Objective: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often develops in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis at an annual risk of up to 2.5%. Some host genetic risk factors have been identified but do not account for the majority of the variance in occurrence. This study aimed to identify novel susceptibility loci for the development of HCC in people with alcohol related cirrhosis. - Design: Patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis and HCC (cases: n=1214) and controls without HCC (n=1866), recruited from Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy and the UK, were included in a two-stage genome-wide association study using a case–control design. A validation cohort of 1520 people misusing alcohol but with no evidence of liver disease was included to control for possible association effects with alcohol misuse. Genotyping was performed using the InfiniumGlobal Screening Array (V.24v2, Illumina) and the OmniExpress Array (V.24v1-0a, Illumina). - Results: Associations with variants rs738409 in PNPLA3 and rs58542926 in TM6SF2 previously associated with an increased risk of HCC in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis were confirmed at genome-wide significance. A novel locus rs2242652(A) in TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) was also associated with a decreased risk of HCC, in the combined meta-analysis, at genome-wide significance (p=6.41×10⁻⁹, OR=0.61 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.70). This protective association remained significant after correction for sex, age, body mass index and type 2 diabetes (p=7.94×10⁻⁵, OR=0.63 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.79). Carriage of rs2242652(A) in TERT was associated with an increased leucocyte telomere length (p=2.12×10⁻⁴⁴). - Conclusion: This study identifies rs2242652 in TERT as a novel protective factor for HCC in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis.

No description available.

Alkohol har funnits sedan urminnes tider och är något som de flesta ungdomar och vuxna är bekanta med. Flertalet vet också att för mycket alkohol på lång sikt kan orsaka skador, framförallt på lever (fettlever) och njurar. Men inte alla vet att alkohol skadar hjärnan och kan ge kramper samt epilepsi. Alkohol har olika effekter på kroppen. Akut kan det öka den inhiberande och minska den excitatoriska signaleringen i hjärnan. Långvarigt kan det öka den excitatoriska signaleringen, minska den inhibitoriska samt öka alkoholtoleransen. I hjärnan är balansen mellan den inhibitoriska och excitatoriska signaleringen mycket betydelsefull och rubbningar kan orsaka skador som i sin tur kan orsaka krampanfall. Dessa krampanfall kan bli allvarliga och ibland dödliga. Studier kring sambandet mellan alkohol och epilepsi utförda av Samokhvalov et al. (2010), Devetag et al. (1983), Bråthen et al. (1999), Tartara et al. (1983), Bartolomei et al. (1997), Victor och Brausch (1967) och Hillbom (1980) har visat på olika resultat, men trots skillnaden i resultaten har korrelationen mellan alkohol och epilepsi varit tydlig. I studien av Devetag et al. (1983) hade 58 % av 153 alkoholister anfall icke relaterade till abstinens, alkoholinducering eller sjukdom/skada. Av 60 patienter med krampanfall var 30 stycken (50 %) icke relaterade till abstinens, alkoholinducering eller sjukdom/skada i studien utförd av Bartolomei et al. (1997). Bråthen et al. (1999)  utförde en studie på 142 alkoholister med krampanfall där 16 stycken (36 %) var icke-relaterade till abstinens, alkoholinducering eller sjukdom/skada. Vidare påvisade Tartara et al. (1983) i sin studie 30 patienter med krampanfall där 3 stycken (10 %) inte var relaterade till abstinens, alkohlinducering eller sjukdom/skada. Krampanfall som inte är relaterade till abstinens, akoholinducering eller sjukdom/skada är kluriga och svåra att utreda. Många forskare har försökt få insikt i och reda ut frågan om alkohols influens över utvecklingen av epilepsi och hur det skulle tänkas gå till. När kan alkoholrelaterade krampanfall klassificeras som epilepsi, vad innebär ett