Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-13T11:59:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7758959 bytes, checksum: db745d41b196978192ebc789e25f442b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-13T11:59:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 7758959 bytes, checksum: db745d41b196978192ebc789e25f442b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / The use of plants for medicinal purposes is one of the oldest forms of medical practice of mankind, emphasizing the alkaloids because they present rich structural and pharmacological properties extensive variety. The drug design is aided by computer based strategies based on linkers or target. When developing new compounds, the structure-based techniques, such as docking, can be applied to study of certain receptor and its corresponding ligand, evaluating bindingprotein interactions. Whereas in the ligand-based methods, a database of known ligands is used, looking for ways to evaluate parameters (molecular descriptors) that can assist in the development of compounds with higher power. This study aimed to perform in silico studies to investigate drug-target interactions with alkaloids derived from natural products and their analogues with relevant pharmacological activity. Different molecular descriptors and methodologies were used in the studies developed. In chapter 2, the interaction of alkaloid bisindolic caulerpine (CLP) was evaluated with the enzyme involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), and a database with 109 analogs. It was possible to observe a chemical parameter of inhibition of PLC analogues where the replacement of the radicals must be asymmetric with different polarity. The studies based on the linker and the structure associated with the classification drug-like chemical skeleton suggest that the PLC has potential use in the treatment of AD. In chapter 3, 8 alkaloids isolated Cissampelos sympodialis and 101 derivatives, had their inhibitory potential against enzyme (BACE, GSK-3β and MAO-A) involved in degenerative diseases assessed by in silico methods. consensual analysis showed affinity alkaloids bisbenzilisoquinolinics by BACE, incluindos the roraimine natural alkaloids and simpodialine-β-N-oxide, supporting interest in investigating this skeleton as an antagonist of this enzyme. In Chapter 4 we evaluated the multi-target potential of 148 aphorphinics alkaloids Annonaceae against Leishmania donovani. Six were selected enzymes of this neglected disease for theoretical study, which was associated with experimental four alkaloids available data and integrating the bank, which had pIC50 value inferior to 5.26. The xyloguyelline alkaloid was named as a potential multi-agent target, demonstrating activity against 5 of 6 enzymes evaluated, likely to activity of over 60%. fragment descriptors were used to create model-based binder in a parallel approach with molecular docking to predict the cytotoxic and against topoisomerase II activity azaphenantrene alkaloids in chapter 5. The cytotoxic activity of this skeleton alkaloids are well described in the literature, molecules having activity against several tumor cell lines. The IMB 6 analog and 23 IMB showed interesting activity and selectivity, with MolDock energy similar to liriodenine composed characterized by potent anti-tumor action, but with high toxicity. Important structural information is provided by spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Chapter 6 aimed to discuss the importance of this technique for generating molecular descriptors. Studies that applied successfully in drug design NMR descriptors assisted by computer are described and several QSAR and QSPR having as support data chemical shifts. / A utilização de plantas com fins medicinais é uma das mais antigas formas de prática medicinal da humanidade, enfatizando os alcaloides, por apresentarem rica variedade estrutural e extensa propriedade farmacológica. O desenho de drogas auxiliado pelo computador é fundamentado em estratégias baseadas nos ligantes ou no alvo. No desenvolvimento de novos compostos, técnicas baseadas na estrutura, como o docking, podem ser aplicadas no estudo de um determinado receptor e seu respectivo ligante, avaliando as interações ligante-proteína. Ao passo que nos métodos baseados no ligante, um banco de ligantes conhecidos é utilizado, buscando modos de avaliar parâmetros (descritores moleculares) que possam auxiliar no desenvolvimento de compostos com maior potência. Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar estudos in silico para investigar interações fármaco-alvo com alcaloides oriundos de produtos naturais, e respectivos análogos, com relevante atividade farmacológica. Diferentes descritores moleculares e metodologias foram utilizadas nos estudos desenvolvidos. No capítulo 2, foi avaliado a interação do alcaloide bisindolico caulerpina (CLP) com a enzima envolvida na doença de Alzheimer (DA) monoamina oxidase B (MAO-B), além de um banco com 109 análogos. Foi possível observar um parâmetro químico de inibição dos análogos da CLP, onde a substituição dos radicais deve ser assimétrica com polaridade distinta. Os estudos dos baseados no ligante e na estrutura, associado à classificação drug-like, sugerem que o esqueleto químico da CLP tem potencial uso no tratamento da DA. No capítulo 3, 8 alcaloides isolados de Cissampelos sympodialis e 101 derivados, tiveram seu potencial inibitório contra enzimas (BACE, GSK-3β e MAO-A) envolvidas em doenças degenerativas avaliado por metodologias in silico. Análise consensual demonstrou afinidade de alcaloides bisbenzilisoquinolínicos pela BACE, incluindos os alcaloides naturais roraimina e simpodialina- β-N-oxide, suportando interesse em investigar este esqueleto como antagonista desta enzima. No capítulo 4 foi avaliado o potencial multi-target de 148 alcaloides aporfinicos de Annonaceae contra Leishmania donovani. Foram utilizadas seis enzimas desta doença negligenciada para o estudo teórico, que foi associado com dados experimentais de quatro alcaloides disponíveis e que integram o banco, que apresentaram valor pIC50 inferior a 5.26. O