Background: Nurses’ responsibility is complex and primarily aimed at promoting health, prevent disease and patient’s suffering as well as restore health. In addition, nurses are in contact with the patient’s relatives as well as they are team leaders. Stress is a clear element in today's society and common in the caring professions and it can have a negative effect on the care. Psychological illness is common among nursing students and it might be due to concerns about their future profession. Aim: The aim was to describe the newly graduated nurses' experience of work-related stress. Method: A literature review has been conducted in which 14 scientific articles have been analyzed by similarities and differences. The key findings were identified, put under main headings and subheadings and is presented in the result. Results: Newly graduated nurses experienced a lack of clinical and academic knowledge during the first three years of their professional career. These were the most common work related stress factors. Nurses were also stressed about the responsibilities and requirements that follows the professional role. Time management and work overload were two other factors that contributed to work related stress.  Discussion: Nurses felt they have difficulties coping with the demands that followed their professional role. Heavy workload, time constraints and lack of knowledge were factors that contributed to nurse´s experience of not being able to exert control of their work. When the demands are high and there is little ability to exert control, the risk of unhealthy stress will increase. Support from employees and managers can reduce stress in working life.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskeyrket innebär höga kravoch många nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskorupplever stressinför att behöva besitta den kunskap som krävs. Stressen kan påverka patientsäkerheten.Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka arbetsrelaterad stress hos nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor och hur det påverkar patientsäkerheten. Metod: Metoden var en litteraturöversiktmed systematisk datainsamling och urval, där totalt 13 artiklar inkluderades i resultatet.Resultat: Resultatet visade att arbetsrelaterad stress hos nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor berodde på flera orsaker, som organisatoriska faktorerbristande ledarskap, att inte besitta den kunskap som krävs och att vara ny i teamet. Dessa faktorer leder till att sjuksköterskorna tvingas prioritera arbetetunder press vilket påverkar kvalitén på omvårdnaden, äventyrar patientsäkerheten och en vilja hos flera nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor att lämna yrket. Slutsats: Nyutexaminerade sjuksköterskor behöver stöd under deras första tid som legitimerad sjuksköterska för att minska den arbetsrelaterade stressen och att fler stannar kvar inom professionen vilket leder till ökad patientsäkerhet. / Background: The nursing profession involves high demands and many newly graduated nurses experience stress before having to possess the required knowledge. Stress can affect patient safety.Aim: The aim was to investigate work-related stress in newly graduated nurses and how it affects patient safety. Method: The method was a literaturereview with systematic data collection and selection, where a total 13 articles were included in the results.Results:The result is based on two main categories: Causes of work-related stress and consequences of work-related stress. The result showed that work-related stress in newly graduated nurses was due to several factors, such as organizational factors, lack of leadership, not possessing the knowledge required and to be new to the team. These factors lead to nurses being forced to prioritize work under pressure, which affects the quality of nursing, jeopardize patient safety and a willingness of several newly graduated nurses to leave the profession. Conclusion: Newly graduated nurses need support during their first time as a registered nurse to reduce work-related stress and for more people to remain in the profession which leads to increased patient safety.

Work-related stress has become common in recent years. Many academic studies point out that social workers in the social services experience a lack of time and limited resources in the workplaces in which these social workers are employed. This leads to work-related stress among a large section of the social workers. The purpose of this study is to shed light on social workers´ experiences of work-related stress and how this stress can affect the social workers´ work, private life and health. To answer the study's questions, we have adopted a qualitative methodology and interviewing as a data collection method. In this regard, we have interviewed six social workers who work in the social services within two different municipalities in Sweden. In addition, we have used an analysis method called content analysis. The conclusion is that work- related stress can affect social workers' work in social services, private life and physical and mental health in a negative way. In addition, the empirical study partly confirms the theory and the previous research used in this paper, but we have also found deviating answers that differ from the previous research. Our study has shown that two interviewed social workers did not have experience that work-related stress had a negative effect on their practical work. A few have also said that their health and private life were not negatively affected by the work-related stress, which indicates a need for further research regarding the subject of work-related stress in the Swedish social services, to inquire into why some social workers experience work- related stress and why some do not.

