Submitted by Marcio Gabrielli (marcio.gabrielli@fgv.br) on 2018-07-04T02:39:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_MFG_final_ecadernação.pdf: 2878379 bytes, checksum: 28ebd84c3ad4ad62d72a2e31828c8dc3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Nunes Ferreira (debora.nunes@fgv.br) on 2018-07-10T17:35:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_MFG_final_ecadernação.pdf: 2878379 bytes, checksum: 28ebd84c3ad4ad62d72a2e31828c8dc3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-07-10T17:42:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_MFG_final_ecadernação.pdf: 2878379 bytes, checksum: 28ebd84c3ad4ad62d72a2e31828c8dc3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-10T17:42:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_MFG_final_ecadernação.pdf: 2878379 bytes, checksum: 28ebd84c3ad4ad62d72a2e31828c8dc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-05 / Este trabalho analisou os motivos que levam empresas brasileiras a realizarem emissões de títulos de dívida no mercado internacional. Para tanto, utilizou-se a lei que estabeleceu a taxação sobre os derivativos cambiais (anunciada em 26/07/2011, implementada em 16/09/2011 e revogada em 12/06/2013), vigente durante o período do então Ministro da Fazenda Guido Mantega, como um evento quase-natural para analisar se a probabilidade de emissão no mercado internacional é afetada por uma medida governamental. Constatou-se uma redução na probabilidade de emissão de bônus por empresas brasileiras no mercado internacional durante a vigência da lei, ao passo que se constatou um aumento desta probabilidade para emissões no mercado interno, sugerindo um efeito de substituição. Este efeito estaria ligado ao fato de que a taxação dos derivativos cambiais teria gerado uma quebra da paridade coberta das taxas de juros, pois o custo de emissão no mercado nacional teria ficado mais baixo do que o custo no mercado internacional quando computado o valor do hedge cambial. Este efeito foi evidenciado de forma mais clara ao se constatar que ele afetou de forma diferente empresas que apresentavam exposições distintas em relação à variação cambial. Empresas exportadoras líquidas, para as quais a dívida em moeda estrangeira funcionaria com o hedge natural de suas operações, foram menos afetadas que as empresa importadoras líquidas, as quais necessitariam realizar o hedge cambial de suas dívidas em outras moedas, para não incorrerem em uma maior exposição cambial. Desta forma, foi possível evidenciar que as empresas agem na direção de captar recursos no mercado que lhes possibilite o menor custo final de captação, buscando 'janelas de oportunidade' entre os mercados local e internacional – já incorporado o valor do hedge para eliminação dos riscos cambiais – para decidir onde emitir seus títulos de dívida. Estes resultados também possibilitam argumentar que o governo foi capaz de influenciar a decisão de financiamento – uma tomada de decisão interna das empresas a respeito da emissão de dívida no mercado local ou internacional – assim como afetar o seu (delas) custo de captação e consequentemente seu custo de capital. / This paper analyzes the reasons that lead Brazilian companies to issue debt securities in the international market. For this purpose, the law that established the taxation on foreign exchange derivatives (announced on 07/26/2011, implemented on 09/16/2011 and revoked on 06/12/2013), in force during the period of the then Minister of Fazenda Guido Mantega, was used as a quasi-natural event to analyze whether the probability of issuance in the international market is affected by a governmental measure. A reduction in the probability of issuance of bonds by Brazilian companies in the international market during the period of the law was observed, while an increase in this probability for domestic issues was observed, suggesting a substitution effect. This effect would be related to the fact that the taxation of foreign exchange derivatives would have generated a break in the covered interest rate parity, since the cost of issuance in the domestic market would have been lower than the cost of issuance in the international market after computing the hedge cost of the foreign exchange risk. This effect was more clearly evidenced by the fact that it affected in a different way companies with different foreign exchange exposures. Net exporting companies, for which the foreign exchange debt would function as a natural hedge of their operations, were less affected than net importing companies, which would need to hedge their foreign exchange debts in order not to incur in a larger foreign exchange exposure. In this way, there were evidences that companies act in the direction of raising funds in the market that allows them the lowest final funding cost, seeking 'windows of opportunity' between local and international markets – already incorporating the foreign exchange hedge cost – in order to decide in which market to issue their debt securities. These results also make it possible to argue that the government was able to influence corporate internal financing decision – debt issuance in domestic or international markets – as well as affect its funding costs and hence its cost of capital.