alcaloide xyloguyellina foi apontado como potencial agente multitarget, demonstrando atividade contra 5 das 6 enzimas avaliadas, com probabilidade de atividade superior a 60%. Descritores de fragmento foram utilizados para criar modelo baseado no ligante em uma abordagem paralela com docking molecular, para predizer a atividade citotóxica e contra topoisomerase II de azafenantreno alcaloides, no capítulo 5. A atividade citotóxica deste esqueleto de alcaloides está bem descrita na literatura, com diversas moléculas apresentando atividade contra linhagens de células tumorais. Os análogos IMB 6 e IMB 23 apresentaram interessante atividade e com seletividade, apresentando energia MolDock similar à liriodenina, composto caracterizado por potente ação antitumoral, porém com elevada toxicidade. Importantes informações estruturais são fornecidas pela espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), sendo o capítulo 6 destinado a discorrer sobre a importância desta técnica para geração de descritores moleculares. Estudos que aplicaram com sucesso descritores RMN em design de drogas assistida pelo computador encontram-se descritos, além de diversos estudos de QSAR e QSPR tendo como amparo dados de deslocamentos químicos.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Xylopia nitida and Xylopia sericea are commonly known as âembira-brancaâ and âpimenta do sertÃoâ, respectively, belonging to Annonaceae family. The chromatographic analysis of X. nitida roots allowed isolation of a trachlyobane diterpene, ent-trachlyoban-18,19-diol and its acetylated product, ent-18,19-diacetoxy-trachylobane, a kaurene diterpene, ent-kaur-16-en-18,19-diol, two aporphinic alkaloids, 5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-1-methoxy-(6aS)-4H-benzo[de][1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-g]quinoline e xylopine, and a glucoside, named 1-O-ethyl-β-D-glucopiranose. Also using chromatographic analysis of X. sericea fruits were obtained a kaurane diterpene, kauran-16β-ol and a diterpenes mixture, ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid and beyer-15-19-oic acid. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic studies (IR, MS and NMR). In the second part of this work, has been showed the diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) as a powerful tool in natural product mixture analysis. The assignment of NMR signals to specific components in a mixture is a challenging task. DOSY has provided important progress in this area, allowing the signals originating from individual components of different molecular sizes to be distinguished. However, when the sizes of the compounds are similar and/or the spectra are overlapped, signal assignment can easily become intractable. The use of a co-solute in a matrix-assisted DOSY (MAD) experiment can be a useful solution, improving diffusional (and sometimes spectral) resolution by exploiting selective binding to the matrix. The challenge is to apply MAD to molecules with high structural similarity, for example in natural product mixtures. Various surfactants, including SDS, AOT and CTAB have previously been shown to be effective in MAD analysis. Here we present an important addition, the Brij family of nonionic surfactants. We demonstrate the use of Brij micelles and other systems in mixed solvents with a variety of mixtures relevant to natural products. / Xylopia nitida e X. sericea, conhecidas popularmente como embira-branca e pimenta do sertÃo, respectivamente, sÃo espÃcies pertencentes à famÃlia Annonaceae. A anÃlise cromatogrÃfica dos extratos hexÃnico e etanÃlico das raÃzes de X. nitida possibilitou o isolamento de um diterpeno de esqueleto traquilobano, ent-traquiloban-18,19-diol e seu derivado acetilado, ent-18,19-diacetÃxi-traquilobano, um diterpeno de esqueleto caureno, ent-caur-16-en-18,19-diol, dois alcalÃides aporfÃnicos, 5,6,6a,7-tetraidro-1-metoxi-(6aS)-4H-benzo[de][1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-g]quinolina e xylopina e um glicosÃdeo, 1-O-etil-β-D-glicopiranose, todos de carÃter inÃdito na literatura, exceto os dois Ãltimos. AtravÃs da anÃlise cromatogrÃfica do extrato hexÃnico dos frutos de X. sericea foi possÃvel obter um diterpeno de esqueleto caurano denominado cauran-16β-ol e uma mistura de diterpenos, Ãcido ent-caur-16-en-19-Ãico e Ãcido beier-15-en-19-Ãico. O isolamento dos constituintes quÃmicos presentes nos extratos da raiz e frutos de X. nitida e X. sericea, respectivamente, foi realizada por mÃtodos cromatogrÃficos convencionais e a determinaÃÃo estrutural das substÃncias isoladas foi realizada a partir de mÃtodos espectromÃtricos como: IV, EM, RMN 1H, 13C e DEPT 135 incluindo tÃcnicas bidimensionais como, COSY, HSQC e HMBC. A primeira parte deste trabalho relata o estudo quÃmico das raÃzes de X. nitida e dos frutos de X. sericea. A espectroscopia ordenada por difusÃo ou DOSY (Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy) provà um meio para uma âseparaÃÃo virtualâ de compostos, atravÃs de um mapa bidimensional onde em um eixo temos o deslocamento quÃmico e em outro observamos o coeficiente de difusÃo (D) das molÃculas na mistura. A separaÃÃo de sinais somente à possÃvel quando espÃcies difundem a diferentes velocidades. Na quÃmica de produtos naturais, frequentemente nos deparamos com misturas de compostos quimicamente semelhantes e de tamanhos muito similares, o que torna limitado o experimento DOSY tradicional. Entretanto, o coeficiente de difusÃo das substÃncias pode ser modificado pela adiÃÃo de co-solutos e/ou co-solventes, surgindo a partir daà a espectroscopia ordenada por difusÃo assistida por matriz (matrix-assisted DOSY ou MAD). VÃrios surfactantes, incluindo SDS, AOT e CTAB tÃm se mostrado efetivos em anÃlises por MAD. Neste trabalho, experimentos MAD foram realizados com algumas misturas de produtos naturais com similaridades estruturais utilizando o Ãcido perfluoro-octanÃico (PFOA), polivinilpirrolidona (PVP) e os surfactantes Brij 78 e 98, que por sua vez, ainda nÃo haviam sido utilizados para esse propÃsito. NÃs tambÃm demonstramos a formaÃÃo de micelas de Brij 78 e 98 em misturas dos solventes DMSO-d6 e D2O.

