This bachelor thesis has been collaborated with Saab Dynamics AB in Karlskoga. The purpose is to analyze time-based rangefinder based on Time-to-Digital Converter with short laser pulses. Compensation will be produced for timing walk-error that is introduced by a dynamic problem. The temperatures influence on the distance measurement will be verified. After collecting data from measurements, compensation is produced. With help from the compensation the measurements are working on different targets.

Uma das características dos adolescentes é a fase atrasada dos ritmos biológicos circadianos. Esse atraso na expressão da ritmicidade circadiana pode gerar um atrito entre o tempo biológico e o tempo social (horário escolar). Assim, analisamos a expressão do atrito temporal entre o tempo biológico e o tempo social em adolescentes escolares. Todos os adolescentes atrasaram os horários do inicio e do final do sono na comparação entre os dias letivos e não letivos. Os adolescentes atrasam a acrofase da temperatura periférica, e a MFS na comparação entre os dias letivos e não letivos. Foi observada uma diminuição significativa para os vespertinos, na ritmicidade circadiana da temperatura na transição dos dias letivos para os dias não letivos. Dessa forma, o deslocamento da acrofase da temperatura e o deslocamento da MFS podem ser a expressão do atrito temporal. Esse cronicidade do atrito pode trazer conseqüências negativas para o bem estar dos adolescentes. / And one of the adolescents characteristics is the latest phase of circadian biological rhythms, compared with children and adults. This delay in the expression of circadian rhythmicity may generate friction between biological time and social time. Thus we analyzed the temporal friction between biological time and social time in scholar adolescents. All adolescents delay the time of beginning and the end of sleep in school days compared to non-school days. All adolescents had a delay in the peripheral temperature acrophase, and the MFS in the comparison between school days and non-school days. Therefore we understand the friction time between the biological and the social through changes in the CVS patterns, shift of peripheral temperature acrophase, and displacement of the MFS, in the transition from school days to non-school days. This chronicity of friction can have negative consequences for the well being of the adolescents.