alkoholrelaterat krampanfall och vilka orsaker existerar som leder till att sådanan krampanfall uppstår. I den här litteraturstudien utreds kopplingen mellan alkoholism och epilepsi för att bättre förstå sambandet. Till studien har 20 vetenskapliga artiklar använts för att förstå vilka effekter alkohol har på kroppen, vad det innebär att ha epilepsi och hur de båda är kopplade. För att komma fram till ett svar på den framförda frågeställningen i studien, om långvarigt bruk av alkohol ger kramper och epilepsi, användes 7 studier vars undersökingar huvudsakligen fokuserat på alkoholister inlagda med krampanfall. Resultaten från de 7 studierna indikerar sammantaget att alkohol sannolikt kan orsaka epilepsi. Ingen av studierna har visat motsatsen. Långvarigt bruk av alkohol ger kramper och kan även ge epilepsi, men hur det går till är inte klarlagt. Samtidigt finns det många individer som missbrukar alkohol och som inte får epilepsi eller aldrig ens upplever ett enda krampanfall. / Alcohol has been used for drinking for many years and is a substance that is well known to most teenagers and adults. Most people also know that alcohol, when misused, can cause damage to both the liver and the kidneys but not as many people know about the damage alcohol can cause the brain. The damage that alcohol causes in the brain can lead to conditions where the patient can experience seizures, whitch can further devlop into epilepsy. Alcohol has different effects on the body. An immidiate response to alcohol is that the inhibitory signaling in the brain increases and the excitatory signaling decreases. When it comes to a prolonged misuse of alcohol the effects on the brain are the opposite and it can also increase the tolerance for alcohol. Inhibitory and excitatory signaling in the brain are essential and disturbance of those signals can be very damaging to the brain. The damages can develop and become permanent and it can also trigger different kinds of seizures. The seizures can in turn become very serious and fatal. Studies on the connection between alcohol and epilepsy has been conducted by Samokhvalov et al. (2010), Devetag et al. (1983), Bråthen et al. (1999), Tartara et al. (1983), Bartolomei et al. (1997), Victor och Brausch (1967) och Hillbom (1980) and have shown different results. The results however have shown a clear correlation between alcohol and epilepsi. In the study performed by Devetag et al. (1983) 58 % of 153 patients experienced seizures not related to alcohol withdrawl, alcohol induction or injury/disease. Of 60 patients who presented seizures in the study conducted by Bartolomei et al. (1997), 30 (50 %) had seizures not related to alcohol withdrawl, alcohol induction or injury/disease. A study performed by Bråthen et al. (1999) showed  16 patients (36 %) of 142 with seizures not related to alcohol withdrawl, alcohol indiction or injury/disease. Furthermore, a study conducted by Tartara et al. (1983) showed 30 patients with seizures, where 3 (10 %) of them were not related to alcohol withdrawl, alcohol induction or injury/disease. Seizures not related to alcohol withdrawl, alcohol abuse or injury/disease are difficult to investigate. Many scientists have tried to get insight in as to how alcohol can influence the ethiopathogenesis of epilepsy. What is alcohol-related seizures, what is the cause behind the seizures and how does one decide if the seizures can be defines as epilepsy. This literature review investigates the link between alcoholism and epilepsy to better understand this connection. The question of issue was ”if prolonged misuse of alcohol can lead to epilepsy” and to unravel the question, 7 studies were used. The studies main focus was alcoholism and seizures. The results from the studies indicated in total that alcohol prabably can cause epilepsy since none of the studies showed the opposite. A prolonged misuse of alcohol can lead to seizures and even epilepsy, but how this comes to be is not clear and needs to be properly investigated. Not to forget, some people who misuse alcohol do not get epilepsy and some never experience even a single seizure.

