their pregnancy due to a fetal malformation incompatible with life. Ten women receiving care at the fetal medicine unit of the Botucatu Teaching Hospital participated in the study. Two semi-structured interviews were held for the purpose of collecting data, the first during pregnancy and the second forty days after termination. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed in their entirety. The data were analyzed according to the content analysis methodology. Results showed that becoming aware of their diagnosis triggered reactions of shock, disbelief and hope in these women. The ultrasound images of the fetus, particularly in those cases in which the abnormalities were external, caused shock and distress; however, together with other images and information obtained by the mothers from the internet, they contributed towards providing a better understanding of the fetal diagnosis. The women\'s accounts highlighted their difficulties in the social sphere, for example, when having to answer questions and respond to comments on their pregnancy and on their baby, and when listening to opinions on fetal malformation and pregnancy termination. Between the time of prenatal diagnosis and the puerperium, the mothers sought explanations and meanings for the fetal condition and for the loss of their child, with religious and self-blame attributions being very common. These testimonies reveal the existence of a strong maternalfetal attachment, both prior to and following diagnosis. The women opted to terminate their pregnancy to interrupt this process of increasing attachment and to prevent even greater suffering; however, this did not mean that the bond was broken. Those mothers who took the decision to see their baby after he/she was born and to say goodbye emphasized the importance of this moment, remembering it as positive because they had been able to see the child, say farewell to him/her and keep that memory of the child for ever. The statements made by the women during the puerperium were marked by feelings of sadness, nostalgia and emptiness evoked by the loss of their child, which also emphasized the mothers\' need to preserve this attachment. In these women\'s opinions, when faced with medical confirmation that the fetus will not survive after delivery, the mother or the couple should have the autonomy to decide whether or not to terminate the pregnancy, with legal authorization being perceived as unnecessary and a source of further anguish under these circumstances. In conclusion, fetal diagnosis of a malformation incompatible with life led to suffering in these women, since it preceded innumerous losses and triggered a complex grieving process. The mothers were and continue to be attached to their children. Pregnancy termination, although representing a choice made to avoid intensifying the degree of this attachment and to minimize the pain of an unavoidable loss, did not save them from having to experience great suffering. This study adds to the debate on the subject and provides further data for use in planning the management and care of the health of pregnant women who receive a diagnosis of a lethal fetal malformation.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-12T11:46:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Jaquelinne Alves Fernandes - 2018.pdf: 2241990 bytes, checksum: da296aa4a7e0f3e9d6edded217de5c8a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-03-12T14:11:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Jaquelinne Alves Fernandes - 2018.pdf: 2241990 bytes, checksum: da296aa4a7e0f3e9d6edded217de5c8a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T14:11:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Jaquelinne Alves Fernandes - 2018.pdf: 2241990 bytes, checksum: da296aa4a7e0f3e9d6edded217de5c8a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The study that we propose is based on the Analysis of the Speech of French line, from a theoretical perspective of Michel Foucault. Our purpose was to verify how fear of death acts as a security device, today, in the security society, for the purpose of controlling and preserving life. Thinking about this, we assume that, according to Foucault (2008), it is only possible to live in society through power relations, which are certified by devices, among them the security device. We believe that fear of death was produced by the security society, constituting itself as a mechanism of power, that acts in society, acting on the subjects, and can be taken as a device. This way, the fear of death is a device in the security society and, in order for it to function properly and achieve the desired purpose, the preservation of life, it is necessary for society to be normalized. Therefore, fear of death is a security device that acts in the security society, regulated by norms, with the purpose of regulating life, through biopower. In the modern state, it is a social norm to use mechanisms and technologies that work to preserve life and reduce risks; and norms are responsible, also, for the objectification and subjectivation of the subjects. Thus, the constitution of the normal subject (that follows the norms) and of the abnormal subject (the one that does not follow the norms) occurs according to the norms, among them the one that determines that the life must be preserved. For our study, we chose as analysis corpus the films Apocalypse Now and Falling Down; and the sixth season of The Walking Dead to evidence the fear of