A constituição de estudo acerca da ritmicidade biológica do indivíduo, e sua expressão social no mundo contemporâneo foi objetivo desta dissertação, ela integra as Ciências Humanas com as Ciências Biológicas. Estuda-se a construção cultural da virtude relacionada ao trabalho intenso e extenuante, faz-se isso analisando inicialmente o processo histórico na transição do feudalismo para o capitalismo mercantil até o capitalismo contemporâneo. No decorrer desta construção histórica, observa-se a inversão de valores voltados ao trabalho, que de castigo torna-se virtude. Essa transformação está associada a conflitos e revoluções de ordem religiosa e econômica. A relação trabalho-tempo se transforma de um modo de produção tradicional, no feudalismo, no qual o tempo do trabalho é o tempo da terra, é o tempo do plantar e do colher, é o tempo da natureza para uma relação trabalho-tempo ditada por salários, pelo sincronismo das máquinas, pela doutrinação religiosa, pelo controle dos horários e pela coação da lei. Essa relação trabalho-tempo que emerge no capitalismo mercantil reverbera nos dias atuais através do fenômeno ideológico moldado nos últimos quatro séculos por meio de mecanismos semelhantes, econômicos, religiosos e legais. De forma que contemporaneamente, de forma geral, se entende que quanto mais tempo se dedica ao trabalho, quanto mais cedo se acorda para trabalhar mais virtuoso é o indivíduo. Por lado quanto mais tarde se acorda para trabalhar e quanto mais se invade a noite para o lazer mais vagabundo. No entanto de uma área da Biologia surgida nos meados do século XX; a Cronobiologia, emerge o conhecimento sobre o tempo biológico que surge então como elemento adicional para se pensar o tempo e o trabalho. O tempo na cronobiologia é a integração entre o tempo dos organismos e o tempo da natureza, do dia e da noite, é o dia interior ajustado ao dia exterior. É, portanto individual, é genético e ontogênico. Os horários sociais nos quais se exerce as rotinas de trabalho nem sempre estão em harmonia com o tempo biológico o que leva parte da população a uma espécie de desarranjo temporal ou a pratica de horários não triviais como acordar nas primeiras horas da tarde, por exemplo. Imposições temporais como o horário de verão, horário de aula para alunos, turnos de trabalhos invertidos, não levam em consideração resultados de estudos de grande parte da literatura na área de cronobiologia, e resultam em consequências para a saúde da população. Assim concluímos que estigmatizar quem pratica horários incomuns ou estabelecer uma rigidez de horários nos quais se deve exercer atividades como trabalho ou dormir são construções ideológicas historicamente determinadas, as quais o saber cronobiológico descontrói, pois a compreensão do tempo biológico resulta em entender sua adaptabilidade no contexto dos horários sociais. Além disso, entende se que são necessárias Políticas Públicas relacionadas a intervenções nos horários de trabalho e educação do quotidiano que levem em consideração estes novos conhecimentos surgidos no final do século XX que terão papel preventivo em doenças contemporâneas como câncer e doenças psiquiátricas / The study of individual biological rhythmicity and its social expression in the contemporary world was objective of this dissertation, which integrates Human and Biological sciences. We have studied the cultural construction of virtue related to intense and hard work. We analyzed initially the historical process of the transition from feudalism to the mercantile capitalism and to contemporary capitalism. During this process there were an inversion of values; the work from punishment becomes virtue. This transformation is associated with conflicts and revolutions of religious and economic order. The relationship \"work-time\" changes from a traditionalist production method, in feudalism, in which working time is the time of the land, is the time of planting and harvest, is the time of nature, to a temporal relationship dictated by wages, the timing of machines, by religious indoctrination, by schedule control and enforcement of the law. This working time relationship that emerges in mercantile capitalism reverberates today through an ideological phenomenon in the last four centuries, through similar, economic, religious and legal mechanisms. Contemporaneously, in general, it is understood that the more time is devoted to work, the sooner one agrees to work more virtuous he is. On the other side who wakes up to work at noon and breaks the night for leisure is a vagabond . However an area of Biology that emerged in the mid-twentieth century, the Chronobiology, brings knowledge about the biological timing as an additional element to think about the time and work. Time in chronobiology is the integration between the time of nature day and night, and time of body , is the day inside adjusted to the day outside. It is, therefore, individual, it is genetic and ontogenetic. Social schedules and work routines are not always in harmony with the biological timing what leads people either to a kind of temporal misalignment or to practice nontrivial temporal schedules like waking up in the afternoon, for example. Time impositions for daylight saving time, class time for students, inverted shifts to workers, do not take into account the results of most studies of chronobiology literature and result in consequences for the health of the population. Thus, we can conclude that stigmatize those who practice unusual times or set a rigid schedule to carrying out activities such as work or to sleep are ideological constructions historically determined, which the knowledge in Chronobiology deconstructs since it can interpreted that the understanding of biological timing allows to understand its adaptability to social context. We also considered that public policies related to interventions in working hours and education that take into account this new knowledge that emerged in the late twentieth century in Biology will have a role in preventive medicine in contemporary diseases such as cancer and psychiatric disorders