Apesar das substâncias psicoativas serem consumidas há milhares de anos, nas últimas décadas a questão de seu consumo abusivo e dependência tem se configurado como uma demanda de saúde pública, diante de um cenário marcado pela acelerada transição socioeconômica que está ocorrendo em vários países. Este estudo tem como objetivo a avaliação das práticas oferecidas nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial para Usuários de Álcool e Outras Drogas (CAPSad) do ponto de vista dos familiares dos usuários. Métodos: pesquisa avaliativa transversal, com análise quantitativa de dados coletados em CAPSad do município de São Paulo, utilizando a Escala de Satisfação (Satis-BR) e a Escala de Mudança Percebida (EMP), já validadas e utilizadas anteriormente em estudos avaliativos. Além das escalas, dados acerca da estrutura do serviço, dados sociodemográficos, de acesso, e de caracterização da participação do familiar no tratamento do usuário, foram analisados, com condução de modelo de regressão linear múltipla, no qual evidenciou-se a mudança percebida como variável preditiva de melhor nível de satisfação com os serviços, bem como a correlação negativa das seguintes variáveis com índices de mudança percebida: residir nas zonas leste e norte da cidade e ter renda familiar mensal entre 2 e 4 salários mínimos. O fato de ter parentesco não nuclear, como ser tio ou sobrinho, com o usuário, já teve associação positiva com a mudança percebida. São necessários mais estudos com este tipo de serviço para melhor explorar essas dimensões relacionadas à qualidade da atenção nesta temática, contribuindo para avaliar o impacto das novas políticas e da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial. / Despite psychoactive substances have been consumed for thousands of years, in recent decades, the issue of their abuse and dependence has been configured as a public health demand, against a backdrop marked by rapid socioeconomic transition that has been occurring in several countries. The object of this study is the evaluation of practices offered at Psychosocial Care Centers for Users of Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAPSad) based on the point of view of the families of their users. Methods: evaluative research, by quantitative method, to analyze data collected at CAPSad located in the city of São Paulo, using the Satisfaction Scale (Satis-BR) and the Perceived Change Scale (EMP), already validated and previously used in evaluation studies, will guide the focus of analysis. In addition to the scales, data on the service structure, sociodemographic data, access, and characterization of the family\'s participation in the user´s treatment, were analyzed, with the lead of the multiple linear regression model, in which it revealed a change perceived as a predictive variable higher level of satisfaction with the services and the negative correlation of these variables with perceived change in rates: living in the eastern and northern areas of the city and considering a monthly income between 2 and 4 minimum salaries. The fact that no nuclear kinship, as being an uncle or nephew, with the user, has had a positive association with the perceived change. Further studies are needed with this type of service to better explore these dimensions related to quality of care in this theme, helping to assess the impact of new policies and Psychosocial Care Network.

Apesar das substâncias psicoativas serem consumidas há milhares de anos, nas últimas décadas a questão de seu consumo abusivo e dependência tem se configurado como uma demanda de saúde pública, diante de um cenário marcado pela acelerada transição socioeconômica que está ocorrendo em vários países. Este estudo tem como objetivo a avaliação das práticas oferecidas nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial para Usuários de Álcool e Outras Drogas (CAPSad) do ponto de vista dos familiares dos usuários. Métodos: pesquisa avaliativa transversal, com análise quantitativa de dados coletados em CAPSad do município de São Paulo, utilizando a Escala de Satisfação (Satis-BR) e a Escala de Mudança Percebida (EMP), já validadas e utilizadas anteriormente em estudos avaliativos. Além das escalas, dados acerca da estrutura do serviço, dados sociodemográficos, de acesso, e de caracterização da participação do familiar no tratamento do usuário, foram analisados, com condução de modelo de regressão linear múltipla, no qual evidenciou-se a mudança percebida como variável preditiva de melhor nível de satisfação com os serviços, bem como a correlação negativa das seguintes variáveis com índices de mudança percebida: residir nas zonas leste e norte da cidade e ter renda familiar mensal entre 2 e 4 salários mínimos. O fato de ter parentesco não nuclear, como ser tio ou sobrinho, com o usuário, já teve associação positiva com a mudança percebida. São necessários mais estudos com este tipo de serviço para melhor explorar essas dimensões relacionadas à qualidade da atenção nesta temática, contribuindo para avaliar o impacto das novas políticas e da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial. / Despite psychoactive substances have been consumed for thousands of years, in recent decades, the issue of their