This research was completed to deal with many unanswered questions regarding drug use, specifically drug use in areas of rural poverty. Look at any "Faces of Meth" billboard or listen to any corporate-news program and one might assume there is a drug epidemic in rural areas. Without research, this allows the viewer to assume that poverty is the fault of the drug user who happens to live in rural places. This study sought to take a qualitative and ethnographic methodology to "embed" the researcher in this setting to see for himself whether these views were valid or invalid. The questions of functional drug use were at the forefront of the study, as was the possible relationship between drug use and rural poverty. This study transformed into a serious analysis of a network of drug users in the town of Mulch Valley. While standard sociological (and policy issues) concerns are dealt with, this thesis moves beyond such concerns. Theoretical concerns are brought into questions as new concepts, such as: cultural narrative of addiction, master sociality, slave sociality, and Derridity." "Crushing. Cheating. Changing. Am I deaf or dead? Is this constricting construction or just streets with rusty signs of something violent coming?" (Manson, 2012)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:50:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_pl_me_mar.pdf: 1537330 bytes, checksum: bbd6d6814a90aaa50d841d382f02a7cc (MD5) / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo refletir sobre a participação social exercida nos Conselhos Comunitários de Segurança (CONSEGs), entidades que buscam atuar no campo da Segurança Pública. Os objetivos compreendem os limites e possibilidades na relação dos representantes da sociedade civil e poder do Estado, através da participação dos atores sociais frente às questões relativas à segurança pública. Por meio, da pesquisa participante e das análises documentais produzidas nos Consegs observou-se, as tensões e intervenções no controle da criminalidade e a participação política dos componentes da entidade ao representar a população. Assim como, a configuração sóciopolitica em que essa representação aparece e a sua estruturação, enquanto meio, voltada as prioridades relativas a segurança. Verificou-se como se estabelecem as relações constituídas nos Consegs, e as buscas por legitimidade na relação dos atores sociais com os órgãos de segurança e a busca de implementação de políticas públicas na cidade de Marília. / The present research has as objective to reflect on the exerted social participation in the Communitarian Advice of Security (Consegs), entities that they search to act in the field of the Public Security. The objectives understand the limits and possibilities in the relation of the representatives of the civil society and to be able of the State, through the participation of the social actors front to the relative questions to the public security. By means of the participant research and of the produced documentary analyses in the Consegs it was observed, the tensions and interventions in the control of crime and the participation politics of the components of the entity when representing the population. As well as, the sóciopolitica configuration where this representation appears and its estruturação, while half, directed the relative priorities to the security. It was verified as if they establish the relations consisting in the Consegs, and the searches for legitimacy in the relation of the social actors with the agencies of security and the search of implementation of public politics in the city of Marília.

A essência do conceito de governança pública envolve, entre outros aspectos de gestão, a transparência, a prestação de contas (accountability), a ética, a integridade, a legalidade e a possibilidade de participação social nas decisões de políticas públicas. Mas como avaliar o grau com que cada ente federativo se esforça para cumprir os princípios da governança pública? No intuito de apresentar uma proposta de avaliação consistente, o objetivo deste estudo é desenvolver um índice de avaliação da governança pública que permita ao Estado e à Sociedade brasileira ter um parâmetro de avaliação sobre a efetividade das políticas públicas, ponderado para realizar essa avaliação fundamentada nos princípios da governança em função de indicadores desenvolvidos neste estudo. Essa ferramenta contribuirá para a sedimentação de uma cultura que favoreça e estimule o controle e a participação social bem como a saudável concorrência entre os entes governamentais. Os procedimentos metodológicos classificam-se, quanto à finalidade, em pesquisa aplicada; quanto ao método, este classifica-se como comparativo; com relação ao problema de pesquisa, tem abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa; quanto aos objetivos, a pesquisa é exploratória e descritiva; e quanto aos procedimentos, esta é caracterizada como bibliográfica, com fontes de pesquisa secundárias ou indiretas. Como resultado, comprova-se a possibilidade de criação do índice de avaliação da governança pública e sua aplicabilidade prática, inclusive com a apresentação de um ranking dos escores auferidos pelos entes federativos, ilustrando o grau de governança pública obtido a partir da ponderação das variáveis e indicadores