Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome characterized by chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain and hyperalgesia, especially in specific points called |tender points|. Furthermore, this syndrome is associated with psychosomatic disorders, such as chronic fatigue, depression, anxiety and sleep disorders. Interferential current (IFC) is a non-pharmacological and non-invasive treatment commonly used in promoting the symptomatic relief of pain. However, there is little evidence to support the effective use of IFC in patients with FM and little is known about the optimal parameters of stimulation by IFC. Thus, the present study had, as objective, to investigate the effects of different intensities of stimulation with IFC in pain relief and the other disorders present in individuals with FM. This study is a randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blind clinical trial. To assess the effects of IFC before and after treatment, the following outcomes were measured (with their respective instruments) in each session of application by IFC: pressure pain threshold (PPT: digital algometry), cutaneous sensory threshold (CST: von Frey filaments) and pain intensity at rest (11-point numeric rating scale). In addition, were also measured in the first and last day of treatment: impact of fibromyalgia (Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire), depression level (Beck Depression Inventory), anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), functional capacity (Sitting-Rising and Timed Up and Go tests), fear to move (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia), pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale), characterization of pain (McGill Pain Questionnaire), quality of life (Short Form Health Survey 36), temporal summation (temporal summation test), conditioned pain modulation (conditioned pain modulation test) and fatigue intensity (11-point numeric rating scale). Twenty nine women with FM were recruited and allocated to three groups: Motor (n=10; IFC was applied at high intensity, with motor contraction), Sensory (n=10; high intensity, but without motor contraction) and placebo (n=9). Patients allocated into the motor and sensory groups were stimulated at an amplitude-modulated frequency of 100 Hz, for 30 minutes. In the placebo group, the current was released only in the first 40 seconds of stimulation. Ten treatment sessions were performed and the electrodes were applied to the paravertebral region. The t Student test, Wilcoxon and ANOVA for repeated measures were used to compare the results found, intra-group, before and after treatment. In women allocated to the motor group, there was a significant increase PPT, measured in the conditioned pain modulation test (p≤0.03), and significant reduction in amplification of pain intensity in temporal summation (p=0.03) after the end of treatment. None of the studied group showed significant change in the PPT and CST values in 18 tender points specific to FM, and pain intensity each treatment session with IFC (p>0.05). However, only the motor group had a significant reduction in the impact of the disease (p=0.01), depression (p=0.006), anxiety state (p=0.01), kinesiophobia (p=0.002), catastrophizing (p=0.008), pain rating index (p=0.04), fatigue (p=0.02) and number of tender points (p=0.04), and increased quality of life (p=0.006). Thus, the results, obtained in this study, provide strong evidence that the IFC, only when applied in high intensities of stimulation, is an effective treatment in reducing pain and psychosomatic disorders present in patients with FM / A fibromialgia (FM) é uma síndrome caracterizada por dor musculoesquelética crônica generalizada e hiperalgesia, principalmente em pontos específicos, chamados tender points . Além disso, essa síndrome está associada a alterações psicossomáticas, como fadiga crônica, depressão, ansiedade e distúrbios do sono. A corrente interferencial (CI) é um tratamento não-farmacológico e não-invasivo comumente utilizado na promoção do alívio sintomático da dor. Apesar disso, há pouca evidência que suporte o uso efetivo da CI em pacientes com FM e pouco se conhece sobre os parâmetros ideais de estimulação por meio da CI. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve, como objetivo, investigar os efeitos de diferentes intensidades de estimulação com CI no alívio da dor, bem como das demais alterações presentes em indivíduos com FM. Este trabalho trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado por placebo e duplamente encoberto. Para avaliação dos efeitos da CI antes e após o tratamento, foram medidos os seguintes desfechos (com seus respectivos instrumentos) em cada sessão de aplicação da CI: limiar de dor por pressão (LDP: algometria digital), limiar sensitivo cutâneo (LSC: filamentos de von Frey) e intensidade de dor em repouso (Escala Numérica de 11 pontos). Além disso, foram também mensurados, no primeiro e no último dia de atendimento: impacto da fibromialgia (Questionário de Impacto da Fibromialgia), nível de depressão (Inventário de Depressão de Beck), ansiedade (Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado), capacidade funcional (testes de Sentar e Levantar e Timed Up and Go), medo de movimentar-se (Escala de Cinesiofobia de Tampa), catastrofização da dor (Escala de Catastrofização da Dor), caracterização da dor (Questionário de Dor McGill), qualidade de vida (Short Form Health Survey 36), somação temporal (Teste de Somação Temporal), modulação condicionada da dor (Teste de Modulação Condicionada da Dor) e intensidade de fadiga (Escala Numérica de 11 pontos). Foram recrutadas 29 mulheres com FM, que foram alocadas em três grupos de estudo: Motor (n=10; a CI foi aplicada em alta intensidade, com contração motora), Sensorial (n=10; alta intensidade, porém sem contração motora) e Placebo (n=9). As pacientes alocadas nos grupos motor e sensorial foram estimuladas com uma frequência de amplitude modulada em 100 Hz, durante 30 minutos. Já no grupo placebo, a corrente foi liberada apenas nos primeiros 40 segundos de estimulação. Foram realizadas 10 sessões de tratamento e os eletrodos foram aplicados na região paravertebral. Os testes t de Student, Wilcoxon e ANOVA para medidas repetidas foram utilizados para comparação dos resultados encontrados, intra-grupo, antes e após o tratamento. Nas mulheres alocadas no grupo motor, foi observado aumento significativo do LDP, mensurado no teste de modulação condicionada da dor (p≤0,03), além de redução significativa na amplificação da intensidade de dor da somação temporal (p=0,03) após o término do tratamento. Nenhum dos grupos de estudo apresentou alteração significativa dos valores de LDP e LSC nos 18 tender points específicos para FM, e na intensidade de dor a cada sessão de tratamento com CI (p>0,05). No entanto, apenas o grupo motor apresentou redução significativa no impacto da doença (p=0,01), depressão (p=0,006), estado de ansiedade (p=0,01), cinesiofobia (p=0,002), catastrofização (p=0,008), índice de classificação da dor (p=0,04), fadiga (p=0,02) e quantidade de tender points (p=0,04), além do aumento da qualidade de vida (p=0,006). Dessa forma, os resultados encontrados, no presente estudo, fornecem fortes evidências de que a CI, apenas quando aplicada em altas intensidades de estimulação, é um tratamento eficaz na redução da dor e alterações psicossomáticas presentes em indivíduos com FM.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ana Carolina Vasques Villela.pdf: 1200187 bytes, checksum: e80340dfd98ca2e1e517f50dcd0bef34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / A anestesia local se popularizou na medicina veterinária no século XX, mas alguns de seus recursos, como o cateter epidural e as soluções hiperbáricas, bastante utilizados no homem atualmente ainda são pouco estudados e aplicados em animais. Em seguida, outro estudo verificou a qualidade da anestesia epidural toracolombar com lidocaína a 2% ou hiperbárica a 5% e a influência do decúbito e o do tempo de permanência do cateter epidural na qualidade deste bloqueio. Para isso foram usados sete cães machos, adultos, pesando 12,76 +/-2,59 kh. Com os animais até o espaço T13-L1, tendo seu dispositivo sepultado no tecido subcutâneo. Em seguida, administrou-se 4 mg/kg de lidocaína isobárica a 2% com os animais em posição quadrupedal(IQ4) ou em decúbito lateral (IL4); 3 mg/kg de lidocaína hiperbárica a 5% em posição quadrupedal (HQ3) ou em decúbito lateral (HL3); e 4 mg/kg de lidocaína hiperbárica a 5% em posição quadupedal (HQ4) ou em decúbito lateral (HL4). Foram avaliadas a viabilidade da técnica de implantação; a ocorrência de complicações após a implantação ou retirada do cateter epidural; o tempo de permanência do cateter epidural; os efeitos da administração de lidocaína a 2% ou hiperbárica a 5% sobre a FC, , PAS, SPO2 e TR; a a qualidade do bloqueio anestésico (latência, extensão, simetria e duração do bloqueio anestésico); influência do decúbito e do tempo de permanência do cateter na qualidade do bloqueio anestésico. A implantação do cateter epidural foi viável e isenta de complicações; houve redução significativa somente nos valores de e TR em relação ao valor basal nos grupos IQ4, IL4, HQ3, HL3,HQ4. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na FC, PAS, SPO2, latência, duração e extensão do bloqueio entre os grupos. O decúbito não influenciou significativamente a qualidade do bloqueio. O tempo de permanência do cateter no espaço epidural influenciou significativamente a duração máxima do bloqueio sensitivo. Em conclusão, o modelo descrito para implantação do cateter epidural é viável, porém o tempo que o cateter permaneceu no espaço epidural influenciou a duração do bloqueio anestésico e a lidocaína hiperbárica a 5% não mostrou vantagens em relação ao uso da lidocaína isobárica a 2% na anestesia epidural toracolombar.