abuse and dependence has been configured as a public health demand, against a backdrop marked by rapid socioeconomic transition that has been occurring in several countries. The object of this study is the evaluation of practices offered at Psychosocial Care Centers for Users of Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAPSad) based on the point of view of the families of their users. Methods: evaluative research, by quantitative method, to analyze data collected at CAPSad located in the city of São Paulo, using the Satisfaction Scale (Satis-BR) and the Perceived Change Scale (EMP), already validated and previously used in evaluation studies, will guide the focus of analysis. In addition to the scales, data on the service structure, sociodemographic data, access, and characterization of the family\'s participation in the user´s treatment, were analyzed, with the lead of the multiple linear regression model, in which it revealed a change perceived as a predictive variable higher level of satisfaction with the services and the negative correlation of these variables with perceived change in rates: living in the eastern and northern areas of the city and considering a monthly income between 2 and 4 minimum salaries. The fact that no nuclear kinship, as being an uncle or nephew, with the user, has had a positive association with the perceived change. Further studies are needed with this type of service to better explore these dimensions related to quality of care in this theme, helping to assess the impact of new policies and Psychosocial Care Network.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The abuse of psychoactive substances interferes negatively on women's health, causing problems in various spheres of life in the world. As a result, this study aimed to understand the reasons why women assigned to the abuse of psychoactive substances. It is a qualitative research, phenomenological in nature based on theoretical-methodological Alfred Schütz, held at the Alcohol and Drugs Psychosocial Care Center "Caminhos do Sol" in the municipality of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The participants of the research were women who abuse psychoactive substances, ranging in age from 25 to 56 years old, doing treatment in this service. The production of the data occurred in the months of May and June 2013, through the phenomenological interview, which was recorded and was closed with the sufficiency of meanings. It was developed the comprehensive analysis and interpretation of the statements, in which elaborate steps were used by an author in the field of nursing which is a national reference of Social Phenomenology of Alfred Schütz. Ethical aspects have been complied with, in accordance with resolution nº 196/96 of the National Health Council. In the comprehensive analysis of typical action of women who abuse psychoactive substances, were care for two concrete categories: The first was the influences of social relations for the use/abuse of psychoactive substances that unveiled the influence of family, companions and friends both to the beginning of the use of psychoactive substances, as in abuse and relapse. The second was the conflicting family relationships and losses as fuse for the abuse of psychoactive substances that revealed that women have experienced family troubled relations, assaults, financial difficulties, losses due to death of relatives and companions, removal of conviviality with family, betrayal by the companions and loss of their dreams. It is hoped that this study will provide subsidies for activities of health professionals, as they can plan strategies of care according to the everyday needs of women. Still, it contributes to the family and to society, so that they can carry out concerted actions, and thus, acting directly on prevention of psychoactive substance abuse by women. / O abuso de substâncias psicoativas interfere de modo negativo na saúde das mulheres, ocasionando problemas em diversas esferas no mundo da vida. Em virtude disso, este estudo teve como objetivo compreender os motivos porque atribuídos por mulheres ao abuso de substâncias psicoativas. Nesse sentido, este estudo apresenta uma abordagem qualitativa de natureza fenomenológica fundamentada no referencial teórico-metodológico de Alfred Schütz, realizada no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e drogas Caminhos do Sol do município de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As participantes deste estudo foram mulheres, na faixa etária de 25 a 56 anos, que abusam de substâncias psicoativas e que realizam tratamento no Centro anteriormente referido. A produção dos dados ocorreu nos meses de maio e junho de 2013, por meio da entrevista fenomenológica, gravada, a qual foi encerrada quando houve a suficiência de significados. Foi desenvolvida a análise e interpretação compreensiva dos depoimentos, em que foram utilizados os passos elaborados por um autor da área da enfermagem que vem estudando sobre a Fenomenologia Social de Alfred Schütz. Foram respeitados os aspectos éticos, conforme Resolução Nº196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Na análise compreensiva do típico da ação das mulheres que abusam de substâncias