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Sociological explanations for human conduct usually place major ontological and epistemological emphasis upon either discursive or material relations without ever establishing or adequately specifying the validity of this dichotomy. Early texts by the Critical Realist philosopher Roy Bhaskar address this forced separation by creating an integrated ontological and epistemological field that provides a more detailed and precise theoretical ordering to agents, objects, and entities. Undertaking a developmental critique of Bhaskar’s arguments, this thesis extends Critical Realism’s role as theoretical ‘underlabourer’ and creates an expanded theoretical framework that balances discursive and material accounts. Utilising the sophisticated analyses of the structure and operation of discourses found in the work of Michel Foucault alongside the innovative arguments for aleatory materialism developed by Louis Althusser, a critique is established that shows discursive, material, and social relations to be complex, immanent, and, importantly, mutually constitutive. In each theory three core concepts of events, emergence, and the extra-discursive are shown to not only be present but also to operate as the main means of explaining social change. The result of integrating Critical Realism, Foucault, and Althusser in this sympathetic but non-syncretic form is the generation of a non-reductionist materialism combined with discursive relations. On this basis, social change is shown to be the result of restructured discursive and material relations of which human agents are only one part. The thesis provides an illustration of the theoretical argument with an empirical component which examines the formation and decline of the British nuclear industry between its inception in the early 1950s to the year 2000. The conclusion is that the form taken by nuclear energy is not entirely determined by any single one of political, economic, or scientific forces but is, instead, the product of multiple and complex interactions of immanent discursive and material relations that are, importantly, mutually reinforcing. / Thesis (Ph.D, Sociology) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-27 12:38:25.909

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:46:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kogawa_jmm_dr_arafcl.pdf: 856874 bytes, checksum: 2c5fb4a6365ae2931770ad0d4f6a3c63 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Plus qu'accepter un champ de savoir sédimenté et enfermé dans ses origines démarquées, l’analyse archéologique foucaldienne nos fait aller au-delà les superficies. L’archéologie du savoir ne peut être, dans ce cas, qu’historique, car, elle incite à la réflexion autour des obstacles qu’ont empêchés un parcours autant du point de vue des événements historiques que des mutations théoriques. En effet, au moment où on lance le regarde vers le champ de l’Analyse du Discours par le biais de la perspective foucaldienne, il faut laisser en suspension ce que se cache derrière l’étiquète disciplinaire pour constituer une archéologie de la réception de la philosophie d’Althusser/Pêcheux au Brésil dans les années 1960/70. Parcours silencieuse, non disciplinarisé, mais qui peut parler à travers la discipline comme une première relecture de Marx, Saussure et Freud ; comme espace inaugural de la problématique que s’impose aujourd’hui à l’Analyse du Discours concernant leur rapport avec la Sémiologie ; comme moment de tension marqué par les persécutions politiques qui se sont déroulées pendant la dictature militaire, notamment, aux penseurs qu’ont osé réfléchir à partir des idées de Pêcheux et d’Althusser. A cet égard, la figure de Carlos Henrique de Escobar – nom d’auteur peu connu par les annalistes du discours – s’impose comme représentant d’un moment où il était cher de penser à partir d’une théorie marxiste du discours construite dans la jonction de la Linguistique avec la Psychanalyse et l’Histoire. Ainsi, quelles sont-elles les conditions de réception d’Althusser et Pêcheux dans les années 1960/70 au Brésil ? Quelle est l’importance de ce moment pour ce qu’on connaisse aujourd’hui comme Analyse Française... (Résumé complet accés életronique cidessous) / Mais do que aceitar um campo de saber sedimentado e fechado em suas origens assinaláveis, a análise arqueológica foucautiana nos incita a revolver as superfícies. A arqueologia do saber só pode ser, a esse respeito, histórica, pois, incita à reflexão dos obstáculos que inviabilizaram um percurso tanto do ponto de vista dos acontecimentos históricos quanto das mutações teóricas. Com efeito, ao lançarmos o olhar para o campo da Análise do Discurso no Brasil pela lente foucaultiana, faz-se necessário deixar em suspenso o que se esconde atrás do rótulo disciplinar para construir uma arqueologia da recepção da filosofia althussero-pecheutiana no Brasil dos anos 1960/70. Percurso silencioso, não disciplinarizado, mas que pode falar através da disciplina como um lugar de primeira re-leitura de Marx, Saussure e Freud; como espaço inicial da problemática que se impõe hoje à Análise do Discurso concernente à sua relação com a Semiologia; como momento de tensão marcado pelas perseguições políticas que se desenrolaram durante a ditadura militar, notadamente, aos pensadores que ousaram refletir com Pêcheux e Althusser. A esse respeito, a figura de Carlos Henrique de Escobar – nome de autor pouco conhecido pelos analistas do discurso – se impõe como representante de um momento em que era caro pensar valendo-se da teoria marxista do discurso construída no entroncamento da Linguística, com a Psicanálise e a História. Assim, quais as condições da recepção de Althusser e Pêcheux nos anos 1960/70 no Brasil? Qual a importância desse momento para o que se conhecemos hoje como Análise do Discurso de linha francesa? De que maneira a problemática discutida nesse momento distante não disciplinar pode interessar hoje para os analistas do discurso? Ao colocarmos essas questões...

