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The relationship to professionals has proved to be a helping factor for personswith severe mental illness, but it is also a relationship characterised by anunbalanced power relation. The aim of this study was to compile and analyze theknowledge of what persons with severe mental illness themselves consider to behelping in the relationship to professionals, and to specifically analyse this from apower perspective. The analysis was conducted using Foucault’s ideas of powerand knowledge, and an empowerment perspective. The method used was anarrative review. Fourteen relevant studies were included, in which fouroverarching themes were identified; building the basis for helping, workingtogether, more than a consumer and the professional role. The institutionalisedknowledge regarding the consumers, their problems and in which way thisrelationship is helping, was understood as an integral part of the power within therelationship. To share power by looking beyond this knowledge, going beyond theinstitutionalised way of helping and instead taking the consumer’s view intoaccount, was seen as helping. This knowledge calls for professionals to, inambition to helping individuals with severe mental illness, be open to the variousdifferent ways of doing so.

Markskador,så kallade allvarliga körskador,i samband med skogsåtgärdersomgallring, slutavverkning och markberedningär ett allmänt och känt problem.Allvarliga körskador kan innebära grav påverkan på miljön, exempelvis urlakning av giftiga ämnen som kvicksilver i vattendragdär de utgör stor risk för människors hälsa. Arbetet motkörskador är reglerat via lagstiftning (Sveriges Miljömål, u.å.; SVL1979:429; FSC, 2019& PEFC, 2019)och trotsatt arbetet går åt rätt håll har allvarliga körskador ökat i olika delar av landet. I Mälardalen exempelvishar andelen allvarliga körskador i anslutning till bäcköverfarter ökat från 4 till 18 procent under åren 1999-2007. Allvarliga körskador är en utmaning för skogsbruket i stort. Svenska kyrkansom en av landets största skogsägarearbetaraktivt med att minskamiljöpåverkan tillföljd avallvarliga körskador. Svenska kyrkans skogscertifiering(SKSC)förvaltar ca 400000 hektar produktiv skogsmark och har som mål att minska andelen trakter med allvarliga körskador med 75 procent. En intern undersökning om arbetet motallvarliga körskador visade på att det finns behov av förbättring i kommunikationen med entreprenörer. För atthitta förbättringsåtgärder för att minska andelen allvarliga körskadorutfördes två kvalitativa gruppintervjuermed fokus på arbetssätt i planering, gallring, slutavverkning och markberedning inom SKSC. Engruppintervju genomfördes med fem personerfrån SKSCsomplanläggerskogsbruksåtgärderoch en med tre av de entreprenörersom anlitas av SKSCför att utföra åtgärderna. Studien relaterar även till utmaningar som finns i det dagliga arbetet motallvarliga körskador och kommunikationen mellan planerarna från SKSCoch entreprenörerna i syfte att förebygga allvarliga körskador. Det teoretiska ramverket var lärande organisationprimärt ur systemtänkandeperspektiv enligt Peter M. Senge och sekundärt ur organisationsstruktur, det vill säga SKSC:s strukturi enlighet med Anders Örtenblad. Undersökningen demonstrerade på en stor medvetenhet hosbåde SKSC:splanerare och anlitade entreprenörer om hur deras egna insatser kommer att påverka senare steg i skogsåtgärdsprocessen. Planeringen som utförs dels av personal hos SKSC och dels av entreprenörer i fält ansågs som fundamentdär dialog, kontakt, självgranskning och feedback visade sig vara de viktigaste verktygen i skadeförebyggande syfte. Resultatet påvisade att SKSC:sstruktur försvårar för arbetet med att minska andelen trakter med allvarliga körskador. I syfte att förbättra arbetssätten föreslås ett tillvaratagandeav kompetensen hosalla delaktiga, utvecklingav dialog mellan SKSC, bolagen och entreprenörerna. Dialogen ska tjänatill att kartläggaSKSC:s, bolagens och entreprenörens mål, att ge stöd vid nya rutiner och lämnafeedback. För att skapa större delaktighet bland entreprenörer, förebygga att instruktioner misstolkas samt att de nårut i hela utförandekedjan föreslås en standardiseradinformationsplattform,åtgärdsanpassade instruktioner i traktdirektivet samt ett förtydligande om vad entreprenören skallansvara för. / Soil damage, so-called serious driving injuries in connection with forestry activities such as forest thinning, finishing and land preparation is a common and well-known problem. Serious driving injuries can have a serious impact on the environment, such as leaching of toxic substances,for examplemercury, into waterways wherethey pose a great risk to human health. Work