psicoativas, foram desveladas duas categorias concretas: influências das relações sociais para o uso/abuso de substâncias psicoativas desvelou a influência da família, companheiros e amizades tanto para o início do uso de substâncias psicoativas, como no abuso e recaída; as relações familiares conflituosas e as perdas como estopim para o abuso de substâncias psicoativas revelou que as mulheres vivenciaram relações familiares conturbadas, agressões, dificuldades financeiras, perdas por morte de familiares e companheiros, afastamento do convívio com familiares, traição pelos companheiros e perda de seus sonhos. Espera-se que o presente estudo forneça subsídios para atuação dos profissionais de saúde, pois estes poderão planejar estratégias de cuidado de acordo com as necessidades do cotidiano das mulheres. Além disso, o estudo visa contribuir com a família e para com a sociedade, para que possam realizar ações conjuntas, e deste modo, atuar diretamente na prevenção do abuso de substâncias psicoativas por mulheres.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:48:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3421.pdf: 2433005 bytes, checksum: d9e12b445c314a19522f2ea851829937 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-17 / The objective of this research was to study the social representations of members of the Family Health Teams over the abuse of alcohol by the elderly. We tried to analyze, understand and interpret the ideas, perceptions and concepts reported by participants that can be mobilized towards this population. The study was to survey the field of health units from the city of Araras (São Paulo, Brazil). In constructing this work, we rely on the participation, as respondents, fifteen members of the Family Health Teams from different backgrounds (nurses, auxiliaries and nursing technicians, community health workers, dentist and doctor). This is a qualitative study, in which methodological approach we used semi-structured interviews, whose contents were analyzed according to pronouncements emerging from the oral testimony, we, therefore, the technique of discourse analysis, included within the scope of the analysis method content. The results were interpreted according to the theory of social representations, grouped in three categories: social representations of aging, alcohol use in general and, finally, the abuse of alcohol by the elderly. The elderly, in general, were portrayed as fragile, with most disease processes, which would be increased with the use of alcohol. This emphasis seems strongly rooted in the biomedical model. The elderly who constitute abuse of alcohol would be a hidden population for the group of respondents, who seem to be considered from the standpoint instrumented semiological and therapeutic for his actions on these patients. These actions end up being, to indicate that statements, based mainly on knowledge of common sense. We identified a positive attitudinal predisposition to attend to the elderly, an element that can also help guide the strategies for continuing professional education relating to elderly care that makes the abuse of alcohol. / O objetivo deste trabalho investigativo foi estudar as representações sociais de membros de Equipes de Saúde da Família sobre o uso problemático de álcool por idosos. Procuramos analisar, compreender e interpretar as ideias, as percepções e os conceitos relatados pelos participantes que podem ser mobilizados frente a esta população. O estudo teve como campo de pesquisa as Unidades de Saúde da Família do município de Araras (SP, Brasil). Na construção desse trabalho, contamos com a participação, como entrevistados, de quinze membros das Equipes de Saúde da Família de diferentes formações (enfermeiros, auxiliar e técnico de enfermagem, agentes comunitários de saúde, odontólogo e médico). Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, em cujo percurso metodológico utilizamos entrevistas semi-estruturadas, cujos conteúdos foram analisados quanto às enunciações emergidas dos depoimentos orais; seguimos, portanto, a técnica da análise de enunciação, inserida dentro do escopo do método de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados foram interpretados de acordo com a teoria das representações sociais, reunidos em três grandes categorias: representações sociais do envelhecimento; do uso de álcool de uma forma geral e, por último, do uso problemático de álcool por idosos. Os idosos, de modo geral, foram representados como frágeis, com mais processos patológicos, que seriam aumentados com o uso de álcool. Esta ênfase parece ancorada fortemente no modelo biomédico. Os idosos que fazem uso problemático de álcool constituir-se-iam numa população oculta para o grupo de entrevistados, que não parecem considerar-se instrumentados do ponto de vista semiológico e terapêutico para suas ações diante desses pacientes. Essas ações terminam por ser, ao que os enunciados indicam, baseadas preponderantemente em conhecimentos do senso comum. Foi identificada uma predisposição atitudinal positiva para atender os idosos, elemento que também pode ajudar a nortear as estratégias de educação profissional continuada relativas ao cuidado do idoso que faz uso problemático de álcool.