This thesis examines how the occupations people hold, and the social classes in which they are situated, affect the way in which they form and express opinions. At a theoretical level, it unites the 'deep-structure' macroanalysis of social theory with the individualised microanalysis of how subjects form and express opinions in opinion research, reviving an approach that has not been pursued since early-20th-century social research. At a practical level, it responds to several recent and prominent failures of prediction by the opinion polling industry, and asks whether a broader understanding of 'mass opinion' can help avert such failures in future. The thesis argues that opinions are subjects' judgments about their social conditions, based on mental pictures they have of these conditions that combine the values and attitudes they hold with the information they have about their environment. Subjects form opinions based on these pictures via three 'means of thinking'-personality-traits, emotions, and reason-and express them using two kinds of 'means of articulation'-bodily organs and media. The thesis shows how the variety of occupations subjects hold, and the extremity of class differentials between them, introduce substantial plurality into their values and attitudes, the way they acquire information, how they think, and how they articulate themselves. In particular, it highlights the considerable asymmetries between higher- and lower-class subjects regarding: which parts of their social conditions they are experts about, and how far they are influenced by others; whether they think about their conditions more emotionally or with reasoning; and how great a range and quality of opportunities they have to articulate their views. The thesis closes by suggesting that these findings offer opinion researchers and social theorists clear directions for measuring 'mass opinion' in new ways, and potentially emancipating the voices of subjects whose opinions are suppressed in late-modern society.

Marriage is arguably one of the most important events and choices to be made in one’s life, especially for many of the female characters in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. Whether characters are searching for a husband for themselves or is searching for someone else, marriage is the source of many conflicts. Social class plays an important part in the marital process in Regency England and remains a point of tension in the novel. Moreover, the women seemingly have different yet similar experiences with the marriage process. This essay will analyze Catherine de Bourgh, Caroline Bingley, Mrs Bennet, Jane Bennet, Elizabeth Bennet as well as Charlotte Lucas, with the focus of the essay being their views and experiences with marriage through a characterization study in order of their social class. The essay will be positioned within classic Marxism due to the importance of social classes in Marx as well as in Neo- Marxism. The main part of the analysis consists of whether a female character acts in agreement or disagreement with the ISAs (Ideological State Apparatuses) as presented by Louis Althusser. It will be evident that some will be in agreement while others are in disagreement. Because of this the essay will also show that regardless of the social classand relation to the ISAs a woman’s main purpose in life is to be a wife and mother, even if Austen hints at characters breaking free from this ideology to make way for a new way of thinking.