As doenças tropicais endêmicas representam um grave problema sócio-econômico, no Brasil e no mundo. A leishmaniose insere-se neste quadro. Considerando o surgimento da resistência dos parasitas e a séria toxicidade da terapêutica convencional, a busca de novas alternativas é urgente. A família Annonaceae tem mostrado ser rica fonte de compostos com atividade antiprotozoária. Neste contexto, Annona squamosa L. foi selecionada. Sendo mais conhecida como \"fruta-do-conde\", apresenta uso na medicinal popular, como: antihelmíntica e no combate aos ectoparasitas. Entre os principais metabólitos secundários da espécie, citam-se: alcalóides isoquinolínicos, acetogeninas, flavonóides e óleo volátil. A atividade biológica de A. squamosa tem sido investigada, entretanto, aquela referente à ação antileishmania permaneceu inexplorada, até o presente trabalho, no qual foram avaliadas amostras referentes aos alcalóides totais, ao extrato hidroetanólico, aos infusos e frações orgânicas dos extratos obtidos, a partir de: folhas, pericarpos, sementes e arilos, coletados em quatro fases anuais. Os ensaios in vitro foram realizados frente às formas promastigotas de Leishmania amazonensis, tendo-se realizado, em paralelo, avaliação da citotoxicidade in vitro frente a células epiteliais humanas. Os mesmos extratos foram submetidos ao estudo químico para acompanhamento da variação sazonal qualitativa e quantitativa de classes de componentes e seus marcadores, selecionados por sua ação antileishmania potencial. As análises abrangeram alcalóides, flavonóides, polifenóis totais e taninos, tendo-se empregado as técnicas cromatográficas (CLAE, CCD) e a espectrofotométrica. Em complementação, efetuou-se o estudo morfoanatômico de folha. Os resultados serviram de estímulo para a continuidade do estudo visando ao isolamento de compostos bioativos. / Leishmaniasis, as well as other protozoal tropical endemic diseases, remains a serious Public Health problem all over the world. New altematives for their treatment are urgently needed, since the parasite resistance is increasing and the high toxicity of the conventional medicines reduces its patient adherence. In last decades, several vegetal species from the Annonaceae family showed to be a rich source of potential antiprotozoal metabolites. Therefore, Annona squamosa L. was selected. Although is largely known for its fleshy and flavorous fruits called \"pinhas\" and \"fruta do conde\", some medicinal properties have been attributed to different plant parts including the antihelminthic and against ectoparasites. The main secondary metabolites found in the species were: isoquinoline alkaloids, acetogenins, flavonoids and volatil oil. In this work, the in vitro antileishmanial activity was investigated for the total alkaloid and hidroalcoholic extracts, infuses and organic fractions from leaves, fruits, seeds and arils of A.squamosa collected in the four anuual phases. In vitro tests were also performed to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of extracts. Qualitative or quantitative analyses of alkaloids, total phenolics, total flavonoids and tannins were done by HPLC, spectrophotometric and TLC methods. The morphoanatomical study of leaves was also presented and illustrated by photos and photomicrographies. The results have encouraged deeper researches and further isolation of bioactive compounds.