Orientador: Renata Cruz Soares de Azevedo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T18:34:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Padilha_VitoriaMantoan_M.pdf: 5585179 bytes, checksum: 8135afde8664df21e30065b191cc727b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O consumo e a dependência de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) representam um importante fator de risco de morbi-mortalidade no mundo todo. A literatura internacional mostra que 20% dos pacientes que procuram as Unidades de Emergência (UE) são usuários ou dependentes de SPA. Para a maioria destes pacientes, a UE é o único provedor de cuidados médicos, o que mostra a importância de se aproveitar esse tipo de serviço para uma abordagem inicial e encaminhamento para tratamento. Objetivos: Descrever o perfil de pacientes com transtornos relacionados ao uso de SPA atendidos pela Psiquiatria em serviço de emergência, compará-los com o demais pacientes atendidos pela Psiquiatria e avaliar intervenção a partir do atendimento de emergência, comparando os pacientes que receberam com os que não receberam a intervenção, quanto aos desfechos redução do uso de SPA e busca de tratamento em 30 e 90 dias. Método: Estudo descritivo e quantitativo, que levantou dados de pacientes atendidos pela Psiquiatria na Unidade de Emergência Referenciada (UER) do HC-UNICAMP, detectou os pacientes atendidos com transtornos por uso de SPA e realizou seguimento longitudinal. Durante o período de maio de 2010 a maio de 2011, todos os pacientes atendidos pela psiquiatria na UER do HC-UNICAMP com transtornos por uso de SPA foram convidados a participar do grupo de intervenção (GI). Após 30 e 90 dias, todos os pacientes, os que compareceram e os que não compareceram ao grupo (GNI), foram avaliados quanto à redução do consumo de SPA e busca por tratamento. Resultados: Durante o período, 1.465 pacientes foram atendidos pela Psiquiatria da UER. Encontrou-se predomínio de mulheres (53,7%), idade média de 37 anos e brancos (79,6%). Os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram transtornos relacionados a SPA (23%) e transtornos depressivos (18,5%). Entre os pacientes com transtornos por uso de SPA, o perfil se constituiu de homens (79,1%), idade média de 34,9 anos, cor branca (78,6%), sem ocupação regular (65,3%) e provenientes de demanda espontânea (65,2%). Quando comparados com os demais pacientes atendidos pela Psiquiatria, os usuários de SPA eram mais jovens, receberam mais medicações na UE, porém menos psicofármacos e foram mais encaminhados para serviços especializados. Compareceram ao GI 123 pacientes (35,1%). A maioria desses pacientes era dependente de álcool (73,1%). Entre os pacientes que não compareceram ao grupo, a taxa de comorbidades psiquiátricas foi maior, assim como o histórico de internações psiquiátricas e taxas maiores de dependência de crack. No seguimento de 30 e 90 dias, a redução do uso de SPA foi significativamente maior entre os pacientes do GI, assim como a busca por tratamento em 30 dias e em 90 dias. Ser dependente de crack esteve associado ao aumento do risco de não reduzir o uso de SPA em 90 dias. Conclusão: O grupo de intervenção se mostrou instrumento terapêutico eficaz na redução do uso de SPA e busca por tratamento após 30 e 90 dias, principalmente para os pacientes com dependência a álcool e sem comorbidade psiquiátrica / Abstract: The use and addiction to psychoactive substances (PAS) represent an important risk factor for morbidity and mortality worldwide. The international literature shows that 20% of patients seeking Emergency Unit (EU) are addicted or users of PAS. For most of these patients, the EU is the only provider of medical care, which shows the importance of taking this opportunity to use this type of service for an initial approach and referral for specific treatments. Objectives: Describe the profile of patients with disorders related to psychoactive substances use attended by the Psychiatry Service in the Emergency Unit, and evaluate the intervention given, starting from the care provided by EU and comparing the patients who received intervention with those who did not, regarding the outcomes reduction of psychoactive substances use and treatment-seeking in 30 and 90 days. Methodology: A descriptive and quantitative study that collected data of all patients attended by the Psychiatric Emergency Unit at UNICAMP Clinical Hospital, due to PAS use disorders and conducted longitudinal studies. During this period the patients with PAS use disorders were invited to join the support group of the patients attended by the UER, Intervention Group (IG). After 30 and 90 days, all patients, who attended and those who did not attend the group (NIG), were evaluated regarding the reduction in psychoactive substance use and search for treatment. Results: During the study period, 1465 patients were seen by the EU Psychiatric. We found a predominance of women (53,7%), mean age 37 years and white (79,6%). The most common diagnoses were substance use disorders (23%) and depressive disorders (18,5%). Among the patients with psychoactive substance use disorder, the profile consisted of men (79.1%), averaging 34.9 years old, caucasian (78.6%), with no regular occupation (65.3%) and from spontaneous demand (65.2 %). When compared with other patients seen by psychiatry, users of PAS were younger, received more medications in the EU, but less psychoactive and were more referred for specialized services. 