Studien behandlar huruvida en del kontorsanställda akademiker upplevde stress som en konsekvens av till synes god arbetsmiljö med hög grad av krav, kontroll och gott stöd. Frågeställningen behandlar vilka arbetsmiljöfaktorer som upplevdes kunna orsaka hög stress, huruvida några av dessa faktorer var tidigare kända som salutogena samt huruvida dessa faktorer kan ligga bakom eventuella skillnader i upplevd stress mellan avdelningarna. Insamling av data utfördes med hjälp av intervjuer med tio respondenter, nio kvinnor och en man, från två olika avdelningar inom samma organisation. Frågor ställdes kring respondenternas upplevda krav, kontroll, stöd, engagemang samt stress i arbetet. Resultatet visade att graden av stress varierade mellan avdelningarna, främst på grund av obalans mellan krav och kontroll samt bristfälligt instrumentellt socialt stöd inom den ena avdelningen. Vidare fann författarna att tidigare kända salutogena faktorer så som exempelvis kontroll och sociala kontakter kan ha visat sig ge negativa konsekvenser för respondenternas mentala hälsa. Därutöver fann författarna att otydliga arbetsbeskrivningar var en bidragande faktor till arbetsrelaterad stress inom båda avdelningarna. / The study addresses whether some office working graduates experienced stress as a result of a seemingly favorable work environment with a high degree of demands, control and support. The issue concerns which work environment factors that were perceived to cause high stress, whether any of these factors were previously known as salutogenic and whether these factors could be behind any differences in perceived stress between departments. Collection of empirical data was done using interviews with ten respondents, nine women and one man, from two different departments within the same organization. Questions were asked regarding the respondents' experience of demands, control, support, commitment and work related stress. The results showed that the degree of stress varied between departments, mainly due to an imbalance between demand and control and deficient instrumental social support within one department. Furthermore, the authors found that previously known salutogenic factors, such as control and social contacts were shown to have had negative consequences for the respondents' mental health. In addition, the authors found unclear job descriptions to be a contributing factor to the work-related stress in both departments.

The mental ill-health is a growing social problem and the cause to a third of the sick leaves. Organizational and social motives is the primary reason to occupational disease among women. Notwithstanding, work environment offense due to lacks in organizational and social work environment have never lead to conviction. The aim of the essay is to find an explanation to this matter, by examine the legal framework of work environment offense. To further contextualize the problem, a perspective of equality makes it possible to emphasize the differences of how men and women will be affected by the regulation. The subject is highly current, since binding regulations, AFS 2015:4, has been imposed since shortly one year ago. Therefore, an analysis of the value of this regulation in future prosecution has been done. The method of jurisprudence has been used to fulfil the aim of the essay. The results of the essay indicates that the review of work environment offense due to lacks in organizational and social work environment mainly causes problems when finding adequate causality. The primary reasons to this is related to the nature of stress and the legality principle. Stress can hardly be related to a separate variable, which makes it hard to prove it is strictly work related. This reason also makes it hard to legislate regulations that live up to the principle of legal certainly. In my power of judge, despite clearer regulation in AFS 2015:4, reviews of work environment offense will continue being problematic. The perspective of equality clearly shows that problems reviewing work environment offense due to lacks in organizational and social work environment to a great extent affects women in a negative matter.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur nyutexaminerade och erfarna socialsekreterare upplever sin nuvarande arbetsroll inom socialtjänsten. Tidigare forskning visar att stöd från arbetsgivaren och erfarenhet är två viktiga aspekter för hur socialsekreterare hanterar sitt arbete. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna för studien är ”krav- och kontrollmodellen” samt ”coping”. Med dessa teorier kan vi få en större förståelse för strukturer och individens egna strategier för att hantera krävande arbetssituationer. Studien utgörs av en kvalitativ ansats med sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som arbetar inom socialtjänsten. Resultatet visade att erfarenhet inte behöver betyda att man har den bästa copingstrategin eller förmågan att hantera pressade arbetssituationer. Hantering av krav var det som var viktigast för att klara av att arbeta under pressade arbetsförhållanden. Slutligen konstaterar vi att både de nyutexaminerade och erfarna socialsekreterarna använder sig av känslomässig- och problemfokuserad coping. De som använde sig av problemfokuserad coping var de som kunde lämna arbetet utan att tänka på sina klienter under sin fritid. / The purpose of this study is to investigate how graduates and practiced social workers experience their current job in social services. Previous research shows that support from the employer and previous job experience are two important aspects of how social workers deal with their work. The theoretical basis for the study is ”demand- control model” and  ”coping ". With these theories, we can gain a greater understanding of the structures and the individual's own strategies for dealing with demanding work situations. The study consists of a qualitative approach with six semi-structured interviews with people working in the social service sector. The result showed that the experience does not necessarily mean that you have the best coping strategy or the ability to handle stressful work situations. Being able to manage set standards and demands was of most importance when working under stressful conditions. Finally, we noticed that both the newly graduated and the experienced social workers use emotional- and problem focused coping. Those who used problem focused coping were those who could be off work and not think about their clients.

Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns mellanchefer som anser att deras arbetsrelaterade stress är relaterad till krav från både över- och underordnade (Skagert, Dellve, Eklöf, Ljung, Pousette & Ahlborg, 2004). Syftet med den föreliggande studien var att i en offentlig organisation undersöka om mellanchefers upplevda arbetskrav från över- och underordnade har samband med deras upplevda arbetsrelaterade stressnivå. Följande frågeställning formulerades: I vilken grad kan upplevda arbetskrav från överordnade, underordnade, ålder och antal år som mellanchef predicera grad av upplevd arbetsrelaterad stress. Deltagarna i studien var 63 mellanchefer, varav 52 kvinnor och 11 män. Resultatet visade att upplevda arbetskrav från underordnade var den enda oberoende variabeln som statistiskt signifikant predicerade uplevd arbetsrelaterad stress. Antal år som mellanchef hade en negativ statistiskt signifikant korrelation med upplevd arbetsrelaterad stress. Dessa resultat var delvis i linje med presenterad teori och tidigare forskning. / Previous research has shown that middle managers believe that their work-related stress is connected to the demands from both superiors and subordinates (Skagert, Dellve, Eklöf, Heather, Pousette & Ahlborg, 2004). The aim of the present study was to in a public organization investigate whether the middle managers perceived job demands from superiors and subordinates are related to their perceived work-related stress level. The following research question was formulated: To what extent can the perceived job demands from superiors, subordinates, age and number of years as middle manager predict levels of perceived work-related stress. Participants in the study consisted of 63 middle managers (52 women and 11 men). The results showed that perceived job demands from subordinates were the only independent variable that statistically significantly predicted perceived work-related stress. Number of years as middle manager had a negative statistically significant correlation with perceived work-related stress. These results were partially in line with the presented theory and previous research.

The background of this study derives from the fact that the auditing sector is characterized by excessive workload, psychological ill-health and high staff turnover. Prior research emphasizes the effects on chartered accountants, auditing quality and organizational consequences. The purpose of this study is therefore to examine junior auditor’s individual well-being, hence the research question: What is the relationship between workload, role conflict and role ambiguity together with psychological well-being of junior auditors? Cooper and Marshalls theory of occupational sources of stress is the basis for this study and the research model originates from Jones, Norman and Wier. A survey was sent to 201 junior auditors in Stockholm working within Big Four, furthermore, to answer the research question at hand, hypothesis testing is applied. Results of this study shows that work overload is the most prominent of the examined variables, but psychological ill-health could possibly derive from other non-studied factors. Conclusively, the study shows that junior auditors neither experience role conflict or role ambiguity, and therefore, solely workload has a negative effect on occupational stress and psychological illhealth. Further researchers should conduct a qualitative study in order to gain greater understanding of the individuals, but also to examine whether other variables can affect junior auditors. / Bakgrunden till denna studie är att revisionsbranschen präglas av hög arbetsbelastning, psykisk ohälsa och personalomsättning, där tidigare forskning lagt stor vikt vid att undersöka auktoriserade revisorer, revisionskvalitén och organisatoriska konsekvenser. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att lägga fokus på juniora revisorers individuella välbefinnande, och således blir forskningsfrågan: Hur ser sambandet ut mellan arbetsbelastning, rollkonflikt samt rolltvetydighet och juniora revisorers psykologiska välbefinnande? Teorin som ligger till grund för detta arbete är Cooper och Marshalls teori om källor till arbetsrelaterad stress, och forskningsmodellen som används i denna studie är en modifiering av Jones, Norman och Wiers. En enkät skickades ut till 201 juniora revisorer inom Big Four och 60 svar erhölls, för att kunna besvara forskningsfrågan tillämpades hypotesprövningar. Resultatet visar att arbetsbelastning är den mest betydande av de undersökta variablerna, dock kan försämrat psykologiskt välbefinnande även föranledas av andra faktorer som inte undersöks i denna studie. Slutsatsen är därmed att juniora revisorer varken upplever rollkonflikt eller rolltvetydighet, och studie har således funnit att endast arbetsbelastning påverkar den arbetsrelaterade stressen och det psykologiska välbefinnandet negativt. Förslag till vidare forskning är att utföra kvalitativa studier för att uppnå en djupare förståelse av individen, men även studera andra faktorer som kan påverka de juniora revisorerna.