Improving patient safety through reduction of medical errors is a national priority. One of the strategies widely utilized to address this issue is the use of incident reporting systems. The purpose of this study was to describe factors that predict the likelihood that Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) will use incident reporting systems, guided by the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991). A non-experimental, correlational research design was utilized to achieve the study aims. Following IRB approval, a cross-sectional survey was administered electronically to a random sample of practicing CRNAs. Correlational analyses and a standard logistic regression were utilized to determine the relationship between cognitive factors and CRNAs' use of incident reporting systems. Two hundred and eighty-three practicing CRNAs participated in this study. These CRNAs value incident reporting, perceive social pressure to report, and feel in control over reporting, yet had not consistently used existing incident reporting systems in the past 12 months. A CRNA’s attitude toward reporting and the degree to which he or she perceived social pressure to report, were determined to be significant predictors of the likelihood that a CRNA would use an incident reporting system. Social pressure to report was the most important factor in the prediction model. The results of this study revealed that there are missed opportunities for learning from patient safety incidents in anesthesia practice. The information gained in this study has the potential to assist organizations in the design of strategies to promote incident reporting by practicing CRNAs.

The thesis deals with comparing the postoperative analgesia with a focus on pacients after hip replacement surgery at the intensive care units. The quantitative study realized at the Fakultní nemocnice v Motole and Nemocnice Třebíč during November 2012 and February 2013. The main task of the theoretical part is to analyze the current trends in the field of post- operativeanalgesia by the patients undergoing hip joint surgery as well as the explanation the basicconcepts of this issue and overviewing the international postoperative pain treatments. The practical part is an objective comparison the postoperative analgesia byselected patients at the Fakultní nemocnice v Motole and Nemocnice Třebíč determined by questionnaire. The results of the questionnaire are processed into graphical representation and subsequently evaluated. The work serves to clarify the overall issue of post-operative analgesia. The focus is mainly on ensuring the quality of postoperative analgesia, the financial requirements administered analgesics and the possible complications associated with the use of analgesic therapy. Key words: Analgesia, pain, hip surgery, visual analogue scale, analgesics

Introduction: The acute postoperative pain management is recently a concern of many expert committees and professional associations. The evidence of an increased interest in this issue is the Practice Guidelines for Acute Pain Management released by American Pain Society. According to these recommendations, the pain should be monitored as a fifth vital function. As a logical consequence of modern trends of pain management, Czech Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine issued guidelines for acute pain management in postoperative setting. This paper is an attempt to describe and evaluate the quality of postoperative analgetic care after total knee and hip replacements in a selected institution's department.………………………………..…………………………………… Methods: The aim of our empirical survey was to assess the level of quality of postoperative care and analgesia in the selected department. We focused mainly on the question of pain trivializing from the nurses side, their approach towards patients suffering from acute pain and, finally, the level of patient's awareness of pain intensity assessment systems and treatment options. Using the quantitative research methods, we evaluated the differences in perceiving of postoperative pain treatment quality from patient's and nurse's point of view. The survey...