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Alexandre Mendes.pdf: 1448919 bytes, checksum: 4f0c6c969d447331f42471938bb8bfc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-21 / This study contributes to confirmatory evidence of asymmetric information to explain the equity issuesdecisionsat hot periods, as predict a time-varying adverse selection version ofthe equity market timing theory. Through testing with data from US companies for the period 1988-2012, it was found that the companies held their IPOs in hotperiods (hot market) showed a higher degree of information asymmetry compared to companies that issues in hot periods (cold market). For companies that have made seasoned primary issues in hot periods, the information asymmetry was lower compared to those companies that issued in hot periods. The information asymmetry was measured by quantitative variables of market microstructure and subsequently grouped into two factors, and only one of the factors was significant in the tests. It was also noted the influence of information asymmetry in the amount of equity issues and in financial leverage throughstatic and dynamic panel data regressions in all sub-periods (1988-1999 and 2000-2012) analyzed. The information asymmetry exerts inversely proportional influence on the volume of annual equity issues for considering companies. In the case of leverage, inversely proportional influence was noted. / O presente trabalho contribui com indícios confirmatórios da assimetria informacional para explicação da decisão de emitir ações das empresas em momentos considerados oportunos, como prediz a versão da variação temporal da seleção adversa da teoria do equity maket timing. Por meio de testes com dados de empresas norte-americanas referentes ao período de 1988 a 2012, foi possível constatar que as empresas que realizaram suas ofertas públicas iniciais em momentos aquecidos (hot market) apresentaram maior grau de assimetria informacional em comparação a empresas que o fizeram em momentos desaquecidos (cold market). Para empresas que fizeram emissões públicas subsequentes em momentos aquecidos, a assimetria informacional se mostrou mais baixa em comparação àquelas empresas que emitiram em períodos desaquecidos. A assimetria informacional foi medida por meio de variáveis quantitativas de microestrutura de mercado e posteriormente agrupada em dois fatores, sendo que apenas um dos fatores se mostrou significante nos testes realizados. Também foi constatado a influência da assimetria informacional nas emissões anuais de capital próprio e no endividamento contábil através de regressões com dados em painel estático e dinâmico das empresas em todos os subperíodos (1988 a 1999 e 2000 a 2012) analisados. A assimetria informacional exerce influência inversamente proporcional no volume de emissões anuais das empresas estudadas. Com relação a questão do endividamento financeiro, constatou-se influência inversamente proporcional.

Nesse trabalho procuro examinar as relações de João Gilberto com o samba e com os modos tradicionais do canto brasileiro, particularmente o estilo do samba sincopado. Representante fundamental de um estilo que levou a música brasileira ao centro da indústria cultural, estarei em busca das continuidades e desenvolvimentos que esse estilo promove em relação ao samba feito nos subúrbios das cidades brasileiras em formação. Invertendo a orientação frequentemente biográfica da bibliografia tradicional, estarei em busca das novidades trazidas por João Gilberto no que diz respeito aos parâmetros musicais dos timbres, durações, alturas e intensidades. Longe de desprezar os estudos biográficos já feitos sobre o autor, a estratégia da inversão pretende fomentar um novo ambiente de debate com bases tão sólidas quanto aquelas, no qual se criem condições de dialogar com a bibliografia tradicional por um novo viés: o da musicologia. / In this academic work I examine the relation of João Gilberto with samba and traditional Brazilian singing, particularly the syncopated samba style. Through this representative of a style that brought Brazilian music to the center of the cultural industry, I will be searching for continuities and developments of the samba made in the outskirts of emerging Brazilian cities, promoted by that style. Inverting the orientation, frequently biographic of his traditional bibliography, I will be looking for new developments brought by João Gilberto on tones, durations, intensities and timbres. The strategy of this inversion does not intend to ignore the biographical studies already done, but to foster a new environment for discussion with a solid bases as well, in which conditions are created to dialogue with the traditional bibliography by a new bias: one of musicology.