on driving injuries is regulated by legislation (Sweden’s Environmental Goals, n.d.; SVL 1979:429; FSC & PEFC) but despite the processgoing into the right direction, serious driving injuries have increased in variousparts of the country. In the valley of Lake Mälaren, for example, the proportion of serious driving injuries in connection with stream crossings has increased from 4 to 18 percent during the years 1999-2007. Serious driving injuries are a challenge toforestry in general. The Swedish Church as one of the country’s largest forest owners is actively working to reduce the environmental impact due to serious driving injuries. The Swedish Church’s Forest Certification (Swedish abbreviation SKSC) managesabout 400,000 hectares of productive forest land and aims to reduce the proportion of areas with serious driving damages by 75 percent. An internal study of the work against serious driving injuries showed that there is a need for improvement in communication with contractors. In order to find improvement measures to reduce the proportion of serious driving injuries, two qualitative group interviews were conducted, focusing on working methods in planning, thinning, final harvesting and soil preparation within SKSC. A group interview was conducted with five persons from SKSC planning forestry measures and another interview with three of the contractors hired by SKSC to carry out the measures. The study also relates to challenges that exist in the daily work against serious driving injuries and the communication between the planners from SKSC and the contractors, aiming to prevent serious driving injuries.The theoretical framework was the learning organization primarily from a systems thinking perspective according toPeter M. Senge and secondarily from organizational structure, i. e. SKSC’s structure according toAnders Örtenblad. The survey demonstrated a great awareness among both SKSC’s planners and contractors on how their own efforts will affect later steps in the forestrymeasure process.The planning carried out partly by SKSC staff and partly by contractors in the field was considered the basis for dialogue, contact, self-examination and feedback which proved to be the most important tools for injury prevention. The result showed that SKSC’s structure makes it difficult for the work to reduce the proportion of areas with serious driving injuries. In order to improve working methods, it is proposed to utilize the competence of all persons involved, developing a dialogue between SKSC, the companies and the contractors. This dialogue will serve to identify the goals of SKSC, the companies and the contractors, support new routines and provide feedback. In order to create more efficient participation among contractors, preventinstructions from being misinterpreted and reach them throughout the performing chain, a standardized information platform is proposed, action-adapted instructions in the treaty directive and a clarification of the responsibilities of the contractor.

Leder hårdare straff till färre brott? Det sambandet ämnar vi undersöka i denna uppsats. För att att göra det analyserar vi 2010 års straffmätningsreform som förlängde straffen för allvarliga våldsbrott. Reformen påverkade vissa brott men inte alla, vilket vi utnyttjar som ett naturligt experiment i en difference-indifferencesansats. De brottstyper som påverkades används som behandlingsgrupp, medan de som inte påverkades används som jämförelsegrupp. Därefter tolkas skillnaden i förändring hos de båda gruppernas brottsfrekvenser ut. När hela efterperioden analyseras finner vi ingen statistiskt signifikant effekt. Analyseras varje år i efterperioden för sig finner vi en negativ och statistiskt signifikant effekt på 14,9 % av reformen året efter den trädde i kraft (2011). / Do longer prison sentences lead to fewer committed crimes? This paper pursues to evaluate this causation through a difference-in-differences analysis. In 2010, there was a reform in Sweden that meant to make prison sentences longer for some crimes. The fact that the reform affected some crimes but not others is exploited as a natural experiment. We use the types of crime that were affected by the reform as a treatment group and the types of crime that were not affected as a control group. Then we assess the difference in frequency change of the two groups of crimes after the reform took effect. When the whole post reform period is analyzed, we find no statistically significant effects. When the effect is isolated one year after the reform was implemented (2011) we find a statistically significant effect of 14.9 %. There is no statistically significant result when the reform is isolated for 2012 and 2013.