Le traitement de la douleur après chirurgie cardiaque avec sternotomie reste à ce jour un défi pour le clinicien. Chez ces patients à risque, une prise en charge non adaptée de la douleur peut altérer la réhabilitation postopératoire et majorer les complications métaboliques, immunologiques, cardiovasculaires, respiratoires, ou psychiques de la chirurgie. L’objectif de ce travail de recherche clinique en chirurgie cardiaque était : 1) d’évaluer les effets analgésiques d’une anesthésie locorégionale continue par un bloc bi-latéro-sternal (bloc BLS) par perfusion continue de ropivacaïne,2) d’évaluer l’effet du bloc BLS sur la durée de séjour en réanimation et morbidité postopératoire, chez les patients présentant un risque respiratoire accru, 3) d’évaluer l’effet analgésique d’un antiinflammatoire non stéroïdien (AINS) de référence, le kétoprofène, à une posologie conventionnelle et des posologies réduites. Les deux techniques étaient appliquées pendant les 48 heures suivant la chirurgie cardiaque.Testé (contre placebo) sur une population standard, le bloc BLS continu diminue de 41% la douleur à la mobilisation (dynamique), diminue la douleur au repos et la consommation de morphine (d’environ 40%). Il permet une reprise plus précoce de l’alimentation et du traitement per os, une mobilisation plus précoce et une plus grande satisfaction des patients. En revanche, il ne permet pas une amélioration des paramètres respiratoires (spirométrie et gaz du sang artériel). Testé (contre une prise en charge standard) sur une population à risque respiratoire accru, contrairement aux attentes, il ne réduit pas la durée de séjour en réanimation et à l’hôpital, mais il a des effets bénéfiques sur la douleur dynamique, la satisfaction des patients, l’incidence de nausées/vomissements et de troubles neurologiques de type confusionnel. Un bénéfice en termes médico-économique est suggéré par une analyse secondaire. Testé (contre placebo) sur une population à faible risque, l’utilisation du kétoprofène en plein dose permet de réduire la douleur dynamique et au repos, sans augmentation des effets indésirables rénaux et hémorragiques, habituellement craints avec les AINS. Bien que les arguments manquent pour pouvoir utiliser des posologies réduites, le kétoprofène peut néanmoins être conseillé chez ce type de patients, alors qu’il est à ce jour insuffisamment prescrit. L’étude de protocoles d’administration utilisant des posologies réduites potentialisées par une dose de charge est suggérée. / The treatment of pain after cardiac surgery with sternotomy remains to this day a challenge for the clinician. In these frail patients, non-appropriated pain treatment can alter the postoperative rehabilitation and increase metabolic, immunologic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and psychological postoperative complications. The goal of this clinical research was to evaluate:- the analgesic effects of bi-latero-sternal (BLS) block by a continuous infusion of ropivacaine, - the effect of the BLS block on the length of stay in intensive care and postoperative morbidity in patients with increased respiratory risk,- evaluate the analgesic effect of ketoprofen, the standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), at a conventional and reduced dosages.The two techniques were applied during the 48 hours following cardiac surgery.Tested (against placebo) on a standard population, the BLS continuous block decreased pain at mobilisation (dynamic pain) by 41%, decreased pain at rest, and morphine consumption (by 40%). It allowed an earlier postoperative first dietary and oral medication intake, earlier mobilisation and a greater patients’ satisfaction. On the other hand, it did not show any significant improvement of respiratory parameters (spirometry and arterial blood gases).Tested against a standard treatment in patients with increased respiratory risk, the BLS block did not reduce the length of stay in intensive care and in hospital, but it had beneficial effects on dynamic