preestabelecidos. / The public governance concept essence involves different management aspects and among them we can mention: transparency, accountability, ethics, integrity, legality and the possibility of social participation in the public decision-making process addressed to public policy implementation. But, how will we be able to assess the extent to which each federation entity makes a real effort to comply with the public governance principles? Aiming at submitting a consistent assessment proposal, the present study intends to develop a public governance index able to allow the State and the Brazilian society to have a weighed assessment parameter based on governance principles and on the present study indicators to measure addressed public policy effectiveness. The aforementioned tool will contribute to stimulating a solid social control and participation culture, as well as a healthy competition between government entities. As to methodological procedures the research is classified as: applied research, regarding its purpose; comparative, regarding its method; qualitative and quantitative, regarding research approach; exploratory and descriptive, regarding its objectives; and, bibliographic with secondary and indirect sources, regarding its procedures. The research results attest the possibility of creating a public governance assessment index with practical applicability. It would include a series of scores, based on variables and previously established indicators that assigned to federal entities would show their public governance degree.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:33:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 297800 bytes, checksum: b0b8648cfc1884058d38c6cbd69af33a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-30 / In this research a process evaluation is introduced as a strategy of investigation to evaluate the Health Town Councillor of Ponte Nova-MG. This strategy is linked to the theoretical statements of the evaluation research. It was contextualized the policies applied to the public health field from the 1970s through two complementary axis: the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the Health Organic Laws, 8.080 and 8.142 from 1990, which create and regulate the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). In order to obtain the necessary information to the analysis, it is important to identify the indicators which explain the several forms of participation of the members of all categories in the councillor: government, health workers, professionals and users. With this proposal, the minutes of the meetings of the councillor were analysed from July 2003 to June 2005. Among the results obtained in the research, we can point out the forms of participation of the members of the councillor, identified through indicators like clearances, proposals, suggestions, measures, questions, presentation of results, notices, complaints, deliberations, indictments and comments. Each of these indicators were analysed in relation to the categories represented in the councillor: government, health workers, professionals and users. This analysis revealed the forms of participation of the counselors in the meeetings, that is, the way each category acts in this democractic institution / Nesta pesquisa é introduzida a avaliação de processo como estratégia de investigação para avaliar o Conselho Municipal de Saúde de Ponte Nova MG. Essa estratégia está vinculada aos pressupostos teóricos da pesquisa de avaliação. Para isso, contextualizaram-se as políticas aplicadas ao campo da saúde pública a partir da década de 1970, por meio de dois eixos complementares: a Constituição Federal de 1988 e as Leis Orgânicas da Saúde 8.080 e 8.142 de 1990, que criam e regulamentam o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Para obter as informações necessárias à análise, tornou-se importante a identificação de indicadores que explicitassem as várias formas de participação dos membros de todas as categorias no Conselho, sendo elas governo, trabalhadores da saúde, prestadores de serviços e usuários. Com esse objetivo, foram analisadas as atas das reuniões do Conselho, no período que compreende julho de 2003 a junho de 2005. Dentre os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, destacam-se as formas de participação dos membros do Conselho, identificadas a partir de indicadores como: esclarecimentos, propostas, sugestões, medidas, indagações, apresentação de resultados, avisos, reclamações, deliberações, denúncias e comentários. Cada um desses indicadores foi analisado com relação às categorias representadas no Conselho: governo, trabalhadores na saúde, prestadores de serviços e usuários. Essa análise revelou as formas de participação dos conselheiros nas reuniões, ou seja, a maneira com que cada categoria atua nesse espaço democrático