The presente work describes the results obtained from the phytochemical studies bioguided of crude extracts of the bark of A. salzmannii, a species belonging to the Annonaceae family, front to tests of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and insecticide activities against larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. From the hexane extract were isolated five compounds, been three sesquiterpenes (caryophyllene oxide, spathulenol, and selin-11-en-4a-ol); and two steroids (stigmast-4-en-3-one and - sitosterol). From the chloroform alkaloidal fraction of the methanolic extract were isolated seven alkaloids: liriodenine, 10-methoxyliriodenine, anonaine, asimilobine, reticuline, cleistopholine, and a mixture of alkaloids anonaine and xylopine. The assay of antioxidant activity revealed that the methanol extract (3583.02 μmol of TE g-1) and its fractions, chloroform alkaloidal fraction (5291.77 μmol of TE g-1) and chloroform neutral fraction (2047.54 μmol of TE g-1) showed significant antioxidant activity, mainly the chloroform alkaloidal fraction. Among the alkaloids isolated and tested, asimilobine was the most active of them with antioxidant activity of 2.09 TE relative. For antimicrobial assay, the best results were observed for methanol extract and chloroform alkaloidal fraction against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC14458), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10799), Candida tropicalis (ATCC 157), and C. dubliniensis (ATCC 777). Among the alkaloids isolated and tested, all showed significant results with MIC values between 25-100 mg.mL-1, mainly the alkaloids anonaine, asimilobine, and liriodenine against Staphylococcus aureus penicilinase- (8-), S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228), S. epidermidis (6ep), and Candida dubliniensis (ATCC 778157). To the test of larvicidal activity, only the hexane extract and the fractions of methanol extract showed activity below 700 mg.mL-1. The caryophyllene oxide showed activity of 167 mg.mL-1. The results obtained confirm that A. salzmannii is a typical species of the Annonaceae family, and a promising source of biologically active compounds. / O presente trabalho descreve os resultados obtidos a partir do estudo fitoquímico biomonitorado dos extratos brutos das cascas de Annona salzmannii, uma espécie pertencente a família Annonaceae, frente a testes de atividades antioxidante, antimicrobiana e larvicida contra o Aedes aegypti. Do extrato hexânico foram isoladas cinco substâncias, sendo três sesquiterpenos (óxido de cariofileno, espatulenol e selin-11-en-4a-ol); e dois esteróides (estigmast-4-en-3-ona e - sitosterol). Da fração clorofórmica alcalóidica, proveninente do extrato metanólico, isolou-se sete alcalóides: liriodenina, 10-metoxiliriodenina, anonaina, asimilobina, reticulina, cleistofolina e uma mistura dos alcalóides anonaina e xylopina. O ensaio de atividade antioxidante revelou que o extrato metanólico (3583,02 μmol de TE g-1) e suas respectivas frações, fração clorofórmica alcalóidica (5291,77 μmol de TE g-1) e fração clorofórmica neutra (2047,54 μmol de TE g-1) apresentaram expressiva atividade antioxidante, com destaque para a fração clorofórmica alcaloídica. Dentre os alcalóides isolados e testados, asimilobina foi o mais ativo com atividade antioxidante de 2,09 TE relativo. Para o ensaio de atividade antimicrobiana, os melhores resultados foram observados para o extrato metanólico e a fração clorofórmica alcaloídica contra Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC14458), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10799), Candida tropicalis (ATCC 157) e C. dubliniensis (ATCC 777). Dentre os alcalóides isolados e testados, todos apresentaram resultados significativos com valores de CIM entre 25-100 mg.mL-1, com destaque para os alcalóides anonaina, asimilobina e liriodenina frente a Staphylococcus aureus penicilinase-(8-), S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228), S. epidermidis (6ep) e Candida dubliniensis (ATCC 778157). Para o teste de atividade larvicida, apenas o extrato hexânico e as frações provenientes do extrato metanólico apresentaram atividade abaixo de 700 mg.mL-1. O óxido de cariofileno apresentou atividade de 167 mg.mL-1. Os resultados obtidos confirmam que A. salzmannii é quimicamente uma espécie típica da família Annonaceae, além de uma fonte promissora de substâncias biologicamente ativas.