pain, patients’ satisfaction, the incidence of nausea/vomiting and of postoperative delirium. A benefit in economics terms is suggested by a secondary analysis.Tested against placebo in a low-risk population, the use of ketoprofen in full dose regimen, reduced pain at mobilisation and at rest, without increasing renal adverse effects or bleeding (as it could be feared with NSAIDs). We missed to demonstrate the ketoprofen efficacy at reduced doses. Ketoprofen may be recommended on a low-risk population, while it is insufficiently prescribed so far. The study of protocols using a reduced dosage potentiated by a loading dose is suggested.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 438021.pdf: 1108728 bytes, checksum: ad26f1d3bd584ce7ee67b129ed9fc9ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-30 / AIM : To compare the efficacy of the intravenous administration of two analgesics (morphine or ketamine) for reduction of fractures or dislocations in children.METHODS : Randomized and controlled study conducted in the emergency department of a university hospital. Patients between 3 years to 14 years and 6 months old presenting dislocation or bone fracture requiring closed reduction were included. A previous sedation was provide with midazolam and analgesia was performed in a random way: IV ketamine or IV morphine. The groups were then compared to time required to start the intervention, the duration of the reduction and immobilization, the child's cooperation during the procedure, to the satisfaction of parents and orthopedic and adverse reactions.RESULTS : Twenty-five children were included. Demographic data, type of injury and pain scores before procedure was similar in both groups. The duration of the procedure was significantly lower in the morphine group compared to the ketamine group (median 3 versus 5 minutes; < p 0.027). The median pain score of the child after the procedure was 2 in both groups. Parents (guardians children) as well as orthopedic surgeons were very satisfied in both groups (p>0,3 and >0,2). One patient in the ketamine group and 3 in the morphine group presented lower saturation with rapid reversion (p>0,2).CONCLUSION : The results support the efficacy of ketamine as compared with standard analgesics such as morphine, in facilitating the reduction of dislocations or fractures in pediatric emergency with respect to pain relief and anxiety and parental satisfaction and orthopedists. / OBJETIVO : Comparar a efic?cia de dois analg?sicos endovenosos (cetamina ou morfina) para a redu??o de luxa??es ou fraturas em crian?as.M?TODOS : Estudo randomizado e controlado, conduzido no servi?o de emerg?ncia de um hospital universit?rio. Foram inclu?dos pacientes entre 3 anos a 14 anos e 6 meses apresentando luxa??o ou fratura fechada necessitando redu??o. Era realizada seda??o pr?via com midazolam e analgesia de forma randomizada para receber cetamina ou morfina. Os grupos foram comparados em rela??o ao tempo necess?rio para iniciar a interven??o, ? dura??o da redu??o e imobiliza??o, ? coopera??o da crian?a durante o procedimento, ? satisfa??o dos pais e do ortopedista e a rea??es adversas.RESULTADOS : Vinte e cinco crian?as foram inclu?das. Dados demogr?ficos, tipo de les?o e escore de dor antes da interven??o foram similares nos dois grupos. O tempo de dura??o do procedimento foi significativamente menor no grupo morfina em rela??o ao grupo cetamina (mediana 3 versus 5 minutos; p<0,027). A mediana do escore de dor da crian?a ap?s o procedimento foi 2 em ambos os grupos. Tanto os pais quanto os ortopedistas ficaram muito satisfeitos em ambos os grupos (p>0.3 e >0,2). Um paciente do grupo cetamina e 3 do grupo morfina apresentaram queda de satura??o com r?pida revers?o (p>0,2).CONCLUS?O : Os resultados refor?am a efic?cia da cetamina, quando comparada com um analg?sico padr?o como a morfina, em facilitar a redu??o de luxa??es ou fraturas em emerg?ncia pedi?trica no que tange ao al?vio da dor e ansiedade e satisfa??o dos pais e ortopedistas.

