Historians recognize that there was an increase in political repression in the United States during the Vietnam War era. While a number of accounts portray the Federal Bureau of Investigation as the primary driver of repression for many groups and individuals during the 1960s and 1970s, particularly those on the left, historians typically overlook the role played by local and state law enforcement in political intelligence-gathering. This thesis seeks to advance the study of one aspect of this much larger topic by looking at New York State Police surveillance of the Vietnam-era student peace movement. Drawing extensively on State Police spy files housed at the New York State Archives, the thesis makes several significant contributions to the existing historiography on this period. First, it demonstrates how state and local police contributed to the climate of political repression and surveillance during the Vietnam era. Second, while this thesis encompasses state police surveillance at all types of institutions, including elite private universities and second-tier state colleges, in doing so it provides the first-ever detailed look at how community college students organized against the war. Since a majority of community college students were from relatively low-income backgrounds, chronicling the history of protest on two-year campuses gives historians another angle from which to counter the persistent myth that antiwar activism failed to penetrate the most working-class sectors of U.S. society.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a experiência dos frequentadores e organizadores dos bailes de música soul na década de 1970 nos subúrbios do Rio de Janeiro. O fenômeno dos bailes se iniciou em fins dos anos sessenta, e ao longo da década seguinte se tornou a principal forma de lazer de centenas de milhares de jovens negros. Inseridos num quadro de circulação de influências que passavam pelo movimento Black Power no Estados Unidos da América e pelas lutas de independência de diversos países africanos, aqueles jovens se reapropriaram das referências culturais e políticas a que tinham acesso e ajudaram a alterar, junto ao nascente movimento negro contemporâneo, a forma pela qual se discutia o racismo e as relações raciais no país. A ditadura iniciada em 1964, que mantinha o mito da democracia racial como importante pilar ideológico, logo conferiu aos bailes o status de ameaça à segurança nacional. Assim, analisar o fenômeno nos ajuda a compreender como o regime encarava o questionamento a esse mito. Mas para além da possível ameaça política representada pelos blacks para a ditadura, o caso dos bailes nos permite inscrever a violência ditatorial em uma temporalidade mais larga. Ou seja, observá-la a partir da perspectiva na qual o controle social das parcelas mais subalternizadas da sociedade – as classes perigosas – é encarado como objetivo fundamental do Estado e suas instituições – especialmente as do sistema penal. / [en] This dissertation aims to analyze the experience of promoters and those who attended the bailes soul in the 1970 s in Rio de Janeiro s suburbs. The phenomenon of the bailes started in late 60 s. Throughout the following decade, it became the most important leisure form of hundreds of thousands of young black men and women. They were inspired by the Black Power movement in the United States of America and the fights for independence in several African countries and have re-appropriated those cultural and political influences. The bailes changed the way that Brazil discussed racism and racial relations. The dictatorship used the myth of the racial democracy as official ideology and saw the bailes as a threat to national security. As we analyze the phenomenon, we can understand how the regime saw the questioning of this myth. However, it was not only about the political threat. The bailes allow us to insert the dictatorship s violence in a much larger temporality. Therefore, we aim to analyze it from a perspective in which the social control of the most subalternized sectors of the society – the classes perigosas – is seen as the fundamental objective of the State and its institutions – specially those of the penal system.

ANOTATION The theoretical thesis should point out the development and transformation of power, its mutual relationships and social control, all through discourse analysis of political practice of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Except of other theoretical thinkers, for example later Nikolas Rose, Michel Foucault mostly contributed to these phenomenons. Because power is socially constructed phenomenon and it depends on particular context, we are going to follow development and transformation of power on the concept of CSR. Concept of CSR will give us the frame for this analysis and helps us to recognize moments in CSR practices where the Foucault's model of governing, the concept of power and knowledge, discursive and disciplination practices are present. Also Rose's concepts of market texhniques and rise of new subject and subjectivity. These terms help us to cover economical and market practices on the background of firm's social and enviromental responsibility. KEY WORDS Corporate social responsibility, power relations, social control, disciplination, discoursive practice, subject of consumption, discoursive analysis

The diploma thesis is focused on the social aspects of women's oral hormonal contraception in the lives of two generations of women - daughters and their mothers. The theoretical part introduces the fundamental concepts of contraception research based on gender perspective. It also highlights the important historical milestones related to so-called birth control pill. Furthermore, the development of the contraceptive behavior of the Czech population since the 50s of the 20th century is analyzed. The empirical part of this thesis includes the description of methodology and the analysis of semi-structured interviews with ten women - mothers who were born in the 1960s and their daughters born around the turn of the 80s and 90s. The aim of the analysis is to discover how a generally accepted theory about contraception as the emancipation mechanism that helps women to control their own body and decide about their own reproduction is expressed in the lives of interviewed women. I ask the reason why, when and under what conditions these women decided to use birth control pills and the role of other circumstances in their decision-making. Moreover, I focus on the way how the birth control pills affect the relationship to own body and self-esteem of my respondents. And also, how birth control pills affect...