Esse trabalho está dividido em duas partes. Na primeira realizamos a transcrição de um manuscrito inédito de Mário de Andrade intitulado \"Síncopa\", pertencente à série \"Manuscritos do autor\", do Arquivo Mário de Andrade, hoje localizado no Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros - IEB/USP. Trata-se de um conjunto de anotações diversas sobre o assunto, feitas ao longo do tempo e ajuntadas no arquivo pessoal do poeta e musicólogo. À transcrição desse conjunto acrescentei análises, contextualização das notas e articulações à bibliografia publicada do autor. Em uma segunda parte, construo minha tese sobre a síncopa do Brasil a partir do desenvolvimento das ideias e da metodologia exposta no manuscrito de Mário de Andrade, procurando sustentá-la através de análises diversas da estrutura rítmica da música popular brasileira e da síncopa em particular. / This dissertation is divided in two parts. In the first one I make a transcription of an unpublished manuscript by Mário de Andrade titled \"Syncopation\", belonging to the series \"Author\'s Manuscripts\" from the Mário de Andrade Archives, now located at the Institute of Brazilian Studies - IEB/USP. This manuscript consists in a collection of various annotations about the subject, made in several periods and gathered in the personal files of the poet and musicologist. To the transcription of this collection I added analyses, a contextualization of the annotations, and articulations with the published biography of the author. In the second part, I elaborate my thesis about syncopation in Brazil based on a development of the ideas and methodology presented in Mário de Andrade\'s manuscript, and seek to demonstrate it with various analyses of the rhythmic structure of Brazilian popular music, in particular of syncopation.

Bien que la littérature française n’ait presque pas abordé le sujet, les théories des coalitions ont constitué, dans la littérature dite “mainstream”, un des principaux champs d’étude en science politique, ces deux dernières décennies. Appliquées à l’analyse de gouvernements, ces études ont permis de développer un ensemble de connaissances théoriques et des outils d’analyse quant à l’étude des processus liés à la formation, le maintien et la conclusion de ce type de gouvernements. Toutefois, le fait que la plupart des politistes ayant contribués à l’expansion de ces théories proviennent d’Europe Occidentale, ces études se sont alors -pour leur majeure partie- concentrées à l’analyse des coalitions gouvernementales suivant les particularismes de leur région d’origine : les systèmes parlementaires d’Europe Occidentale. L’étude du phénomène en régime présidentiel, longtemps considéré comme accidentel du fait de la supposée « combinaison indésirable » entre présidentialisme et multipartisme, est de ce fait demeurée limitée. Ceci conduit à ce que, jusqu’à présent, la littérature en science politique ne dispose que d’un faible niveau de connaissance quant à la manifestation des coalitions gouvernementales sous la configuration présidentielle. Cette thèse se propose donc de combler cette lacune ontologique, en centrant l’analyse sur les particularités structurelles des systèmes présidentiels, tout en faisant le lien avec les théories les plus récentes issues de la littérature portant sur les systèmes parlementaires. En se basant sur les trois pays du Cône Sud, et l’analyse de huit gouvernements récents de coalition qui ont connus différentes fortunes, cette thèse viendra insister sur l’impact de la configuration présidentielle quant à la formation et la gestion des gouvernements de coalition. Cette « présidentialisation » de la théorie des coalitions, va ainsi mettre en avant deux éléments généraux propres à la matérialisation du phénomène coalitionnaire en régime présidentiel : la récurrence de la formation de coalitions électorales, et la tendance à la bipolarité de la compétition politique. / Coalition theories applied to governments developed during the last decades a huge literature so as to provide theoretical knowledge and tools for the analysis of formation, maintain and breakdown of this kind of governments. Nevertheless, these studies were focused especially on parliamentary systems and left away the study of this phenomenon on presidential regimes. On another hand, coalition governments used to be considered, otherwise, in these systems as an “undesirable combination”, or analysed as a functional trend rather than the proper object of investigation. This approach conducts, then to a very low level of knowledge of the coalition phenomenon under presidential configuration.This thesis, proposes thus to fill this analytical gap, aiming to apply and compare recent findings and approaches from parliamentary origins to presidential systems. Through the study of the three countries forming the American Southern Cone, and eight recent governments of coalition with different successes we will stress out the differentiated role and mechanisms of timing cleavages and party structuration, proper to presidential systems. We will therefore “presidentialise” the theory, and show that