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Orientadores: Renato Passini Junior, Melania Amorim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-27T10:48:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_FlaviaAugustadeOrangeLinsdaFonsecae_D.pdf: 1285060 bytes, checksum: 785bcdd9b3f3d977f42979164cf20ae4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Introdução: o uso de analgesia peridural durante o parto está associado ao aumento da temperatura corporal materna e risco de febre, sem sinais de infecção. No entanto, a associação desses achados com a técnica combinada (raquidiana e peridural - AC) permanece desconhecida. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a associação entre analgesia combinada e temperatura materna intraparto. Métodos: foi realizado um ensaio clinico randomizado, aberto, incluindo 70 parturientes das quais 35 receberam AC e 35 receberam apenas métodos não-farmacológicos para alívio da dor do parto. Calculou-se o risco de aumento da temperatura materna intraparto e febre materna, além de outros desfechos maternos e perinatais, de acordo com a realização ou não de AC. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o X2 ou teste exato de Fisher para as variáveis categóricas e, para as variáveis numéricas o teste t de student ou Mann Whitney, de acordo com a distribuição de Gauss. Considerou-se o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a temperatura materna foi signicativamente maior no grupo que recebeu analgesia combinada sendo que cinco (14,%), desenvolveram febre intraparto. Nenhuma sãs parturientes que receberam métodos não farmacológicos para alívio da dor apresentou febre intraparto (p=0,027). Dentre as parturientes que apresentaram febre, nenhuma recebeu antibioticoterapia ou foi submetida a investigação para infecção materna, evoluindo sem intercorrências. Não foram verificados casos de corioamnionite ou outras formas de infecção materna ou neonatal. Conclusão: o uso de analgesia combinada está associado a aumento significativo da temperatura materna intraparto e da incidência de febre materna, mas isto não parece produzir efeitos maternos e neonatais desfavoráveis / Abstract: Background: the use of epidural anesthesia during labor is associated with an increased maternal body temperature and risk of fever, albeit with no signs of infection. Nevertheless, the association between maternal fever and combinedspinal and epidural (CSE) anesthesia remains unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the association between combined analgesia and maternal intrapartum temperature. Methods: A randomized, open clinical trial was performed with 70 pregnant women, 35 of whom received CSE, while the remaining 35 received only nonpharmacological methods of pain relief during labor. The risks of an increase in maternal intrapartum temperature and fever were calculated together with other maternal and perinatal outcomes according to whether CSE was given or not. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, and Student's ttest or the Mann-Whitney test for numerical variables, in accordance with the Gauss distribution. Significance level was defined as 5%. Results: Maternal temperature was significantly higher in the group receiving combined anesthesia. Of the 35 women in this group, five (14%) developed intrapartum fever, while no cases of fever were detected in the group receiving only onpharmacological methods of pain relief (p=0.027). Nevertheless, none of the women who developed fever received antibiotics or was submitted to further investigation for maternal infection and all progressed without complication. No cases of chorioamnionitis or any form of maternal or neonatal infection were detected. Conclusions: The use of CSE is associated with a significant increase in maternal intrapartum temperature and in the incidence of maternal fever; however, the increase in maternal temperature does not appear to result in any deleterious effects on the mother or child / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutor em Tocoginecologia