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婦女研究不僅是在社會學、人類學、文學、傳播學等各學科中以女性主義角度研究有關女性問題，同時又在生物學、醫學、心理學等以女性為研究客體探討從未受重視的女性身心。基於歐美多元複雜的女性論述和婦女研究，台灣的婦女研究需要在不同領域、針對不同議題研究批判，才能窺得父權全貌並建立女性主體。就傳播領域而言，漫畫媒介仍是一塊研究的蠻荒之地，自一九九二年 ＜著作權法＞修定通過後 ，台灣漫畫出版界一片欣欣向榮，短短二、三年間，漫畫風潮從校園蔓延至社會各階層，在出版界，漫畫是書刊類出版品中總數量數一數二，在傳閱率上，漫畫擁有的讀者群人數也是各類圖書之冠，然而，這樣一種有著高普及率與廣泛影響力 的媒介卻很少成為學術研究的對象，以性別角度研究漫畫更是付之闕如。 日本連環漫畫＜城市獵人＞集美女、英雄、情色、冒險、暴力、夢想、爆笑於一身，全書充斥著刀、槍、酥胸、長腿、勃起，並且在引進台灣後所向披靡地席捲全省高中、專校及大學，是屬性別意涵豐富的漫畫經典名作，基於＜城市獵人＞所創造的高普及率與其具爭議性的性別意涵，相當值得以女性主義的觀點來探討＜城市獵人＞中的女性意涵。女性主義學術是要改變以往被視為普遍性的性別觀念並以女性經驗及女性對文化貢獻的知識重建起女性的視角。因此，要打破性別迷思必須否認性別迷思自然生成的觀念，而著重於主體在符號活動過程中的社會建構。拉康(J. Lacan)的主體形成理論指出嬰兒透過鏡中形象和語言的獲得而變成性別主體(gendered subjectivity)，受拉康主體形成理論和結構主義符號學的影響，阿圖塞(L. Althusser)發展其主體性及意識型態理論，以權力的觀點解釋人與社會的關係，適宜女性主義學術援引以理解父權社會中不平等權力分配的本質，及透由意識型態建構性別主體的過程。而以語言學的概念運用到任何訊息傳佈現象，提供日常生活中意義的反省與批判的符號學分析(semiotics)和敘事理論(narrative theory)則適宜作為解讀文本的研究方法。本研究即以拉康的主體形成理論及阿圖塞的意識型態理論為探討女性主體性的理論基礎，以符號學分析和普洛普(V. Propp)發展的敘事結構模式為解讀文本的方法，解構漫畫＜城市獵人＞文本深層之性別迷思和意識型態結構。

流行音樂是當代流行文化中的重要環節，因為它不只提供了娛樂，更提供了青少年對世界的看法。更重要的是，流行音樂可說是二十世紀中最主要關心性慾和性別問題的文化類型，也因此，它對人們性別意識的型塑有重大影響。所以，對流行音樂進行性別意涵的檢視實是當前必要的課題。眾所皆知，流行音樂是以營利為目的。為了吸引最多的聽眾，流行音樂就必需以社會中最廣被接受的意識型態來構築它的音樂語言，而在父權社會中，性別關係的支配實為最普遍的意識型態，其透過種種意識型態機器的運作，以企圖達到將男性利益接合成為代表全人類普遍利益之目的，而維持父權社會的繼續運作。不過，父權意識型態並非能全然掌控社會中的各種文化實踐，流行音樂的性別意涵其實是多義的，如果我們能介入當前對流行音樂性別意涵的詮釋，指出它接合或解合何種性別迷思，以開啟流行音樂性別意涵的抗爭空間，則將會對流行音樂未來所表徵的性別意涵產生影響，那營造更公平性別關係的流行音樂未來將不是夢。因此，本研究希望透過對當前台灣流行音樂的性別意涵分析，能介入台灣流行音樂的性別意涵抗爭，以鬆動、拉大流行音樂的性別意涵變調程度。本研究以符號學進行流行音樂的文本分析，以彌補實證主義典範下的歌詞內容分析之缺失。研究發現，台灣當前的流行音樂，多接合父權意識型態下的性別迷思，但這不代表流行音樂即是被圈限於父權意識型態之下而無法逃逸，在接合父權迷思的同時，流行音樂也提供了解合父權迷思的可能性，而對男性霸權提出質疑，不過，這些質疑仍有其限制，我們唯有持續的對流行音樂提出解析，並加強對流行音樂的生態與聽眾的了解，才能更進一步的奏出流行音樂的性別意涵變奏曲。