Há muitos agentes terapêuticos comercializados sob forma racêmica. Os enantiômeros podem apresentar diferenças significativas nos perfis farmacocinético e farmacodinâmico. O uso do enantiômero puro em formulações farmacêuticas pode resultar em melhor ajuste de dose e menos efeitos adversos. A atropina, um alcalóide natural da Atropa belladonna, é a mistura racêmica de l-hiosciamina e d-hiosciamina. Este fármaco é principalmente utilizado para dilatar a pupila e como um antiespasmódico. Para quantificar estes enantiômeros, foram desenvolvidos métodos analíticos utilizando a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) com as fases estacionárias quirais Chiralcel-OD® e Chiral-AGP®. Para quantificar estes enantiômeros em soluções oftálmicas, foi realizada a validação com sucesso de um método por CLAE, empregando uma coluna Chiral-AGP®, a 20°C. A fase móvel foi uma solução tampão fosfato (contendo 10 mM de 1-octanosulfonato de sódio e 7,5 mM de trietilamina, ajustada para pH 7,0 com ácido fosfórico) e acetonitrila (99:1 v/v). A vazão foi de 0,6 mL/min, com detecção ultravioleta em 205 nm. No intervalo de concentração de 14,0 µg/mL a 26,0 µg/mL, o método é linear (r > 0,9999), exato (100,1% - 100,5%) e preciso (RSDsistema ≤ 0,6%; RSDintra-dia ≤ 1,1%; RSDentre-dias ≤ 0,9%). O método é específico e os testes de validação asseguram que as soluções de padrão e amostra são estáveis até 72 horas. O planejamento fatorial assegura a robustez com variação de ±10% nos componentes da fase móvel e 2°C na temperatura da coluna. / There are many therapeutic agents commercialized under racemic form. The enantiomers can show significant differences in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. The use of pure enantiomer in pharmaceutical formulations can result in better adjustment of dose and less adverse effects. Atropine, an alkaloid of the Atropa belladonna, is a racemic mixture of l-hyoscyamine and d-hyoscyamine. This drug is mainly used to dilate the pupil and as an antispasmodic agent. To quantify these enantiomers analytical methods were developed, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with chiral stationary phases Chiralcel OD® and Chiral AGP®. To quantify these enantiomers in ophthalmic solutions the validation of a HPLC method was performed using a Chiral AGP® column at 20°C. The mobile phase consisted of a buffered phosphate solution (containing 10 mM 1-octanesulfonic acid sodium salt and 7.5 mM triethylamine, adjusted to pH 7.0 with ortho-phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile (99:1 v/v). The flow rate was 0.6 mL/min, with ultraviolet detection at 205 nm. In the concentration range from 14.0 mg/mL to 26.0 mg/mL, the method is linear (r > 0.9999), exact (100.1% - 100.5%) and precise (RSDsystem ≤ 0.6%; RSDintra-day ≤ 1.1%; RSDinter day ≤ 0.9%). The method is specific and the validation tests assure that standard and sample solutions are stable for up to 72 hours. The factorial design assures the robustness with variation of ± 10% in the mobile phase components and 2°C of column temperature.

Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons poursuivi l’étude de la biosynthèse d’alcaloïdes défensifs des coccinelles. Trois espèces ont été plus particulièrement étudiées :Adalia bipunctata (qui produit l’adaline [32]), Coccinella septempunctata (contenant la coccinelline [29]) et Harmonia axyridis (produisant l’harmonine [34]).<p>Afin d’identifier le (ou les) acide(s) gras précurseur(s) de ces alcaloïdes, nous avons dans un premier temps synthétisé des acides gras spécifiquement marqués. Nous avons ainsi préparé les acides [14-3H]myristique, [16-3H]palmitique, [18-3H]stéarique, [18-13C]stéarique et [11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16, 16,17,17,18,18,18-2H]stéarique.<p>Les différents acides gras marqués au tritium sur le méthyle terminal ont ensuite été incorporés successivement chez les trois espèces de coccinelles mentionnées ci-dessus, en utilisant la technique d’incorporation in vitro mise au point par Laurent et al. ( )<p>Les incorporations chez Adalia bipunctata ont montré que l’acide myristique est incorporé préférentiellement dans l’adaline. <p>Chez Coccinella septempunctata par contre, l’acide stéarique est incorporé dans la coccinelline environ 25 fois plus efficacement que les acides myristique et palmitique.<p>Enfin, les incorporations chez Harmonia axyridis ont établi que l’acide stéarique est le précurseur de l’harmonine. De plus, grâce à l’incorporation de l’acide [11,11,12,12,13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,17,17,18,18,18-2H]stéarique, le mécanisme de formation de l’amine secondaire a été précisé.<p>/<p>In spite of their red-orange colors, which could increase risks of predation, Coccinellidae are rarely exploited as food sources by predators. Many of them owe their protection, at least in part, to the presence of repellents and, in some cases, toxic alkaloids in the hemolymph emitted during a process called "reflex bleeding". Previous studies have shown that the biosynthesis of these alkaloids is related to fatty acid metabolism. <p>In our doctoral thesis, we wanted to clarify what are the fatty acids precursors of adaline (Adalia bipunctata), coccinelline (Coccinella septempunctata) and harmonine (Harmonia axyridis), with the use of various techniques of labelling (3H, D, 13C, etc.).<p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’étude de la relation structure-activité d’analogues de ligands naturels de récepteurs nicotiniques et purinergiques. Ce travail se divise en deux parties.