This master's thesis is an investigation and evaluation of MELCOR (a software tool for severe accident analyses regarding nuclear power plants), or more correctly of the (ASEA-Atom BWR 75) reactor model developed for version 1.8.6 of MELCOR. The main objective was to determine if MELCOR, with the reactor model in question, is able to produce satisfactory results in severe accident analyses compared to results made by MAAP, which is currently the only official software tool for this application in Sweden. The thesis work is related to the RASTEP project. This project has been carried out in several stages on behalf of SSM since 2009, with a number of specific issues explored within an NKS funded R&D project carried out 2011-2013. This investigation is related to the NKS part of the project. The purpose with the RASTEP project is to develop a method for rapid source term prediction that could aid the authorities in decision making during a severe accident in a nuclear power plant. A software tool, which also gave the project its name, i.e. RASTEP (RApid Source TErm Prediction), is therefore currently under development at Lloyd's Register Consulting. A software tool for severe accident analyses is needed to calculate the source terms which are the end result from the predictions made by RASTEP. A set of issues have been outlined in an earlier comparison between MAAP and MELCOR. The first objective was therefore to resolve these pre-discovered issues, but also to address new issues, should they occur. The existing MELCOR reactor model also had to be further developed through the inclusion of various safety systems, since these systems are required for certain types of scenarios. Subsequently, a set of scenarios was simulated to draw conclusions from the additions made to the reactor model. Most of the issues (pre-discovered as well as new ones) could be resolved. However the work also rendered a set of issues which are in need of further attention and investigation. The overall conclusion is that MELCOR is indeed a promising alternative for severe accident analyses in the Swedish work with nuclear safety. Several potential benefits from making use of MELCOR besides MAAP have been identified. In conclusion, they would be valuable assets to each other, e.g. since deviations in the results (between the two codes) would highlight possible weaknesses of the simulations. Finally it is recommended that the work on improving the MELCOR reactor model should continue. / RASTEP

Physical activity is an essential component of a healthy life, e.g. to prevent obesity, cardiovascular disease and premature death, of which sports can be an important part. Unfortunately, sports activities increase the risk of both overuse and acute injuries. Severe acute injuries may also lead to a permanent medical impairment (PMI), which may influence the ability to be physically active throughout life. However, sports injuries may be prevented, but a profound understanding of the injuries and how to prevent them is needed. This doctoral thesis examine acute sports injuries reported by licensed athletes of all ages and level of sports nationwide in Sweden, by using national insurance data. Approximately 80% of all the Sports Federations (SF) had their mandatory accident insurance in the insurance company Folksam, and since there is no national sports injury surveillance system in Sweden, this is a unique database, able to be used in epidemiological studies on acute injuries occurring in organized sports in Sweden. The main aim of this thesis was to identify high-risk sports for acute injuries, the most common and the most severe injuries, especially in large sports with numerous licensed athletes, many injuries and injuries resulting in PMI. Based on the results, there will be recommendations regarding sports and body locations where injury prevention efforts should be focused to gain the greatest prevention effect at a national level in Sweden. Another aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a neuromuscular knee control training program (KCP) that has been implemented nationwide to reduce knee and cruciate ligament injuries, among football players in Sweden. After evaluating the validity and reliability of the information within the database based on international guidelines, acute injury data were examined and the results presented in four papers. These results showed that there is a need of injury prevention especially in motorcycle sports, team ball sports, and ice hockey. Particularly, knee injuries need to be prevented since they were both the most common injuries and leading to PMI. The severe head- and upper limb injuries also need attention. Sixty-nine percent of the PMI injured athletes, were younger than 25 years. The injury prevention training program, KCP can be considered partially implemented nationwide, since 21 out of 24 district SFs provided KCP educations. The incidence of knee and cruciate ligament injuries has decreased among football players in Sweden. A concerning aspect is that there is no national official policy regarding sports injury and injury prevention in Sweden, nor an official authority that has the explicit responsibility for these issues.