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A lesÃo de reperfusÃo (LR) ocorre em diversos orgÃos e tecidos durante o restabelecimento do fluxo sangÃÃneo apÃs episÃdios de isquemia prolongada. Em diversas Ãreas clÃnicas esta lesÃo à temida pelas complicaÃÃes decorrentes da demora no restabelecimento do fluxo vascular. Nos transplantes de ÃrgÃos, nos retalhos microcirÃrgicos e nas cirurgias de revascularizaÃÃo miocÃrdica, a LR, dependendo de sua intensidade, pode prejudicar o benefÃcio destes procedimentos. Dentre as estratÃgias propostas para atenuar a LR, o prÃ-condicionamento isquÃmico (PCI) consiste na induÃÃo de pequenos perÃodos de isquemia seguidos de reperfusÃo, realizados antes da isquemia prolongada. Este estudo foi avaliar o efeito do PCI da pata posterior na sobrevida de retalhos cutÃneos randomizados em dorso (RCRD) e o efeito antiinflamatÃrio local e sistÃmico deste fenÃmeno. Para tanto o PCI foi induzido atravÃs da isquemia da pata posterior de ratos Wistar por 10 minutos seguida de 30 minutos de reperfusÃo. Diferentes grupos de ratos foram submetidos à confecÃÃo de RCRD, à induÃÃo de edema de pata (EP), ipsilateral (IPS) e contralateral (CON), por carragenina (Cg) ou dextran (Dx), cistite hemorrÃgica (CH) por ifosfamida (IFO) ou lesÃo gÃstrica (LG) por indometacina (INDO). Os grupos controles (C) receberam o mesmo tratamento, porÃm sem PCI. A Ãrea de sobrevida (AS) do RCRD foi calculada pela superfÃcie de tecido viÃvel (cm2), o EP atravÃs da variaÃÃo do volume das patas (ml), o edema vesical (EV) pelo peso Ãmido da bexiga (mg), o aumento da permeabilidade vascular (APV) pelo extravasamento de azul de Evans (&#61549;g), o Ãndice de lesÃo gÃstrica (ILG) pela soma das extensÃes das lesÃes encontradas na mucosa (mm), e a infiltraÃÃo neutrofÃlica (IN) pela atividade da mieloperoxidade (MPO) (U/mg). O PCI foi capaz de aumentar a AS do RCRD (C=4,16Â0,29 e PCI=6,42Â0,14, p<0,01). O EP e o APV induzidos por Cg (100&#61549;g, sc) ou Dx (200&#61549;g, sc), tanto na pata IPS quanto CON, foram reduzidos pelo PCI (EP IPS Cg â C=0,63+0,05 e PCI=0,26+0,02; APV IPS Cg â C=10,03+0,68 e PCI=5,82+1,18; EP IPS Dx â C=1,08+0,11 e PCI=0,54+0,06; APV IPS Dx â C= 24,38+3,02 e PCI=13,51+1,70; EP CON Cg â C=0,63+0,10 e PCI=0,30+0,05; APV CON Cg â C=16,16+2,18 e PCI=9,19+1,12; EP CON Dx â C=0,95+0,10 e PCI=0,49+0,10; APV CON Dx â C=24,09+2,97 e PCI=13,15+1,62; p<0,01). O PCI inibiu o EV e o APV da CH induzida por IFO (200mg/kg, ip) (EV â C=206,6+10,95 e PCI=126+5,66; APV â C=38,55+2,19 e PCI=17,74+2,18; p<0,001). Tanto a LG quanto a IN induzidas por INDO (20mg/kg, vo) foram bloqueadas pelo PCI (ILG â C=20,54+2,05 e PCI=2,00+0,93; IN â C=9,67+2,05 e PCI=3,49+0,83; p<0,001). Os resultados indicam que o PCI aumenta a sobrevida de RCRD e apresenta um efeito antiinflamatÃrio local e sistÃmico em modelos de inflamaÃÃo aguda. O esclarecimento do mecanismo atravÃs do qual o PCI atenua a lesÃo inflamatÃria poderà trazer importantes contribuiÃÃes em situaÃÃes clÃnicas onde esta lesÃo constitui um fator complicador, podendo propiciar o desenvolvimento de novas abordagens profilÃticas e/ou terapÃuticas. / The reperfusion injury (RI) occurs when there is delay in restoring blood flow to organs and tissues. Among the strategies proposed to attenuate the RI is the ischemic preconditioning (IPC), which consists of induction of brief ischemic periods followed by reperfusion performed before the sustained ischemic insult. In the first part, this study aimed to evaluate the role of nitric oxide (NO), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K+ATP) in the inhibitory effect of hind limb IPC on the