by Eva Yuk-Wah Pang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-89). / ACKNOWLEDGEMETS / ABSTRACT / LIST OF FIGURES / LIST OF TABLES / Chapter CHAPTER1 --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.1-1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Problems with Synchronous Systems --- p.1-1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- The Advantages of Self-timed Systems --- p.1-2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Self-Timed Cell Library --- p.1-3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Overview of the Thesis --- p.1-5 / Chapter CHAPTER2 --- BACKGROUND / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.2-1 / Chapter 2.2 --- Models for Asynchronous System --- p.2-2 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Huffman model --- p.2-2 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Muller model --- p.2-4 / Chapter 2.3 --- Self-timed System --- p.2-5 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Definitions and Assumptions --- p.2-6 / Chapter 2.4 --- Design Methodologies --- p.2-8 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Differential Logic Structure Design Methodology --- p.2-9 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Data Path --- p.2-9 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Control Path --- p.2-10 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Micropipeline Design Methodology --- p.2-12 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Data Path --- p.2-12 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Control Path --- p.2-13 / Chapter CHAPTER3 --- SELF-TIMED CELL LIBRARY / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.3-1 / Chapter 3.2 --- Muller C element --- p.3-1 / Chapter 3.3 --- Differential Cascode Voltage Switch Logic Circuits --- p.3-6 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- INVERTER --- p.3-8 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- "AND, OR, NAND, NOR" --- p.3-8 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- "XOR, XNOR" --- p.3-10 / Chapter 3.4 --- Latches --- p.3-11 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Precharged Latch --- p.3-12 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Capture and Pass Latch --- p.3-12 / Chapter 3.5 --- Delay Elements --- p.3-13 / Chapter 3.6 --- Discussion --- p.3-15 / Chapter CHAPTER4 --- THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-TIMED CELL LIBRARY / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.4-1 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Simulation Characteristics --- p.4-2 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- HSPICE program --- p.4-2 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Characterization Information and Datasheet terms --- p.4-5 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Characterization values --- p.4-6 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Experimental Analysis --- p.4-6 / Chapter 4.4 --- Experimental Result and Discussion --- p.4-9 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Experimental Result --- p.4-9 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Comparison of the characteristics of C-elements --- p.4-12 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Comparison of simulation with experimental results --- p.4-13 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Properties of DCVSL gate --- p.4-14 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- The Characteristics of Delay elements --- p.4-15 / Chapter 4.5 --- CAD Features on Cadence --- p.4-16 / Chapter CHAPTER5 --- DESIGN EXAMPLE: SELF-TIMED MATRIX MULTIPLIER / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.5-1 / Chapter 5.2 --- A Matrix Multiplier using DCVSL structure --- p.5-2 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Structure --- p.5-2 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Handshaking Control Circuit --- p.5-3 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Handshaking Control Circuit of Pipeline --- p.5-4 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Handshaking Control Circuit of Feedback Path --- p.5-8 / Chapter 5.3 --- A Matrix Multiplier using Micropipeline Structure --- p.5-10 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Structure --- p.5-10 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Control Circuit --- p.5-12 / Chapter 5.4 --- Experimental Result --- p.5-13 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- The Matrix Multiplier using DCVSL structure --- p.5-13 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- The Matrix Multiplier using Micropipeline structure --- p.5-16 / Chapter 5.5 --- Comparison of DCVSL structure and Micropipeline structure --- p.5-18 / Chapter CHAPTER6 --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 6.1 --- Achievement --- p.6-1 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Self-timed Cell Library --- p.6-1 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Self-timed System Design simplification --- p.6-2 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Area and Speed --- p.6-3 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- Applications --- p.6-4 / Chapter 6.2 --- Future work --- p.6-6 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Interface with synthesis tools --- p.6-6 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Mixed Circuit Design --- p.6-6 / REFERENCES / APPENDICES

Denna studie handlar om repetitionsarbete med en vokalgrupp bestående av fem musikhögskolestudenter med fokus på populärmusikaliska genrer. Fyra teman i det musikaliska hantverket används som analysverktyg: intonation, timing, samklang och interpretation. Fysiken bakom intonation i a cappellasång tas upp, liksom definition av timing och sväng, samklang i fråga om vokalformning med mera, samt tankar om vad interpretation innebär. Vad definierar dessa teman och hur samverkar de? Hur arbetar en vokalgrupp med dem? Kan man kanske fastställa någon slags mall för arbetsgången?  Vokalgruppen träffades vid fyra tillfällen och repeterade ett musikstycke, en repetition leddes av en lärare. Repetitionerna spelades in och analyserades utifrån de fyra temana och flera metoder och funderingar kring dem preciseras och diskuteras.  Jag kommer i studien fram till ett förslag på en arbetsgång för repetitionsarbete och definierar och diskuterar några metoder som kan hjälpa fram till ett önskat resultat. Några tankar om det psykiska klimatet i en ensemble kom även upp som en viktig aspekt vid sidan av det musikaliska arbetet.