<p><p>Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous avons réalisé la synthèse d’analogues de la 11-homosédinone, alcaloïde isolé de la plante Sedum acre, qui présente une activité agoniste sur différents récepteurs nicotiniques du système nerveux central. Les différents analogues ont été synthétisé par application de la méthoxylation anodique pour introduire succesivement deux substituants en postion 2 et 6 d’un noyau pipéridinique. Les analogues synthétisés se différencient par la nature du noyau aromatique, la présence d’un groupement méthyle sur l’atome d’azote de la pipéridine et l’oxydation du sustituant en position 2. Ce travail a notamment permis de montré l’importance du groupement N-méthyle vis-à-vis de l’activité des analogues. Nous avons également pu mettre en évidence que l’introduction d’un halogène sur le noyau aromatique diminuait l’activité de l’analogue sur le récepteur a7 tout en augmentant l’acitivité sur le récepteur a4b2 et que l’introduction d’un noyau furanique permettait d’augmenter la sélectivité vis-à-vis du récepteur a4b2 tandis que l’introduction sur le noyau aromatique d’un groupement nitro ou méthoxy conduit à une perte totale de l’activité.<p><p>Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, nous avons réalisé la synthèse d’analogues de la dATP, afin d’évaluer leur effet agoniste sur le récepteur P2Y11, impliqué dans différents mécanismes de différentiation cellulaire, dont notamment celui de la maturation des cellules leucémiques HL60 en cellules de type neutrophile. Les analogues synthétisés se différencient de la dATP par la présence d’un groupement méthylène ou dichlorométhylène entre les phosphores b et g de la chaîne polyphosphate, ainsi que par l’estérification de l’alcool en position 3’ du sucre. Ce travail a pu confirmer que les analogues en série 2’-désoxy conduisent à de meilleures activités que ceux de la série 2’-OH. Nous avons également pu montrer que l’estérification de la position 3’ conduit à une diminution de l’activité agoniste, à l’exception du groupement a-naphtoyle qui conduit à une augmentation significative de l’activité sur P2Y11.<p><p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation chimie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur l’étude chimique d’espèces marines échantillonnées en Méditerranée. Dans le cadre du projet VALBIM, co-financé par la région PACA et en étroite collaboration avec la société BioPreserv à Grasse mais également avec la Mycoteca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT) de l’Université de Turin, nous avons isolé et caractérisé 21 molécules dont 14 se sont avérées nouvelles. L’étude de l’algue Caulerpa taxifolia a conduit à la caulerpényne et à quatre nouveaux dérivés de l’acide pyruvique sulfatés. Les travaux sur l’ascidie Polysyncraton sp. ont conduit aux bolascidines A-D, quatre nouveaux métabolites de type bolaamphiphiles dont il n’existe pas à notre connaissance d’équivalent naturel ou synthétique. La première étude chimique de l’éponge Hexadella racovitzai a conduit à deux dérivés de la bromotyrosine, la psammapline A et une nouvelle molécule, la 4-Osulfatocyclobispsammapline A. Par ailleurs, trois nouvelles crambescines C1, conjointement avec une crambescine A2 déjà répertoriée, ont été isolées de Crambe crambe. L’étude du champignon marin Stachybotrys chartarum, isolé de l’éponge Aplysina cavernicola, a conduit à la satratoxine H et à deux nouveau dérivé, la 2,3-dihydrosatratoxine H et l’épi-chartarutine G, ainsi qu’à trois dérivés stachybotrylactame déjà répertoriés dans la bibliographie. Les différents métabolites ont été évalués pour leurs propriétés antibactériennes et cytotoxiques. Ces travaux ont bénéficié de nouvelles approches analytiques (calculs des spectres de dichroïsme circulaire électroniques par TDDFT, réseaux moléculaires) permettant de renforcer l’intérêt des études liées à l’écologie chimique et à la recherche de nouvelles molécules bioactives potentiellement valorisables dans différents domaines. / This PhD work focuses on the chemical study of marine species sampled in the Mediterranean Sea. As part of the VALBIM project, cofinanced by the region PACA and in close collaboration with the SME BioPreserv in Grasse but also with the Mycoteca Universitatis Taurinensis (MUT) of the University of Turin, we have isolated and characterized 21 molecules in total.14 of them were never reported before. The study of the seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia led to caulerpenyne and four new sulphated pyruvic acid derivatives. The work on the ascidian Polysyncraton sp. led to bolascidins A-D, four new metabolites which belong to the bolaamphiphile family, which, to the best of our knowledge, have no natural or synthetic equivalent. The first chemical study of the sponge Hexadella racovitzai led to two bromotyrosine derivatives, psammapline A and a new molecule, 4-O-sulfatocyclobispsammapline A. In addition, three new C1 crambescins, together with one crambescine A2 already reported, have been isolated from Crambe crambe. For all isolated marine invertebrate metabolites, the producer(s) remain(s) to be explored. The study of the marine fungus Stachybotrys chartarum, isolated from the sponge Aplysina cavernicola, led to satratoxin H and three stachybotrylactam derivatives already reported in the literature, and to 2,3-dihydrosatratoxin H and epi-chartarutine G, two new natural products. The different metabolites were evaluated for their antibacterial and cytotoxic properties. This work benefited from new analytical approaches (calculations of electronic circular dichroïsm spectra by TDDFT, molecular networking) and reinforced the interest of studies related to chemical ecology and search for new bioactive molecules to be valorized in different areas.