mice peritoneal cavity neutrophil migration (NM). In the second part, the objective was to evaluate the potential systemic antinociceptive effect of IPC in mechanical plantar hypernociception test (MPH; Von Frey) in rats and to evaluate the involvement of NO, cGMP and K+ATP channels in this event. In the first part, the IPC was induced by hind limb ischemia for 10 min followed by 30 min of reperfusion in wild and knockout mice to inducible NO synthase (iNOS -/-). The leukocyte rolling (LR), leukocyte adhesion (LA) and NM were induced by ip administration of Carrageenan (Cg, 500 &#61549;g/cavity) and results expressed in number of leukocytes/min, number of adherent leukocytes/100 &#61549;m2 cells and number of neutrophils x 106/cavity, respectively. Different groups of animals were treated with saline (SAL), Aminoguanidine (AG, sc, 100mg/kg), ODQ (ip, 8 &#61549;mol/kg) or Glibenclamide (GBC, sc, 20 mg/kg) 30 min before IPC induction. Controls received the same treatment, but without IPC. In the second part, the IPC was induced by hind limb ischemia for 10 min followed by 30 min of reperfusion in male Wistar rats (180-200g). Cg (300 &#61549;g, intraplantar) or Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 - 400 ng, intraplantar) were used as hypernociceptive stimulus on left paw immediately after induction of IPC in contralateral paw. Different groups of animals were treated 30 min before induction of IPC with AG (100 &#61549;g/kg, intraplantar), LNMMA (50 &#61549;g, intraplantar), ODQ (8 &#61549;g, intraplantar) or GBC (160 &#61549;g, intraplantar). Controls received the same treatments, but without IPC. The quantification of MPH was performed through subtraction strength/pressure (g) required to cause withdrawal of paw in contact with an apparatus of eletronic von Frey mensuread before hypernociceptive stimulus, by measure obtained 3h after administration of Cg or PGE2. The LR, LA and NM induced by Cg in the peritoneal cavity were significantly (p <0,01) inhibited by hind limb IPC of wild animals (LR= 75.94%, LA= 56.51%, NM= 79.01 %), but these effects were not observed in animals iNOS -/-. The treatment of wild animals with AG and ODQ, but not with GBC, abrogated the inhibitory effect of IPC on NM induced by Cg. Treatment of animals with AG, GBC or ODQ did not significantly alter the NM induced by Cg in the peritoneal cavity. We also observed that IPC did not alter the TNF-&#61537;, IL1-&#61538; and CXCL1 chemokine levels induced by Cg in the peritoneal cavity. The mechanical hypernociception induced by Cg or PGE2 in left hind paw was significantly reduced (p <0,01) when IPC was performed in the right paw (55% and 68%). The treatment of animals with AG, LNMMA, ODQ or GBC, before IPC, abrogated the antinociceptive effect of IPC. Treatment of animals with AG, LNMMA, ODQ or GBC did not significantly alter the hypernociception induced by noxious stimulation. Our results show that IPC has an inhibitory effect on remote NM, with NO an important mediator involved in this process, probably through the cGMP pathway. This inhibitory effect of IPC does not depend on the opening of K+ATP channels, or inhibition of synthesis and/or release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The elucidation of the mechanism by which IPC inhibits the NM may make important contributions to clinical situations where neutrophil infiltration is a complicating factor. The IPC also has a potent inhibitory effect on inflammatory pain, with NO seems to be one important mediator involved in this protective effect of IPC, acting through the cGMP/K+ATP channel pathway. This is the first demonstration described in the literature of systemic antinociceptive effect of IPC, and the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in this process is fundamental for pain management induced by several inflammatory stimuli.