death acting as a security device and its relation to the norm. Trough our analyzes we could establish that the subjects of the corpora are constituted as abnormal because they do not subjectivize themselves by the norm that determines that life should be preserved, nor do they constitute the functioning of the fear of death as a security device. / O estudo a que nos propusemos está pautado na Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, a partir de uma perspectiva teórica de Michel Foucault. Nosso propósito era verificar a maneira como o medo da morte atua como dispositivo de segurança, na atualidade, na sociedade de segurança, com a finalidade de controlar e preservar a vida. Pensando nisso, presumimos que, conforme Foucault (2008), só é possível viver em sociedade por intermédio das relações de poder, que são certificadas por dispositivos, dentre eles o dispositivo de segurança. Acreditamos que o medo da morte foi produzido pela sociedade de segurança, constituindo-se como mecanismo de poder, que atua na sociedade, agindo sobre os sujeitos, podendo ser tomado como um dispositivo. Portando, o medo da morte é um dispositivo na sociedade de segurança e, para que opere adequadamente e atinja o propósito desejado, a preservação da vida, é necessário que a sociedade seja normatizada/normalizada. Portanto, o medo da morte é um dispositivo de segurança que atua, na sociedade de segurança, regulamentado por normas, com o intuito de regulamentar a vida, por meio do biopoder. No estado moderno, é uma norma social a utilização de mecanismos e tecnologias que atuem em favor da preservação da vida e da redução dos riscos; e as normas são responsáveis, também, pela objetivação e subjetivação dos sujeitos. Assim, a constituição do sujeito normal (que segue as normas) e do sujeito anormal (aquele que não segue as normas) ocorre em função das normas, dentre elas a que determina que a vida deve ser preservada. Para nosso estudo, escolhemos como corpora de análise os filmes Apocalypse Now e Um dia de fúria; e a sexta temporada de The Walking Dead para evidencia o medo da morte atuando como dispositivo de segurança e sua relação com a norma. Por meio de nossas análises pudemos constar que os sujeitos personagens dos corpora se constituem como anormais por não subjetivar-se pela norma que determina que a vida deve ser preservada e nem tão pouco constituem-se pelo funcionamento do medo da morte como dispositivo de segurança.

Abstract Background: There is wide variability in the phenotypic manifestation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Recognizing autistic traits behind socio-emotional and adaptive problems in children with normal cognitive level can therefore be challenging. Aims and methods: The purpose of this study was to find tools for recognition of autism traits for clinicians working in primary/secondary settings. Two internationally used and empirically valid quantitative screeners, the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), were translated into Finnish and evaluated among high-functioning elementary school-aged children. An epidemiological target population of 8-year-old children (N=4,408) including 28 children with ASD was rated by parents and teachers using the ASSQ in order to assess cut-off scores for the Finnish ASSQ, and sensory abnormalities (SA) were determined in order to estimate the prevalence of SAs, and to investigate associations between sensory-perceptual problems and quantitative autism traits (QAT). The SRS was evaluated in a clinical ASD case (N=44)-control (N=44) study. It was also studied whether QAT of family members were associated with child QAT using the SRS. Results: Collecting parent and teacher ASSQ ratings and a cut-off of summed 30 points are recommended for ASD diagnostic assessments. The Finnish SRS was able to differentiate children with ASD from a normative child sample. The prevalence of SAs was 8% in the general population and 54% in the ASD sample. Tactile, auditory and olfactory hypersensitivities were associated with an elevated risk for an ASD diagnosis and auditory hypersensitivity explained the variance in the ASSQ scores among the ASD sample. In the normative sample, mother-child SRS QAT were more strongly associated, whereas in the ASD sample, a stronger positive correlation was found between father and child SRS QAT. Conclusions: In ASSQ screening, it is essential to collect both parent and teacher assessments. The SRS offers valuable information for determining the focal points of rehabilitation and evaluating treatment outcome. The SAs of the child as well as high QAT levels of male family members are indicators of an elevated risk for ASD. / Tiivistelmä Tausta: Autismikirjon häiriön kliininen oirekuva vaihtelee henkilöstä toiseen. Tästä johtuen autististen piirteiden tunnistaminen lapsen sosioemotionaalisten ja sopeutumisvaikeuksien taustalta voi olla haasteellista. Tavoitteet ja menetelmät: Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli etsiä kognitiivisesti hyvätasoisten peruskouluikäisten parissa työskenteleville kliinikoille apukeinoja autististen piirteiden tunnistamiseen. Kaksi kansainvälisesti käytettyä seulontamittaria, Autismikirjon seulontalomake (ASSQ) ja Sosiaalisen vastavuoroisuuden arviointiasteikko (SRS), käännettiin suomeksi ja niiden psykometrisiä ominaisuuksia arvioitiin. Lisäksi tutkittiin, olivatko aistipoikkeavuudet tai vanhempien autistismipiirteisyys yhteydessä peruskouluikäisen lapsen autismipiirteisyyteen. Vanhemmat