Choisya ternata est une plante ornementale souvent touchée par la maladie de la pourriture racinaire provoquée par Phytophthora. Cette maladie peut induire de pertes allant jusqu’à 80 %, ce qui implique l’utilisation intensive de produits phytosanitaires. Afin de limiter l’utilisation de ces produits toxiques, une meilleure connaissance des acteurs de la défense des plantes est nécessaire. Pour cela, les objectifs de cette thèse sont I) d’identifier les espèces du genre Phytophthora pathogènes de C. ternata, II) d’étudier des acteurs de défense au niveau racinaire et III) de développer une approche de lutte alternative aux phytosanitaires. L’identification des espèces de Phytophthora par l’amplification et le séquençage de la région ITS, montre la présence de Phytophthora parasitica dans la production de C. ternata en pépinière. Ils mettent aussi en évidence, pour la première fois en France et chez Choisya, la présence de Phytophthora tropicalis. Deux cultivars de C. ternata sont utilisés pour étudier les acteurs de la défense racinaire contre P. parasitica, Aztec pearl (moins sensible à la pourriture racinaire) et Goldfinger (plus sensible). Les arabinogalactane-protéines (AGPs) sont des glycomolécules de la paroi cellulaire qui constitue une barrière physique face aux pathogènes. Des études ont montré le rôle des AGPs dans l’interaction plante-pathogène et plus particulièrement avec les oomycètes. Toutefois, le rôle des AGPs racinaires de Choisya dans l’interaction avec P. parasitica n’est pas étudié. Nos résultats montrent des différences biochimiques au niveau de la composition monosaccharidique des AGPs racinaires d’Aztec pearl en comparaison avec les AGPs de feuilles de ce cultivar et les AGPs de feuilles et de racines de Goldfinger. Contrairement aux autres fractions, ces AGPs n’ont pas augmenté la croissance du mycélium de P. parasitica. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’oomycète n’est pas capable de dégrader cette fraction pour l’utiliser comme une source d’énergie. Pendant l’infection de la plante par P. parasitica, ces AGPs peuvent freiner la pénétration du pathogène, et par conséquent diminuer la sévérité de la maladie. Les plantes ont aussi développé des molécules chimiques nommées métabolites secondaires (MS) capables de les protéger contre leurs agresseurs. Des études ont montré que la partie foliaire de Choisya est riche en MS tels que les alcaloïdes dont plusieurseffets pharmacologiques sont connus. Cependant, leur composition racinaire et leur rôle dans la protection de la plante contre P. parasitica ne sont pas élucidés. Nos résultats montrent que les racines des deux cultivars sont riches en alcaloïdes furoquinoliques. Certains alcaloïdes sont présents en plus grande quantité chez Aztec pearl, mais suite à l’inoculation de zoospores de P. parasitica cette différence n’est plus détectable. De plus, l’extrait contenant les alcaloïdes totaux d’Aztec pearl ont été capables d’inhiber la croissance du mycélium de l’oomycète, contrairement à l’extrait issu de Goldfinger. Ces résultats montrent le rôle potentiel des alcaloïdes furoquinoliques dans la protection de la plante contre cet oomycète. / Choisya ternata is an ornamental plant that suffers from root rot disease due to Phytophthora. This disease can lead to severe production losses (up to 80 %), which require intensive use of phytosanitary products. A better understanding of plants defenses in required in order to reduce the use of these products. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis are I) identifying Phytophthora spp. pathogens of C. ternata, II) studying roots defense actors and III) developing an alternative control approach. Phytophthora spp. identification by ITS region amplification and sequencing highlighted the presence of Phytophthora parasitica on Choisya. Furthermore, Phytophthora tropicalis was identified for the first time in France and on Choisya culture. Two C. ternata cultivars were used to study the plants root defense actors against P. parasitica, Aztec pearl (less susceptible to root rot) and Goldfinger (more susceptible to root rot). Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are glycomolecules of the cell wall which constitutes a physical barrier to pathogens. Studies showed the role of AGPs in the plant-pathogen interaction and more specifically in the case of oomycetes. However, Choisya root AGPs role in the interaction with P. parasitica is not studied. Our results showed biochemical differences in the monosaccharide composition of Aztec pearl root AGPs and the other AGPs fractions (Aztec pearl leaves and Goldfinger roots and leaves). Contrary to other fractions Aztec pearl root AGPs did not increase P. parasitica mycelium growth. These results suggest that oomycete was not able to degrade this fraction and use it as energy source. When P. parasitica infects the plant, these AGPs may be able to slow the infection and reduce disease severity. Plants have also developed chemical molecules known as secondary metabolites (SM) capable of protecting them against attackers. Studies showed that C. ternata leaves are rich with SM as alkaloids that have many pharmacological activities. Nevertheless, roots alkaloids composition and role in plant protection are not studied. Our results showed that roots of the two cultivars are riche with furoquinoline alkaloids. Some these alkaloids were more concentrated in Aztec pearl. But after inoculation with P. parasitica zoospores, the difference was not detectable anymore. Moreover, the total alkaloids extract of Aztec pearl inhibited P. parasitica mycelium growth, unlike the extract of Goldfinger. Another strategy of plants protection is the use of beneficial soil microorganisms that limits pathogens development and stimulate plant defenses. These microorganisms are known as biological control agents (BCA) and are sometimes used in horticulture as an alternative control strategy. In our study, treatments of C. ternata by different BCA were evaluated by a developed real time PCR (qPCR) targeting ypt1 and by symptoms annotation. This evaluation showed that combined treatments by Glomus intraradices with Gliocladium catenulatum and G. intraradices with Trichoderma atroviridae (respectively mycorrhizal fungi and filamentous fungi) offer a better protection against P. parasitica.