Šiame magistriniame darbe išanalizuota įvairių Lietuvos ir užsienio autorių organizacinio klimato ir darbinio streso teorinės sąsajos, bei atlikti tyrimai dvejose statutinėse organizacijose. Tyrimui atlikti buvo pasitelkta du standartizuoti testai: prof. G. Merkio mokslinės grupės sukurtas „Organizacijos klimato krizės“ ir Lietuvoje iki šiol nenaudotas „Darbinio streso“ testas, kurie atskleidė Pataisos namų X ir Tardymo izoliatoriaus Y darbinio streso ir organizacinio klimato būklę. Pateikiamos išvados, diskusijos ir literatūros sąrašas. Išanalizavus tyrimo duomenis, dalinai pasitvirtimo magistriniame darbe iškelta hipotez�� - „Laivės atėmimo įstaigose susiklostęs organizacinis klimatas yra nepalankus, aukštas darbuotojų patiriamas streso lygis, todėl reikalauja vadybinės intervencijos“. Norint tiksliai išanalizuoti organizacinį klimatą bei darbinio streso priežastis, rekomenduotina atlikti kokybinio testo analizę. / In this master degree work there is analyzed the theoretical connection between organizational climate and working stress, and done research in two statutional organizations. Two standardized tests were used for making a research: „Crysis of Organizational Climate“ founded by prof. G.Merkys scientific group and test of „Working Stress“ which was not used in Lithuania up to now. These tests have showed the condition of working stress and organizational climate in Penitentiary X and Interrogation Facility Y. At the end of the work conclusions, discussions and list of literature are presented. Data analysis has showed that hypotesis – „ Organizational climate in the imprisonment institutions is unfavourable, the level of stress experienced by employees is high, therefore managerial intervention is necessary“- formulated in this master degree work was confirmed partially. In order to make a precise analysis of causes of organizational climate and working stress it is recommended to do analysis of quality test.

Bakgrund: I och med utvecklingen av informations- och kommunikationsteknik har gränserna för var och när arbetet kan utföras suddats ut. Arbetet har med andra ord blivit gränslöst. Även om det möjliggör flexibilitet över arbetstiderna, valfrihet gällande platsen för var arbetet kan utföras samt en ökad kontroll över arbetet kan det också leda till överbelastning och arbetsrelaterad stress, som i sin tur kan ha en negativ inverkan på arbetslivsbalansen och därmed välbefinnandet. Det kan i förlängningen även påverka organisationen negativt då det kan yttra sig genom minskad produktivitet, sjukfrånvaro och personalomsättning, vilket är förenat med ökade kostnader. Som lärare inom akademin finns långtgående möjligheter att förlänga arbetsplatsens tid och rum till följd av utbredningen av informations- och kommunikationsteknik, varpå den här studien behandlar högskolelärares upplevelser av det gränslösa arbetet och hur det kan inverka på hälsan. Syfte: Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka högskolelärares upplevelser av det gränslösa arbetet inom akademin för att öka förståelsen för hur det gränslösa arbetet kan inverka på hälsan och därmed öka förståelsen för på vilket sätt det kan vara en friskfaktor eller riskfaktor. Metod: Då föreliggande studie syftade till att fånga enskilda individers upplevelser, tankar och beskrivningar avseende deras arbetssituation i det gränslösa arbetet på ett nyanserat sätt, valdes en kvalitativ metod. Insamlingen av empirisk data gjordes genom tio individuella semistrukturerade intervjuer på en högskola i Sverige. Slutsatser: Studiens resultat påvisar att det sociala stödet är viktigt i ett gränslöst arbete och kan bland annat bidra till att stressfyllda perioder upplevs som mindre krävande. Att ständigt vara tillgänglig kan däremot påverka hälsan negativt i och med den upplevda stressen som följer med tillgängligheten via e-post. Vidare tyder resultatet på att egenkontroll och frihet i arbetet både kan vara en risk- och friskfaktor beroende på hur gränsdragningar gentemot det övriga livet sker, vilket kan bero på individens egna krav och karriärutsikter, liksom glädjen till sitt arbete. Det innebär att den individuella gränsdragningsförmågan blir fundamental i ett gränslöst arbete. / Background: Due to the development of the information and communication technology the boundaries of where and when to carry out your work have faded. In other words, the work has become boundless. Although this allows for flexibility over working hours, place of work and increased control over your work it can also lead to overload and work related stress, which can have a negative impact on work life balance and therefore health. Also, in the long run it can adversely affect the organization as it can lead to reduced productivity, sickness absence and staff turnover, which is associated with greater costs. As a teacher at the academy there are far reaching opportunities to extend the workplace’s hours and location due to the prevalence of information and communication technology, where this study examines the experiences university lecturers have of the boundless work and its impact on health. Aim: The aim of the present study is to investigate university teachers' experiences of the boundless work within the academy to increase understanding of how boundless work can affect health and thereby increasing understanding of how it may be a health factor or risk factor. Method: As the present study aimed at capturing individual peoples’ experiences, thoughts and descriptions regarding their work situation with boundless work in a nuanced manner, a qualitative method was chosen. The gathering of empirical data was done through ten individual semi- structured interviews at a university in Sweden. Conclusion: The study's results indicate that social support is important in boundless work and can, among other things, help stressful periods to be perceived as less demanding. Continuously being available, however, can affect health negatively, with the perceived stress that comes with availability via email. Furthermore, the result suggests that self-control and freedom at work can be both a risk and a healthy factor depending on how boundaries occur to the rest of life, which may depend on the individual's own requirements and career prospects, as well as the joy of his work. This means that the individual’s ability to create boundaries between work and private life is fundamental in a boundless work.