In this thesis, I challenge assumptions underlying my discipline of enterprise architecture that led to two choices facing practitioners: either to work with tools and techniques which predict and control changes towards predetermined ends or to accept informal processes that are unpredictable and wasteful. Orthodox enterprise architecture defines an enterprise as an organisation, which is a system, and prescribes methods that seek to provide control over the transformation of an organisation into a desired state of affairs by achieving complete knowledge of the system before initiating the desired transformation. Drawing on complexity sciences, I offer a different perspective on organisation and claim that organising what we do is an aspect of doing what we do. Organising is process. I furthermore claim that the people who are organising what we do can act spontaneously and surprise both themselves and others, but often they act habitually. Habitual ways of acting allow us to anticipate to some extent how others are likely to respond to us and, as we grow up, we learn how to behave ourselves, that is, how to adjust our behaviour to what we judge socially acceptable to increase the likelihood of being able to garner support and collaboration. I posit that social control is exercised in this way as mutual self-adjustment that forms what is normal and valued conduct. In other words, our shared social norms and values thus paradoxically and simultaneously form individuals and their conduct and are formed by individuals and their conduct. I claim that in this way we have partial, but never full, knowledge of how others generally respond to certain behaviour of ours. We can ever have only partial knowledge of that which is - in the words of Mannheim - in the process of becoming. I therefore reject the central assumptions upon which orthodox enterprise architecture is based. In organisations, we engineer and exploit mechanical mechanisms that can conduct certain action more effectively and efficiently than people can. Materiality, objects in the world, can resist attempts to shape them to suit our needs but do so without intentionality or spontaneity. Accommodating material resistance is thus repeatable. Enterprise architecture as a discipline grew out of engineering of physical mechanisms and assumes a similar repeatability and predictability when working with the social, which I find to be an unwarranted assumption. I argue against the claim of orthodox enterprise architecture that we can bring about a pre-determined state in a controlled fashion and against the claim that without such control we have informal processes that are inevitably unpredictable and wasteful. I posit that what emerges is paradoxically stable instabilities of socially enabled and constrained recognisable patterns of behaviour. When devising a mechanism in a physical object, such as a software programme, a repertoire of scripted action is transcribed into it which remains constant until transcription is renewed. Transcription has a tendency to render action less fluid. Some members of an organisation may judge particular scripted action to be awkward or detrimental while others may judge the same scripted action to be efficient and beneficial. Thus, determining which scripted action to transcribe into mechanisms is a highly political decision which attracts the attention of skilful political players. Enterprise architects can have a valuable role to play, since we have a better than average partial knowledge about technology, and since technology is increasingly important for many enterprises. I posit that becoming more aware of power and power plays, developing a feel for the game, and becoming more detached about our involvement will allow us to play into what is emerging socially with more political awareness and expertise.

A presente dissertação é resultado de uma pesquisa de mestrado realizada acerca dos temas controle social e Política de Saúde do Trabalhador e da Trabalhadora na atenção básica. A partir de diversas conceitualizações, este trabalho opta pela definição de que o controle social está a serviço de um Estado democrático de acesso igualitário a direitos e de participação da população no planejamento e acompanhamento de todas as ações deste mesmo Estado. A Política de Saúde do Trabalhador tem origem no período brasileiro de lutas democráticas contrárias ao autoritarismo do governo militar e em consonância com a perspectiva da Saúde Coletiva, que considera o contexto econômico, financeiro e social de organização dos processos de trabalho. Esta pesquisa delineou-se como um estudo de caso de análise situacional, cuja questão norteadora e objetivos foram construídos após realização de pesquisa exploratória em um Conselho Gestor de um Centro de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador do Rio Grande do Sul. O campo foi escolhido em consonância com as pesquisas previamente realizadas pelo Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Saúde e Trabalho (NEST) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo principal proposto foi identificar como se dá a participação do Conselho Gestor na implementação da Política Nacional de Saúde dos Trabalhadores e das Trabalhadoras junto ao Centro de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador. As técnicas utilizadas foram realização de grupo focal, com apoio de um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada, diário de campo e revisão teórica e documental acerca do tema. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado o método de análise de conteúdo. A sistematização das categorias foi realizada a partir dos objetivos. Os resultados encontrados são referentes ao Conselho Gestor ser uma instância sobre a qual os conselheiros tem pouca clareza do seu lugar; os conselheiros entendem que devem estimular e realizar práticas relativas a atenção básica de prevenção e promoção da saúde do trabalhador; a relação estabelecida com os gestores públicos acontece com diversas dificuldades; os próprios conselheiros tem dificuldade de se ver na posição de gestores e por fim, apontam diversas práticas democráticas de gerenciamento que desempenham sem perceber que estão realizando gestão. Nas considerações finais fica evidenciado o mérito da organização coletiva e democrática deste grupo de Conselho Gestor, o qual não tem diretriz nacional específica a seguir, portanto organizando-se desta forma espontaneamente. / The present dissertation is the result from a master’s degree study performed on social control themes and the Health Policy of the male and female Workers in basic care. It is based on diverse conceptualizations; this study opted for the definition that social control is the work of a democratic State for egalitarian access to rights and the participation of the population in the planning and following up on all the actions of that same State. The Worker Health Care Policy originated in the Brazilian period of democratic struggles against the authoritarianism of the military government and in consonance to the perspective of Collective Health Care, which considers the economic, financial, and social context of the organization of labor processes. This research study was delineated as a situational analysis case study, whose guiding theme and objectives were constructed after performing exploratory research on an Administrative Council of a Reference Center in a Worker Health Care Center in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The field was selected in consonance with the previous research studies performed by the “Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Saúde e Trabalho” (NEST) (Health and Labor Research and Study Nucleus) of the “Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul” (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul). The main proposed objective was to identify what the participation of the Administrative Council is like in the implementation of the National Health Policy of Male and Female Workers at the Reference Worker Health Care Center. The techniques used were performed on the focal group, supported by a semi-structured outline, field diary, and theoretical and documental revision on the theme. The content analysis method was used for data assessment. The systematization of the categories was performed based on the objectives. The result findings refer to the Administrative Council as being an entity by which the counselors perform their role unclearly; the counselors understand that they must foment and perform practices related to basic preventive care and promote the health of workers; the relationship established with the public administrators takes place facing diverse hindrances; the respective councilors find it difficult to place themselves in the position of administrators and ultimately that point out diverse democratic practices of management achieving results without realizing that they are administrating. In the final considerations the merit of the collective and democratic organization became evident of this group of the Administrative Council, which does not have a specific national guideline to follow; therefore it is organized in this spontaneous format.

Em tempos de saída de crise do capital torna-se ainda mais necessário compreender a raiz dos problemas sociais (os quais são originados na base econômica da sociedade civil burguesa), como também analisar o processo histórico da luta de classes. E para isso este trabalho se propõe a fazer uma análise baseada na teoria marxiana, tendo como método o materialismo-histórico-dialético, utilizando da etnografia como metodologia de aproximação e apreensão do local de pesquisa, o Conselho Local de Saúde da UBS Nossa Senhora Aparecida. O trabalho se propõe a resgatar o processo de organização da classe trabalhadora no Brasil, relacionando com o Movimento Sanitário e com o controle social no SUS. O foco são as consequências do desenvolvimento da Estratégia Democrático e Popular via Democracia de Cooptação no seio da luta do proletariado brasileiro. Para tanto, o trabalho apresenta a compreensão de Estado a partir de Marx e Engels, e assim o considera como um instrumento de manutenção do modo de produção capitalista. A democracia constitui-se um dos seus elementos políticos para garantir a dominação burguesa. Dessa maneira, a dissertação apresenta a discussão sobre a democracia enquanto forma de cooptação da classe trabalhadora fundada no liberalismo burguês. Discorre-se sobre como aconteceu à dissociação entre reforma e revolução a partir dos diversos debates políticos travados na organização do proletariado. Analisa a relação desse processo com o debate entre tática e estratégia no movimento da classe trabalhadora. E assim compreender os impactos disso no processo de consciência dos trabalhadores, demonstrando a necessidade de refletir sobre quais caminhos nos conduzirão, de fato, à emancipação humana / In times of capital crisis, it becomes even more necessary to understand the