Der Beitrag untersucht die Wirkung verschiedener Einflussfaktoren auf die Perzeption von Unordnung. Einer Einführung in die theoretische Diskussion rund um die Wirkung von Unordnung auf das urbane Sozialgefüge folgen verschiedene multivariate Berechnungen (N = 2003). Hierzu wird ein additiver Index aus dem Produkt von subjektiver Schwere und perzipierter Häufigkeit verschiedener Erscheinungsformen physischer und sozialer Unordnung gebildet. Die Regressionsergebnisse zeigen, dass die soziale Struktur urbaner Nachbarschaften, der bedingte Erwartungswert für die kollektive Wirksamkeit informeller Sozialkontrolle sowie solche Prädiktoren, welche die Bedeutung des unmittelbaren sozialen Nahraumes für Prozesse kognitiver Dissonanzbewältigung betonen (Viktimisierung, Wohnverhältnis, Kriminalitätseinstellungen), erklären, wann ein Akteur eine Situation als unsicher definiert und infolgedessen Unordnung als Anzeichen von Gefahr interpretiert. Der dem Explanans zugrundeliegende soziale Mechanismus beruht auf der Theorie der Frame-Selektion nach Esser (1991). Die Untersuchung basiert auf der Sicherheitsbefragung der Stadt Leipzig (2011).:1 Einleitung 2 Theorie 2.1 Hunter (1978) 2.2 Wilson und Kelling (1982) 2.3 Exkurs 2.4 Lewis und Salem (1986) 2.5 Skogan (1990) 2.6 Das Konzept der collective efficacy 3 Hypothesen 3.1 Der Grundzusammenhang des theoretischen Modells 3.2 Die Brückenhypothesen des Modells 3.2.1 Direkte und indirekte Viktimisierung 3.2.2 Kriminalitätsfurcht 3.2.3 Medienrezeption 3.2.4 Kontrollvariablen 4 Daten, Operationalisierungen, Methoden 4.1 Daten 4.2 Operationalisierungen 4.2.1 Abhängige Variable(n) 4.2.2 Unabhängige Variablen 4.3 Methoden 5 Auswertung 5.1 Bivariate Ergebnisse 5.2 Multivariate Ergebnisse 6 Fazit und abschließende Bemerkungen 7 Anhang 8 Literaturverzeichnis / This article investigates the influence of various predictors on the perception of disorder. An introduction to the theoretical discussion about the impact of disorder on the urban social structure is followed by different multivariate regressions (N = 2003). The perception of different images of physical and social disorder is measured in terms of the sentimental value of disorder and the perceived frequency of disorder. An additive index using product terms of the sentimental value and the perceived frequency for each image is constructed. The results of the regressions indicate that social structure of urban neighborhoods, collective efficacy, and such predictors which aim at the significance of social proximity (victimization, housing situation, personal crime settings) for processes of cognitive dissonance coping explain when an actor defines a situation as not-secure and subsequently interprets disorder as a symbol of danger. Esser’s (1991) theory of frame-selection functions as the social mechanism of the explanans. The hypotheses are tested on survey data provided by the city of Leipzig (2011).:1 Einleitung 2 Theorie 2.1 Hunter (1978) 2.2 Wilson und Kelling (1982) 2.3 Exkurs 2.4 Lewis und Salem (1986) 2.5 Skogan (1990) 2.6 Das Konzept der collective efficacy 3 Hypothesen 3.1 Der Grundzusammenhang des theoretischen Modells 3.2 Die Brückenhypothesen des Modells 3.2.1 Direkte und indirekte Viktimisierung 3.2.2 Kriminalitätsfurcht 3.2.3 Medienrezeption 3.2.4 Kontrollvariablen 4 Daten, Operationalisierungen, Methoden 4.1 Daten 4.2 Operationalisierungen 4.2.1 Abhängige Variable(n) 4.2.2 Unabhängige Variablen 4.3 Methoden 5 Auswertung 5.1 Bivariate Ergebnisse 5.2 Multivariate Ergebnisse 6 Fazit und abschließende Bemerkungen 7 Anhang 8 Literaturverzeichnis