As Moore`s law continues to reduce the cost of computation at an exponential rate, embedded computing capabilities spread to ever-expanding application scenarios, such as smartphones, the Internet of Things, and automation, among many others. This trend has naturally caused the underlying technology to evolve and has introduced increasingly complex microarchitectures into embedded processors in attempts to optimize for performance. While other microarchitectures, like those used in personal computers, have been extensively studied, there has been relatively less research done on embedded microarchitectures. This is especially true in terms of their security, which is growing more important as widespread adoption increases. This thesis explores an undocumented cache behavior found in ARM Cortex processors that we call implicit cache lockdown. While it was presumably implemented for performance reasons, it has a large impact on the recently popular class of cybersecurity attacks that utilize cache-timing side-channels. These attacks leverage the underlying hardware, specifically, the small timing differences between algorithm executions due to CPU caches, to glean sensitive information from a victim process. Since the affected processors are found in an overwhelming majority of smart phones, this sensitive information can include cryptographic secrets, credit card information, and passwords. As the name implies, implicit cache lockdown limits the ability for an attacker to evict certain data from a CPU`s cache. Since this is precisely what known cache-timing attacks rely on, they are rendered ineffective in their current form. This thesis analyzes implicit cache lockdown in great detail, including the methodology we used to discover it, its implications on all existing cache-timing attacks, and how it can be circumvented by an attacker.

Hardware engineers frequently create formal specification documents as part of the verification process. Doing so is a time-consuming and error-prone process, as the primary documents for communications and standards use a mixture of prose, diagrams and tables. We would like this process to be partially automated, in which the engineer's role would be to refine a machine-generated skeleton of a specification's formal model. We have created a preliminary intermediate language which allows specifications to be captured using formal semantics, and allows an engineer to easily find, understand, and modify critical portions of the specification. We have converted most of ARM's AMBA AHB specification to our language; our representation is able to follow the structure of the original document.

O tempo de propagação dos sinais nas interconexões é um fator dominante para atingir a frequência de operação desejada em circuitos nanoCMOS. Durante a síntese física, o posicionamento visa espalhar as células na área disponível enquanto otimiza uma função custo obedecendo aos requisitos do projeto. Portanto, o posicionamento é uma etapa chave na determinação do comprimento total dos fios e, consequentemente, na obtenção da frequência de operação desejada. Técnicas de posicionamento incremental visam melhorar a qualidade de uma dada solução. Neste trabalho, são propostas duas abordagens para o posicionamento incremental guiado à tempos de propagação através de suavização de caminhos e balanceamento de redes. Ao contrário dos trabalhos existentes na literatura, a formulação proposta inclui um modelo de atraso na função quadrática. Além disso, o posicionamento quadrático é aplicado incrementalmente através de uma operação, chamada de neutralização, que ajuda a manter as qualidades da solução inicial. Em ambas as técnicas, o comprimento quadrático de fios é ponderado pelo drive strength das células e a criticalidade dos pinos. Os resultados obtidos superam o estado-da-arte em média 9,4% e 7,6% com relação ao WNS e TNS, respectivamente. / The interconnection delay is a dominant factor for achieving timing closure in nanoCMOS circuits. During physical synthesis, placement aims to spread cells in the available area while optimizing an objective function w.r.t. the design constraints. Therefore, it is a key step to determine the total wirelength and hence to achieve timing closure. Incremental placement techniques aim to improve the quality of a given solution. Two quadratic approaches for incremental timing driven placement to mitigate late violations through path smoothing and net load balancing are proposed in this work. Unlike previous works, the proposed formulations include a delay model into the quadratic function. Quadratic placement is applied incrementally through an operation called neutralization which helps to keep the qualities of the initial placement solution. In both techniques, the quadratic wirelength is pondered by cell’s drive strengths and pin criticalities. The final results outperform the state-of-art by 9.4% and 7.6% on average for WNS and TNS, respectively.