<p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji je uspe&scaron;no izvr&scaron;eno izolovanje&nbsp;opijatnih alkaloida iz humanih biolo&scaron;kih uzoraka (moždanog&nbsp;tkiva, krvi, urina i žuči) kao i biolo&scaron;kih uzoraka&nbsp;<br />eksperimentalnih životinja (moždanog tkiva i krvi) primenom&nbsp;postupka čvrsto-tečne ekstrakcije (SPE-Solid Phase Extraction).&nbsp;Modifikovan je postupak za kvalitativnu i kvantitativnu GC-MS&nbsp;(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analizu biolo&scaron;kih&nbsp;<br />uzoraka.&nbsp;Utvrđena je distribucija opijatnih alkaloida: morfina, kodeina,&nbsp;acetilkodeina, 6-acetilmorfina i heroina u humanim biolo&scaron;kim&nbsp;uzorcima moždanog tkiva (moždanoj kori, moždanom stablu,&nbsp;amigdali i bazalnim jedrima), pri čemu je najveći sadržaj&nbsp;<br />opijata određen u moždanoj kori i bazalnim jedrima,&nbsp;podjednako kod mu&scaron;kih i ženskih osoba.&nbsp;Utvrđena je distribucija opijatnih alkaloida: morfina, kodeina,&nbsp;acetilkodeina, 6-acetilmorfina i heroina u biolo&scaron;kim uzorcima&nbsp;moždanog tkiva (moždanoj kori, moždanom &nbsp;stablu, amigdali i&nbsp;bazalnim jedrima) i krvi eksperimentalnih životinja (pacova), u&nbsp;<br />različitim vremenskim periodima (5, 15, 45 i 120 minuta) od&nbsp;tretiranja životinja heroinom.&nbsp;Najveći sadržaj opijata je određen u moždanoj kori i bazalnim&nbsp;jedrima, podjednako kod mužjaka i ženki pacova ali u različitim&nbsp;vremenskim periodima. U uzorcima krvi je najveći sadržaj&nbsp;opijata određen u istom vremenskom periodu kod životinja oba&nbsp;pola, pri čemu su kod mužjaka određene znatno veće vrednosti&nbsp;koncentracija, &scaron;to ukazuje na bržudistribuciju opijata iz krvi u&nbsp;mozak kod ženki u &nbsp;odnosu na mužjake pacova.&nbsp;Utvrđeno je da je distribucija opijata u humanom moždanom&nbsp;tkivu kod pripadnika suprotnih polova kao i moždanom tkivu&nbsp;mužjaka i ženki pacova (nakon 120 minuta od tretiranja&nbsp;heroinom), identična.&nbsp;Ispitivanjem uticaja opijata &nbsp;na markere oksidativnog stresa u&nbsp;jetri eksperimentalnih životinja suprotnih polova, utvrđeno je&nbsp;smanjenje aktivnosti enzima: katalaze (CAT), glutation-peroksidaze (GSH- Px), peroksidaze (Px) i ksantin-oksidaze&nbsp;(XOD).</p> / <p>Opiate alkaloids were successfully isolated from human biological samples (brain tissue, blood, urine, and bile) as well as from biological samples of experimental animals (brain tissue and blood) by applying procedure of solid-phase extraction (SPE). A modified procedure was worked out for qualitative and quantitative analysis of biological samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The distribution of opiate alkaloids:morphine, codeine, acetylcodeine, 6-acetylmorphine, and heroine in human biological samples of brain tissue (cortex, brain stem, amigdala and basal nuclei) was established, showing the highest content of opiates &nbsp; in the cortex and basal nuclei, equal with male and female persons. It was established how the opiatealkaloids: morphine codeine, acetylcodeine, 6-acetylmorphine&nbsp; and heroine are distributed in biological samples of brain tissue (cortex, brain stem, amigdala and basal nuclei) and blood of experimental animals&nbsp; (rats) in different time periods (5, 15, 45 and 120 min) after the animal treatment with&nbsp;heroine. The highest content of opiates was found in the cortex and basal nuclei,&nbsp;equal in the male and female rats, but in different time periods. In blood samples, the highest content of opiates was measured in the same period with animals of both sexes, the concentration in the males being significantly higher, indicating a faster passage of the opiates from blood to brain in the female compared to male rats.&nbsp;Identical distribution of opiates was found in human brain tissue of both male and female subjects as in rats of both sexes (120 min after treatment with heroine).&nbsp;Study of the effect of opiates on the markers of oxidative stress in the liver of tested animals of opposite sexes showed a lowered activity of the following enzymes: &nbsp;catalase (CAT), glutathion-peroxidase (GSH-Px), peroxidase (Px) and xanthine-xidase &nbsp;(XOD).</p>