Syftet med studien var att generera en förståelse för hur polisens NOS-projekt kan verka brottsförebyggande. Vi undersökte även hundägare som är delaktiga i projektet och deras inställning till att uppmärksamma och förebygga brott. Studien grundar sig i teorin om neighborhood watch, med delar av teorin om social kontroll samt rutinaktivtetsteorin. Utifrån sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med deltagare från Nospatrullen fick vi en förståelse för hur NOS-projektet fungerar brottspreventivt genom hundägares förmåga att uppmärksamma avvikande aktiviteter i sitt lokalområde. Resultatet visade att samtliga intervjupersoner hade en positiv inställning till NOS-projektet vilket vi anser kan ha bidragit till projektets möjlighet till att förebygga brott. / The aim of this study was to form a understanding for how a project by the police, the Nos-project, may work to prevent crime. We also examined dog owners that are involved in the NOS-project and their attitude towards crime prevention. The study is based on the theory of neighborhood watch and features the theory of social control and the theory of routine activity. Through six semi structured interviews we learned how the NOS-project may prevent crime through dog owners’ observations of unusual activity in their district. The results also show how all our participants had a positive attitude towards the NOSproject which we regard likely contributes to the projects ability to prevent crime.

The aim of this paper is to briefly clarify the categorization and usage of kinship terms in American and British English in comparison with the Swedish kinship terms, both considering the vocative use and the referential function. There will also be a comparison with previous studies. The Swedish language contains considerably more detailed definitions for kinship. By choosing mostly informants with experience of both language cultures, this paper will investigate and explore whether English speakers themselves experience this as a lack of kinship vocabulary, and in what circumstances supplementary explanation is needed to clarify the identities of referents and addressees.  It will further be established how and when the use of such terms can give rise to misunderstandings or confusion. Kinship terms will also be considered in connection with the present social and cultural environment. Seemingly, the use of kin terms has changed over recent decades and there appears to be etymological, lexicological and semantic causes for such misunderstandings. This essay research was conducted using interviews in which informants relate their experiences of language changes as well as regional variations with respect to how family members and relatives are addressed or referred to. Kinship terms are insightful and important within the field of genealogy and have implications for diverse disciplines such as law, church history, genetics, anthropology and popular custom. Interestingly, kinship terms can be found to be used where there is no existing kinship at all. They also have a great impact on daily communication in terms of respect and relations, and as expressions of empathy, responsibility and solidarity.     Key words: American English, anthropology, British English, communication, culture, etymology, genealogy, kinship terms, referential, relations, respect, social control, Swedish, vocatives

Digital communication refers to human-to-human, human-to-machine or machine-to-machine communication. This dissertation focuses on human-to-human communication in professional relationships based on hardware innovations like tablets, smartphones, or wearables as well as internet-based services like email, instant messaging or social media. Intended consequences of using social communication technologies are often increased freedom of action or faster communication. However, digital communication does also lead to unintended consequences like new social controls, less freedom of action or a lack of time. The aim of the dissertation is to explore explanation attempts why these consequences occur as well as to elucidate how organizations could deal with it. The key message of the dissertation is that using digital communication technologies requires well-trained moral discernment to better understand unintended consequences as well as to better cope with them.:1. Introduction 2. Digital communication: a new challenge for moral discernment 3. Digital communication in and beyond organizations: unintended consequences of new freedom 4. Digital communication in organizations: acceleration and lack of time 5. Further articles in the field of digital communication and acceleration