the presidential framework presents general peculiarities like a recurrent pre-electoral coalition formation, and a trend to the bipolarity of party competition. / Las teorías de las coaliciones (coalition theories) formaron en la literatura dominante en ciencias políticas, uno de los principales campos de estudio, en las últimas décadas. Aplicadas al análisis de los gobiernos, estos trabajos permitieron que se desarrollara un conjunto de conocimientos teóricos y herramientas de análisis pertinentes para el estudio de los procesos de formación, mantenimiento y conclusión de este tipo de gobierno.Ahora bien, el hecho que la mayor parte de los académicos que escribieron sobre este fenómeno proviniera de -o enfocara su análisis sobre- Europa Occidental, condujo a que dichos conocimientos y herramientas desarrolladas por la teoría de las coaliciones se desarrollasen incluyendo particularidades propias a las democracias parlamentarias de Europa Occidental. Paralelamente a esto, el auge de las coalition theories se produjo de manera concomitante con la emergencia del debate presidencialismo vs. Parlamentarismo, cuyos teóricos dominantes en un primer momento abogaron por el carácter “accidental” o “indeseable” del ocaso de coaliciones partidarias en sistema presidencial. Por ende, muy pocos trabajos teóricos han sido llevados a cabo, hasta la fecha, para analizar el proceso coalicionar en regímenes presidenciales; y las pocas tentativas que se hicieron, recuperaron los elementos de análisis propios a las teorías ya existentes sin “presidencializar” el enfoque. Aquello condujo a que el nivel de conocimiento y entendimiento de los gobiernos de coalición en sistemas presidenciales sean bastante mal conocidos, pese a que muchos estudios hayan demostrado el carácter rutinario del fenómeno.Esta tesis se propone colmar este vacío ontológico, concentrándose en el análisis de las particularidades estructurales de los sistemas presidenciales relacionándose, de manera constante, con la teoría en sistemas parlamentarios. Al considerar los tres países del Cono Sur, y el análisis de ocho gobiernos que presentaron una configuración coaligada con fortunas diversas, esta tesis vendrá insistiendo sobre el impacto del presidencialismo sobre la formación y la gestión de estos gobiernos. Este enfoque presidencializado de las teorías de las coaliciones insiste asimismo sobre dos elementos generales propios al fenómeno coalicionar en régimen presidencial: la tendencia a la bipolarización de la competencia política y el carácter más precoz del juego de alianzas.

La duplication de l'ADN au cours de la phase S est initiée à partir de l'activation de plusieurs dizaines de milliers d'origines de réplication. La mise en place des origines a lieu au cours de la phase G1 sous la forme de complexe de pré-réplication (pré-RC) et leur activation est orchestrée par un programme spatio-temporel. La régulation spatiale détermine les origines qui seront activées et la régulation temporelle, ou timing de réplication, détermine le moment de leur activation. En effet, toutes ces origines ne sont pas activées en même temps durant la phase S : certaines origines seront activées en début de phase S, d'autre en milieu, ou d'autre à la fin. Ce programme est établi en tout début de phase G1, au " point de décision du timing ". C'est un programme très robuste qui signe l'identité d'une cellule, son état de différenciation et le type cellulaire à laquelle elle appartient. Il a aussi été montré qu'il est altéré dans des situations pathologiques, en particulier le cancer, sans qu'on ne comprenne très bien les raisons mécanistiques. De manière générale, les mécanismes moléculaires qui régulent le timing de réplication sont méconnus. Le premier volet de ma thèse a permis l'identification d'un nouveau régulateur du timing de réplication : il s'agit de l'ADN polymérase spécialisée Thêta. Recrutée à la chromatine très tôt en phase G1, elle interagit avec des composants du pré-RC, et régule le recrutement des hélicases réplicatives à la chromatine. Enfin, sa déplétion ou sa surexpression entraîne une modification du timing de réplication à l'échelle du génome. Dans la deuxième partie de ma thèse, j'ai exploré les mécanismes qui régulent ce programme temporel d'activation des origines suite à un stress réplicatif. J'ai identifié un mécanisme de régulation transgénérationnel inédit : la modification du timing de réplication de domaines chromosomiques ayant subi un stress réplicatif au cycle cellulaire précédent. Des cellules-filles issues d'une cellule ayant subi des problèmes de réplication dans des domaines fragiles (riches en AT, et donc potentiellement structurés, et pauvres en origines) présentent un timing plus précoce de l'activation des origines au niveau de ces domaines. Ce nouveau processus biologique d'adaptation est particulièrement intéressant dans un contexte tumoral de haut stress réplicatif chronique car ce pourrait être un moyen pour la cellule tumorale de survivre à son propre stress réplicatif mais aussi aux thérapies antitumorales qui sont nombreuses à cibler la réplication de l'ADN. / DNA