123 patients (35.1%) attended the IG. Most of these patients were alcohol dependent (73.1%). Among patients who did not attend the group (NIG), the rate of psychiatric comorbidity was higher, as well as the history of psychiatric hospitalizations, and higher rates of crack addiction. In the following 30 and 90 days, the reduction of PAS use was higher among patients who attended the IG at 30 and 90 days as well as the search for treatment in 30 days and 90 days. Crack addiction was associated with the increased risk of not reducing the use of psychoactive substances in 90 days. Conclusion: The intervention group presented itself as an effective therapeutic tool to reduce the use of psychoactive substances abuse and promote treatment-seeking after 30 and 90 days, especially for patients with alcohol dependence and without psychiatric comorbidity / Mestrado / Saude Mental / Mestre em Ciências Médicas

Abstract Traumatic brain injury can be a catastrophe for an individual and a huge economic burden for a society. Such injuries are common especially among young men and as many as half of the patients are under the influence of alcohol at the time of injury. Traumatic brain injuries can also frequently cause epileptic seizures. On the other hand, epileptic seizures are often caused by alcohol. A significant reduction in the tax on alcohol in Finland in 2004 led to a 10% increase in its consumption at the population level and a considerable increase in mortality rate among patients with alcoholic liver diseases. The risk of subsequent epileptic seizures and traumatic brain injuries among intoxicated head trauma subjects has not been evaluated before. The present cohort consists of all subjects who were admitted to the emergency room at Oulu University Hospital in 1999 on account of head trauma. These subjects were then followed-up for 10 years, which enabled the effect of the tax reduction on the long-term outcome to be observed. The effect of being under the influence of alcohol at the time of the index head trauma on the onset of a new epileptic seizure problem and further traumatic brain injuries was investigated. The mortality rate among head trauma subjects with harmful drinking increased significantly after the reduction in the alcohol tax, and the subjects with recorded alcohol-related seizure problems experienced an increased risk of death after the price reduction. Head trauma under the influence of alcohol predicted both new-onset seizure problems and traumatic brain injury during the follow-up. The results are in accordance with the previous observations of a rapid increase in mortality among heavy drinkers following a sharp reduction in alcohol prices. Inebriated head trauma subjects have an increased risk of subsequent traumatic brain injury and epileptic seizure. / Tiivistelmä Traumaattinen aivovamma voi olla potilaalle katastrofi ja yhteiskunnalle valtava taloudellinen tappio. Aivovammat ovat yleisiä erityisesti nuorilla miehillä, ja jopa puolet niistä tapahtuu alkoholin vaikutuksen alaisena. Aivovammat aiheuttavat usein epileptisiä kohtauksia, jotka toisaalta usein johtuvat alkoholista. Vuonna 2004 Suomessa tapahtunut mittava alkoholiveron alennus lisäsi väestötasolla alkoholin kokonaiskulutusta 10 % vuoden aikana. Kuolleisuus erityisesti alkoholimaksasairauksiin lisääntyi voimakkaasti. Aiemmin ei ole tiedetty humalassa ilmaantuneen pään vamman vaikutuksesta potilaan riskiin saada uusi aivovamma tai uusi epileptinen kohtaus. Tutkimuskohortin muodostivat vuonna 1999 Oulun yliopistollisen sairaalan päivystyksessä hoidetut päähän vammautuneet potilaat. Heitä seurattiin rekisteritietojen avulla vuoden 2009 loppuun, minkä ansiosta voitiin tutkia veronalennuksen vaikutusta potilaiden pitkäaikaisennusteeseen. Tutkimuksessa havainnoitiin humalassa tapahtuneen pään vamman vaikutusta epileptisen kohtauksen ja uuden aivovamman ilmaantumiseen seuranta-aikana. Haitallisesti alkoholia käyttävien päähän vammautuneiden potilaiden kuolleisuus lisääntyi merkitsevästi alkoholiveron alennuksen jälkeen. Myös alkoholiin liittyvän epileptisen kouristuksen sairastaneilla kuolleisuus lisääntyi merkitsevästi. Alkoholin vaikutuksen alaisena tapahtunut pään vamma oli riskitekijä uudelle epileptiselle kohtaukselle sekä uudelle aivovammalle seuranta-aikana. Tulokset vahvistavat aiempia havaintoja siitä, että alkoholin hinnan voimakas lasku lisää nopeasti alkoholin suurkuluttajien kuolleisuutta. Humalassa päätään loukanneella on lisääntynyt riski saada uusi aivovamma sekä uusi epileptinen kohtaus.