El estudio evalúa la transparencia económica en un gobierno digital que facilite el acceso del control social, en el Gobierno Regional de Ayacucho, periodos 2019-2020. Para ello, se ha manejado investigación de tipo aplicada con nivel de investigación descriptiva - correlacional, enfoque mixto y método de investigación inductivo-deductivo. Estudio de caso con muestreo no probabilístico por juicio, que implicó la aplicación de una encuesta dirigida a 71 funcionarios y servidores públicos de la entidad. Instrumentos utilizados: un cuestionario con opción de respuesta múltiple, dos entrevistas virtuales y la observación del canal informativo disponible. En principio, los ciudadanos que suministran recursos al Estado a través de impuestos y otras obligaciones fiscales, tienen el derecho de exigir a las entidades públicas la rendición de cuentas sobre la gestión y el uso de los recursos públicos. Tal es así que la gobernabilidad de una entidad pública requiere de la intensiva implementación para la obtención de notables avances en digitalización, en los elementos puntuales como son la transparencia económica y control social. Sin embargo, existen indicios de que, en realidad, las entidades no están a la altura de estas condiciones, entonces surge la pregunta ¿De qué manera la transparencia económica en un gobierno digital facilitó el acceso del control social, en el Gobierno Regional de Ayacucho, durante los periodos 2019-2020? Los resultados obtenidos dictaminan que el gobierno digital en transparencia económica del Gobierno Regional de Ayacucho en los años 2019 y 2020 no facilitó el acceso del control social, dado que solo se obtuvo un 30% de índice correspondiente al desarrollo de transparencia económica en el marco de gobierno digital, promedio de la dimensión presupuestaria (47%) y contable (13%). Además, el 84.2% de los encuestados calificaron el nivel de comprensibilidad igual o por debajo de la puntuación media; y finalmente, según cifras de INEI, solo el 19% de hogares en Ayacucho tuvieron acceso a internet en 2020. Por otro lado, el 95,5% de los encuestados calificó el nivel de participación ciudadana en el ejercicio del control social igual o por debajo de la puntuación media, el cual coincide con lo manifestado por el entrevistado, García, M. (30 de agosto de 2021), quien ha considerado que la participación ciudadana es insuficiente. Además de ello, en los años 2019 y 2020, solo se emitieron cuatro informes de orientación de oficio relacionados a denuncias ciudadanas. Por otro lado, los encuestados opinaron que, el nivel de comprensibilidad y la accesibilidad de internet, no satisfacen las necesidades de sus ciudadanos ni permite ejercer eficazmente el control social. Ahora bien, los resultados, apoyados con el coeficiente de correlación “r” de Spearman, nos permite confirmar la existencia de asociatividad de las variables, como también afirmar lo siguiente: La limitada transparencia económica en un gobierno digital propicia el acceso del control social insuficiente, en el Gobierno Regional de Ayacucho. Por lo tanto, para el Gobierno Regional de Ayacucho resulta necesario implementar mecanismos que garanticen una apropiada transparencia económica que facilite el acceso del control social y que propicie a mayor participación ciudadana a través de control social. / The study evaluates economic transparency in a digital government that facilitates access to social control, in the Regional Government of Ayacucho, periods 2019-2020. To this end, applied research has been conducted with a descriptive-correlational research level, a mixed approach, and an inductive-deductive research method. Case study with non-probabilistic sampling by trial, which involved the application of a survey addressed to 71 officials and public servants of the entity. Instruments used: a questionnaire with a multiple response option, two virtual interviews and the observation of the information channel available. In principle, citizens who provide resources to the State through taxes and other fiscal obligations have the right to demand accountability from public entities regarding the management and use of public resources. Such is the case that the governability of a public entity requires intensive implementation to obtain notable advances in digitization, in specific elements such as economic transparency and social control. However, there are indications that in reality, the entities are not up to these conditions, so the question arises: How did economic transparency in a digital government facilitate access to social control, in the Regional Government of Ayacucho, during the periods 2019-2020? The results obtained dictate that the digital government in economic transparency of the Regional Government of Ayacucho in the years 2019 and 2020 did not facilitate access to social control, since only a 30% index was obtained corresponding to the development of economic transparency in the framework of digital government, average of the budgetary dimension (47%) and accounting (13%). In addition, 84.2% of the respondents rated the level of comprehensibility equal to or below the average score; and finally, according to INEI figures, only 19% of households in Ayacucho had internet access in 2020. On the other hand, 95.5% of those surveyed rated the level of citizen participation in the exercise of social control equal to or below the average score, which coincides with what was stated by the interviewee, García, M. (30 de August 2021), who has considered that citizen participation is insufficient. In addition to this, in 2019 and 2020, only four ex officio guidance reports related to citizen complaints were issued. On the other hand, those surveyed believed that the level of comprehensibility and accessibility of the Internet do not meet the needs of its citizens or allow social control to be effectively exercised. Now, the results, supported by Spearman's "r" correlation coefficient, allow us to confirm the existence of associativity of the variables, as well as to affirm the following: The limited economic transparency in a digital government favors the access of insufficient social control, in the Regional Government of Ayacucho. Therefore, for the Regional Government of Ayacucho it is necessary to implement mechanisms that guarantee an appropriate economic transparency that facilitates access to social control and that promotes greater citizen participation through social control. / Tesis

Despite the general decline in alcohol use among adolescents, binge drinking in this age group remains a serious public health problem. The overarching aim of this study was to examine the association between family structure and adolescents' binge drinking and to what extent this association is accounted for by differences in parental monitoring. The study utilised data from the Stockholm School Survey 2014, involving 12,540 students in 9th and 11th grade in the Stockholm Municipality, Sweden. The analytical sample was restricted to 10,279 students. Descriptive statistics, cross tabulations with chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression were applied in the analyses. Controlling for sociodemographic characteristics including gender, grade, and parental education, family structure was significantly associated with adolescents' binge drinking, where binge drinking was higher among students in the non-nuclear family structure compared with those in the nuclear family structure. However, the association between family structure and adolescents' binge drinking was not accounted for by differences in parental monitoring. In conclusion, the non-nuclear family structure is a risk factor, but also high parental monitoring is a protective factor in relation to adolescents' binge drinking. Accordingly, the findings of the study may be used as a basis for preventive work.