root of social problems (which originate in the economic base of bourgeois civil society), as well as to analyze the historical process of class struggle. Then, this work proposes to make an analysis based on the Marxian theory, having as method the materialism-historical-dialectic, using ethnography as methodology of approach and apprehension of the research site - the Local Health Council of UBS Nossa Mrs. Aparecida. The research proposes to rescue the process of organizing the working class in Brazil, relating to the Sanitary Movement and social control in the SUS. The focus are the consequences of the development of the Democratic and Popular Strategy through Democracy of Cooptation within the struggle of the Brazilian proletariat. To this end, the work presents the understanding of the state from Marx and Engels, and thus considers it as an instrument of maintenance of the capitalist mode of production. Democracy is one of its political elements to guarantee bourgeois domination. In this way, the dissertation presents the discussion about democracy as a form of co-optation of the working class founded on bourgeois liberalism. It explains how the decoupling of reform and revolution happened from the various political debates in the organization of the proletariat. It analyzes the relationship of this process with the debate between tactics and strategy in the working class movement. And thus to understand the impacts of this on the process of workers' consciousness, demonstrating the need to reflect on what paths will lead us, in fact, to human emancipation.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier le processus social de légitimation des produits financiers en prenant comme exemple le développement des Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) en France. En dépit de la complexification de leur « dispositif de calcul » les encours des ETF ont connu une progression rapide. L'essor de ces innovations s'explique par l'effort de légitimation entrepris par les promoteurs. Contrairement à l'approche néo-institutionnaliste qui se focalise sur la dimension cognitive, nous partons des interdépendances pour comprendre le processus social de légitimation. Nous étudions ce processus en combinant une enquête ethnographique fondée sur des entretiens semi-directifs et des observations non-participantes avec une analyse du réseau social d'échange d'information entre les marketeurs, les traders, les journalistes, les investisseurs et les académiques. Nous montrons qu'il existe une « niche sociale » où des acteurs-promoteurs coopèrent entre eux. Ils relaient, auprès des diffuseurs d'information que sont les journalistes, un discours fondé sur les dimensions positives de leur innovation. Ils s'appuient, pour cela, sur le « contrôle social » qu'ils exercent sur la presse économique. Enfin, ces promoteurs s'associent à l'institut de recherche en finance Edhec-Risk afin de fonder la légitimité de leurs produits sur le statut académique de ce partenaire. / The focus of this thesis is to study the social process of legitimizing financial products, focusing primarily on Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) in France. Despite the complex nature of their « calculative device », ETFs have grown rapidly. This can be explained through promoters’ legitimizing efforts. Unlike neo-institutional theory which focuses on the cognitive dimension, this will emphasize the role of interdependencies and relationships in studying legitimizing efforts. This study is based on ethnographic research with semi-structured interviews and non-participant observations during conferences. We combine this qualitative research method with quantitative analysis of the network of information exchanged between marketers, traders, journalists, investors, regulators and academics. We evidence the existence of a « social niche » where competitors cooperate. The promoters exert social control on financial journalists to relay the positive aspects of their financial products. They also collaborate with EDHEC-Risk Institute to benefit from its academic status and gain more legitimacy.

[pt] As intervenções em saneamento são predominantemente implantadas como barreiras entre o meio ambiente e o ser humano. A falta de análise dos impactos no ecossistema pode prejudicar a saúde e limitar os recursos naturais. As sub-bacias MG-10 e MG-13 (Bacia da Baía de Guanabara), da área de planejamento 5 (AP-5) da cidade do Rio de Janeiro foram escolhidas para o presente estudo, onde é atualmente implantado um sistema separador absoluto de esgoto sanitário. Foram avaliadas as consequências dessa intervenção sob uma perspectiva de saúde ambiental. A análise documental do contrato permitiu o levantamento de dados. A maioria das ligações está ativa e com tratamento de esgoto, mas há uma quantidade representativa de domicílios não conectados. As sub-bacias apresentam 94 por cento de cobertura do sistema com 74 por cento de adesão. Foi recomendada a remoção das moradias em áreas de proteção ambiental e a implantação do saneamento em favelas, o que depende de novos planos de urbanização. As custas das ligações prediais e, quando necessário, da adequação da edificação, são de responsabilidade do proprietário, podendo incentivar o surgimento de ligações clandestinas