duplication in S phase starts from thousands of initiation sites called DNA replication origins. These replication origins are set in G1 as pre-replication complexes (pre-RC) and fired in S phase following a spatio-temporal program of activation. This program determines which origins will be fired and when. Indeed, all the origins are not fired in the same time and we can distinguish early, middle and late replication origins. This temporal regulation is called "replication timing" and is determined at the "timing decision point" (TDP) in early G1. It's a robust program, which participates to the definition of cell identity, in term of differentiation state or cell type. However, the precise molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Defective timing program has been evidenced in pathological contexts, in particular in cancers, but the mechanisms of this deregulation remain unclear. In the first part of my PhD, I contributed to the discovery of a new regulator of the origin timing program: the specialized DNA polymerase Theta (Pol Theta). Pol Theta is loaded onto chromatin in early G1, coimmunoprecipitates with pre-RC components and modulates the recruitment of Mcm helicases at TDP. Moreover, depletion or overexpression of Pol Theta modifies the timing of replication at a fraction of chromosomal domains. The second part of my work aimed at exploring the mechanisms that regulates replication timing after a replicative stress. I identified a totally new transgenerational adaptive mechanism of DNA replication timing regulation: the modification of the timing of origin activation at chromosomal domains that have suffered from a replicative stress during the previous cell cycle. Daughter cells from a cell that has experienced replication stress at particular domains (late replicating domains, AT rich so they can form structured DNA, and poor in origin density) shows advanced origin activation within these regions. This new biological process in response to replicative stress could be of particular interest in the context of cancer since, tumor cells are characterized by high level of intrinsic chronic replicative stress. This new mechanism may favor cancer cell survival despite replication stress, particularly upon treatments with anti-tumor agents that target DNA.

Jag har länge tyckt att soundet från en stråke är häftigt. Det finns inspelningar med jazzstråk, men det är inte jättevanligt och jag undrade varför. Är det för att det finns för många svårigheter att hantera med stråken? Eller var det kanske så att det fanns massor med möjligheter som inte många tog vara på? Syftet i mitt arbete har varit att ta reda på vad det finns för möjligheter och svårigheter med att spela stråke på kontrabas i jazzmusik. I arbetsprocessen har jag valt ut låtar och spelat in dessa låtar med ett band bestående av trummor, el-gitarr, tenor saxofon och viola. Sedan har jag skickat låtarna till verksamma stråkbassister så att de kan kommentera och ge tips. Utifrån kommentarerna, tipsen och min egna analys av låtarna har jag gjort övningar som har gjort att jag på bättre sätt har kunnat ta vara på möjligheterna och hantera svårigheterna. De tankar jag hade i början av arbetet angående vad som skulle vara möjligheterna med stråken och vad som skulle vara svårigheterna har visat sig i vissa fall inte stämma alls, i vissa fall stämma delvis och i vissa fall stämde de helt. Ett exempel är att jag tänkte i början av arbetet att få till bra rytmer skulle vara en svårighet, dock visade sig rytmer även vara en möjlighet då man kan ha större rytmisk variation med stråken än med fingrarna eftersom man kan hålla ut en ton längre med stråken. / For a long time I have been thinking that the sound of a bowed tone is cool. There are recordings of music with jazz bowing, but it is not very common and I wondered why. Is it because there are too many difficulties with bowplaying? Or are there a lot of opportunities that only a few bass players take advantage of? The aim of my thesis is to figure out what the difficulties and the opportunities with bow playing on the double bass are in jazz music.  In my research process I have chosen a couple of songs, rehearsed and recorded them with a band including drums, guitar, tenor saxophone and viola. After each recording session, I sended the recordings to a couple of active bow playing bass musicians, which answered with comments and advices.  Based on the advices and my own analysis of the songs, I did exercises that taught me how to handle the difficulties and how to fully use the opportunities with bow playing in jazz music.  In the beginning of the project I had some thoughts about what the opportunities and difficulties would be. Some of the thoughts came out to be, in some cases incorrect, in some cases partly correct and in some cases fully correct.  An example is that, beginning my research I thought that playing rhythms with a bow would be difficult, but as it turned out, playing rhythms could also be an opportunity. I then could use more versatile rhythms than with my finger, since the bow allows me to hold a tone for a longer time.