The effect of the spatial distribution of a radioactive source on timing measurements has been investigated with particular consideration toward the focal plane of recoil separators. The work conducted during this thesis is a precursor to understand the magnitude of such effects for the upcoming fast timing array (FATIMA) at FAIR. An experiment was undertaken at the University of Jyvaskyla using the K130 cyclotron to accelerate a 36-Ar beam to 190 MeV, directed onto a 106-Cd target, to produce recoils of 138-Gd and 136-Sm via fusion-evaporation reactions. Recoils directed using RITU to the focal-plane DSSSD of GREAT were distributed over the majority of the 124-mm by 40-mm extension of the DSSSD. A new array consisting of eight lanthanum bromide detectors was used to measure the time between coincident prompt-gamma rays emitted following the de-excitation of isomeric recoil states implanted into the DSSSD. Lifetimes were measured to be 213(20) ps and 200(100) ps for the first-excited 2+ states in 138-Gd and 136-Sm, respectively. Positional information, extracted from the DSSSD, was used to correct for the difference in the time-of-flight of gamma rays as they travelled from the implantation position to the lanthanum bromide detectors. When accounted for, the lifetimes were remeasured to be 217(20) ps and 210(90) ps, respectively, showing no significant change in value or error. A method of quantifying the increase in uncertainty of a lifetime measurement due to the spatial distribution of the source and the position of the surrounding detectors, supported by simulation, has been provided to explain these observations. A new technique for extracting the time-walk from each of the CFDs in a multi-detector array has been presented. The new technique offers a reduced complexity in calculations by accounting for the correlated time-walks present in time measurements from different detector-pairs sharing a common CFD. Work towards a technique for extracting lifetimes from time data has been presented. Dubbed the Symmetrised-Convolution Lifetime Measurement (SCLM) method, this technique essentially applies a model-dependent convolution of the prompt-response with nuclear exponential decay on both time spectra, obtained by inverting the start and stop conditions of a TAC, simultaneously and draws parallels to the Mirror Symmetric Centroid Difference method.

Tong Ka Yau Dennis. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-81). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivations --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Progress on the Problem --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Our Contributions --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Thesis Organization --- p.4 / Chapter 2 --- Background on Retiming --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Preliminaries --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- Retiming Problem --- p.9 / Chapter 3 --- Literature Review on Retiming --- p.10 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.10 / Chapter 3.2 --- The First Retiming Paper --- p.11 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- """Retiming Synchronous Circuitry""" --- p.11 / Chapter 3.3 --- Important Extensions of the Basic Retiming Algorithm --- p.14 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- """A Fresh Look at Retiming via Clock Skew Optimization""" --- p.14 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- """An Improved Algorithm for Minimum-Area Retiming""" --- p.16 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- """Efficient Implementation of Retiming""" --- p.17 / Chapter 3.4 --- Retiming in Physical Design Stages --- p.19 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- """Physical Planning with Retiming""" --- p.19 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- """Simultaneous Circuit Partitioning/Clustering with Re- timing for Performance Optimization" --- p.20 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- """Performance Driven Multi-level and Multiway Parti- tioning with Retiming" --- p.22 / Chapter 3.5 --- Retiming with More Sophisticated Timing Models --- p.23 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- """Retiming with Non-zero Clock Skew, Variable Register, and Interconnect Delay""" --- p.23 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- """Placement Driven Retiming with a Coupled Edge Tim- ing Model""" --- p.24 / Chapter 3.6 --- Post-Retiming Register Placement --- p.26 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- """Layout Driven Retiming Using the Coupled Edge Tim- ing Model""" --- p.26 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- """Integrating Logic Retiming and Register Placement""" --- p.27 / Chapter 4 --- Retiming with Gate and Wire Delay [2] --- p.29 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2 --- Problem Formulation --- p.30 / Chapter 4.3 --- Optimal Approach [2] --- p.31 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Original Mathematical Framework for Retiming --- p.31 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- A Modified Optimal Approach --- p.33 / Chapter 4.4 --- Near-Optimal Fast Approach [2] --- p.37 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Considering Wire Delay Only --- p.38 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Considering Both Gate and Wire Delay --- p.42 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Computational Complexity --- p.43 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Experimental Results --- p.44 / Chapter 4.5 --- Lin's Optimal Approach [23] --- p.47 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Theoretical Results --- p.47 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Algorithm Description --- p.51 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Computational Complexity --- p.52 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Experimental Results --- p.52 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.54 / Chapter 5 --- Register Insertion in Placement [36] --- p.55 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.55 / Chapter 5.2 --- Problem Formulation --- p.57 / Chapter 5.3 --- Placement of Registers After Retiming --- p.60 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Topology Finding --- p.60 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Register Placement --- p.69 / Chapter 5.4 --- Experimental Results --- p.71 / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.74 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.75 / Bibliography --- p.77