ja opettaja täyttivät ASSQ:n 8-vuotiaista epidemiologisen kohderyhmän lapsista (N=4408), joista 28:lla oli autismikirjon häiriö, ja kohderyhmän lasten aistipoikkeavuudet kartoitettiin. ASSQ:n seulontarajat sekä aistipoikkeavuuksien esiintyvyys ja yhteys autismipiirteisyyteen määritettiin. SRS evaluoitiin ja perheen sisäisen autismipiirteisyyden vertailu tehtiin kliinisessä autismikirjo (N=44)-verrokki (N=44)-aineistossa. Tulokset: Vanhempien ja opettajan ASSQ-arviointien yhteenlaskettu pistemäärä 30 oli parhaiten toimiva seulontaraja autismikirjon häiriön diagnostisia tutkimuksia varten. SRS erotteli autismikirjon lapset normiaineistosta. Aistipoikkeavuuksien esiintyvyys kokonaisväestössä oli 8 % ja autismikirjon lapsilla 54 %. Tunto-, kuulo- ja hajuyliherkkyys olivat yhteydessä kohonneeseen autismikirjon häiriön riskiin ja kuuloyliherkkyys selitti autismipiirteisyyden vaihtelua autismikirjon lapsilla. Normiaineistossa lapsen ja äidin autismipiirteisyys olivat vahvemmin yhteydessä toisiinsa, kun taas autismikirjon lasten perheissä lapsen ja isän autismipiirteisyys olivat vahvemmin yhteydessä toisiinsa. Päätelmät: ASSQ-arvioinnissa on ensiarvoisen tärkeää kerätä tietoa lapsen käyttäytymisestä sekä koti- että kouluympäristöstä. SRS on käyttökelpoinen määriteltäessä kuntoutuksen painopistealueita ja kartoitettaessa sen vaikuttavuutta. Lapsen aistipoikkeavuudet sekä hänen miespuolisten perheenjäsentensä vahva autismipiirteisyys viittaavat autismikirjon häiriön mahdollisuuteen.

<p>This thesis deals with questions concerning ongoing constructions of heterosexuality as a norm in the Swedish church. Empirically the study is based partly on interviews with thirteen homo- and bisexual priests, one district visitor and one church politician and partly on some of the church’s own inquiries and documents concerning the question of Christianity and ”deviant” sexuality.</p><p>The aim for this study is to examine how norms for sexuality, coexistence and gender are repeated in the documents created by the Swedish church itself about homosexuality and Christianity and to discern how these norms are present and have sense – are reproduced, challenged and transformed in life stories of Christian homo- and bisexual individuals. To be able to see how the notion of homosexuality as abnormal is reproduced, secured and challenged I have chosen to interpret texts, observations and life stories from a critical discourse perspective. In this theoretical tradition it is central to stress how, or rather to investigate what strategies are used to produce and maintain notions of ”abnormality”.</p><p>One dominating view in the discussions within the church is that homosexuals and heterosexuals have equal value but that partnership cannot be equated with marriage. This understanding is expressed in my examples of formations of heteronormativity within the church.</p><p>In the interview persons’ narratives there are discourses represented that are articulated in the church’s own inquiries but the narratives also express counter discourses. They speak about themselves in relation to, for example, imperative heterosexuality, homosexual ideals, core family ideals, theological way of thinking and dichotomizing understanding of gender. I have identified several ”uses” in the narratives and all of them are contained in an overall Christian homosexual ”us”.</p><p>Instead of viewing themselves as being ”wrong” some of the interview persons have moved the problem to the heteronormativity. Experiences of not being part of the norm have made them strong and willing to struggle and fight for their rights. This position, outside the norm, is by some viewed positively. The homosexuals’ experiences of oppression have led to a desire to liberate the church from homophobia and show ”the true” church, where no one is discriminated.</p><p>Homosexuals are accepted within the church, but only as deviants. This way heterosexuality is being made the superior category. Its meaning and superior position cannot be questioned according to many of the church’s representatives. Still, this is exactly what is happening when homosexuals are increasingly visible to the public and when they challenge the heterosexual norm. This provocation makes the heterosexual norm visible and forces representatives of the norm to deal with it!</p>

Thus far, the novel Naked Lunch has not been discussed from the aspect of critical animal studies, nor has it been connected to the theories of Michel Foucault. This essay however, argues that these diverse fields could be connected through the use of the simians that are frequently employed in Naked Lunch. By analyzing the metaphorical role of the simian, the structure of the normalization process can be revealed. Therefore the simian’s metaphorical role becomes to reveal the different stages character goes through in that process and ultimately revealing its negative effects. They also prove to employ the role of abnormality which normalization wants to subtract from the human in order to render her docile. By applying the power mechanisms such as signals, the concept of panopticism and the theory of the docile body to specific passages where simians are highly prominent, the claim of this paper can be demonstrated. Besides Foucault, the theories of Robin Lydenberg are also used consistently throughout the essay due to her valuable observations such as the struggle between body and mind.

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