e, consequentemente, o lançamento de esgoto difuso. Houve uma iniciativa de controle social com a participação da população através da Central de Atendimento e da Ouvidoria. Foi possível verificar que os impactos do sistema foram positivos, mas há necessidade de maior fiscalização das situações atípicas. Destaca-se que, para além das intervenções, é importante incentivar a educação ambiental, pois a saúde ambiental é fundamental para assegurar melhorias na qualidade de vida da população. / [en] Predominantly, sanitation interventions are only implemented as barriers between environment and systems that involve human being (Nuvolari, 2013). These must be given in an ecological way and the lack of attention to this aspect, in addition to problems related to limitation of natural resources generation, damages health and quality of life (Rosso and Dias, 2011). Implementation of sanitation systems, more specifically of sanitary sewage, requires engineering exercise to understand the problem and proposition of technical alternatives. Separate system, as an exclusive system for sanitary sewage collection in separation from rainwater, is legally recognized by the State of Rio de Janeiro as an ideal technique. However, changes in local reality reflect the need to review techniques adopted to ensure durable and sustainable solutions (Rosso and Dias, 2012). Understanding the relationship between sanitation and public health is also central to guide effective services. From the twentieth century, several endemic and epidemic diseases were reduced and eradicated in Brazil as a consequence of sanitary improvements implantation. However, diseases related to precarious population conditions continue to play a significant role in national morbidity and mortality (Funasa, 2010). Foregoing highlights the importance of health-sanitation relationship not only as an epidemiological indicator, but with a broader sense of health that involves social well-being and quality of life. Therefore, it is extremely important to evaluate sanitary sewage services implementation in health and environment perspective, i.e., environmental health.

Cette recherche articule les concepts de sexisme bienveillant et de rôle de sexe pour tenter d’expliquer pourquoi les hommes se montrent sexistes bienveillants envers les femmes et surtout pourquoi les femmes l’approuvent. Nous poursuivrons trois objectifs principaux. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous ferons l’hypothèse que le sexisme bienveillant est en fait une composante du rôle de sexe des femmes et des hommes, avec des attentes différentes selon le sexe. La deuxième partie sera centrée sur les femmes. D’après la littérature, le sexisme bienveillant a des conséquences négatives pour elles. Nous chercherons à savoir si les femmes peuvent simplement le rejeter sans être jugées négativement. Nous postulerons que l'attitude d’une femme quant au sexisme bienveillant détermine si elle sera acceptée ou rejetée. Si elle ne l’approuve pas, alors elle perdra en féminité perçue parce qu’elle déviera de son rôle. Puis, nous établirons que réaffirmer son adhésion à son rôle de sexe lui permettra de rejeter le sexisme bienveillant sans être perçue comme déviante. Enfin, nous nous tournerons vers les hommes. Nous identifierons les circonstances dans lesquelles les femmes peuvent préférer les hommes anti-sexisme bienveillant et où les hommes perçoivent le sexisme bienveillant comme un désavantage. Neuf expériences réalisées sur un total de 684 personnes viendront valider ces hypothèses. Cette thèse propose une explication à l’acceptation et l’expression des attitudes et comportements de sexisme bienveillant observés dans la littérature et attire l'attention sur la difficulté pour les femmes de repousser cette forme spécifique de sexisme. / This research connects the concepts of benevolent sexism and sex roles to try to explain why men are benevolent sexists towards women and most importantly why women approve it. We will pursue three main goals. In the first part of this work, we will hypothesize that benevolent sexism is in fact a component of women’s and men’s sex role, with different expectations depending on one’s sex. The second part will be centered on women. According to the literature, benevolent sexism has negative consequences on them. We will seek to know if women can simply reject it without being judged negatively. We will hypothesize that a woman’s attitude regarding benevolent sexism determines whether she is accepted or rejected. If she does not approve of it, then she will be perceived as less feminine because she will be deviating from her role. Then, we will show that reaffirming her adhesion to her sex role will allow her to reject benevolent sexism without being perceived as a deviant. Lastly, we will turn to men. We will identify the circumstances in which women can prefer men rejecting benevolent sexism and where men perceive benevolent sexism as a disadvantage. Nine experiments made on a total of 684 people will confirm these hypothesizes. This thesis offers an explanation to the acceptance and the expression of benevolent sexist attitudes and behaviors observed in the literature and attracts reader’s attention to how difficult it is for women to reject this specific form of sexism.