Background- Today online subscription based information products are becoming all the more common. A lot of them are using a immediate reward to compensate the quality uncertainty customer's experience. Even though an immediate reward creates a lot of customer attraction, some services today struggle with customer retention. Purpose- The purpose of this study is to examine how timing of rewards and quality uncertainty affects the choice of products. Method- For this study, four different surveys were conducted all representing one condition each. The survey was distributed to a total of 120 industrial workers from two different companies. A deductive reasoning lay as foundation for the construction of surveys. Result- Our result shows that under specific circumstances an immediate-and-delayed reward is preferable over an immediate reward alone. Also, when it comes to customer retention, a immediate-and-delayed reward is better at retaining customers when quality uncertainty becomes a factor. Conclusion- If customers have a reward upcoming, it is less likely they switch to the uncertain service even if there are an immediate reward present for the competing service. If they are going to switch service and have to give up their upcoming reward, they demand a significantly better quality at the competing service. Delimitations- This study focuses on the effects of timing of reward and quality uncertainty when customers choose or switch to an online subscription based information product. The study isolates timing of reward and quality uncertainty as major drivers for affecting purchase behaviour. / Bakgrund- Idag blir abonnemangsbaserade informationsprodukter allt vanligare. Många av dem använder en omedelbar belöning för att kompensera för kundens kvalitetsosäkerhet. Trots att en omedelbar belöning skapar stor kundattraktion, klarar flertalet av tjänsterna idag inte av att behålla kunder i samma utsträckning. Syfte- Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur timing av belöningar och kvalitetsosäkerhet påverkar valet av produkter. Metod- För denna studie genomfördes fyra olika enkätundersökningar med olika villkor. Undersökningen distribuerades till totalt 120 industriarbetare från två olika företag. Ett deduktiv resonemang låg som grund för utformandet av enkäterna. Resultat- Vårt resultat visar att under specifika omständigheter skulle en omedelbar-ochuppskjuten belöning vara att föredra framför enbart en omedelbar belöning. När det gäller att bibehålla kunder är det emellertid en omedelbar-och-uppskjuten belöning som bättre bibehåller kunder om kvalitetsosäkerhet är en faktor. Slutsats- Om kunderna har en kommande belöning, är det mindre troligt att de byter till tjänsten med osäker kvalité även om det finns en omedelbar belöning hos den konkurrerande tjänsten. Om de dock ska byta tjänst och måste ge upp sin kommande belöning, kräver de en betydligt bättre kvalitet vid den konkurrerande tjänsten. Avgränsningar- Denna studie fokuserar på effekterna av timing av belöning och kvalitetsosäkerhet när kunder väljer eller byter till en abonnemangsbaserad informationsprodukt. Studien isolerar timing av belöningar och kvalitetsosäkerhet som viktiga faktorer som påverkar köpbeteendet.

Emerging Ultra Wideband (UWB) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems hold the promise of delivering wireless data at high speeds, exceeding hundreds of megabits per second over typical distances of 10 meters or less. The purpose of this Thesis is to estimate the timing accuracies required with such systems in order to achieve Bit Error Rates (BER) of the order of magnitude of 10-12 and thereby avoid overloading the correction of irreducible errors due to misaligned timing errors to a small absolute number of bits in error in real-time relative to a data rate of hundreds of megabits per second. Our research approach involves managing bit error rates through identifying maximum timing synchronization errors. Thus, it became our research goal to determine the timing accuracies required to avoid operation of communication systems within the asymptotic region of BER flaring at low BERs in the resultant BER curves. We propose pushing physical layer bit error rates to below 10-12 before using forward error correction (FEC) codes. This way, the maximum reserve is maintained for the FEC hardware to correct for burst as well as recurring bit errors due to corrupt bits caused by other than timing synchronization errors.

No description available.