Mobile applications can be developed using a variety of different techniques and technologies. One of the most recent of these techniques is the Progressive Web Application (PWA), a cross-platform solution that is built exclusively using common web technologies. The technique has great potential to become a major competitor to native applications but is currently held back by a few rather significant limitations. This project was initiated because of a significant lack of academic research on the topic of PWA, and a perceived poor level of knowledge in the industry about the technique. The goal of the project was to determine if PWA deserved broader utilization or if the current low level of adoption was justified. During the project, two surveys were conducted. The first survey asked mobile application developers from companies in different countries about things such as their knowledge of, experience with, and opinions of PWA. The second survey asked similar questions but was instead answered by lecturers in higher education in Sweden only. The results of this project show that the average level of knowledge of PWAis very low and that developers’ opinions of the technique are quite negative. The limitations of PWA were found to be few but crippling to its potential to achieve widespread adoption.

資訊系統的運用已是現代企業經營不可或缺的一環，然而，應用系統的開發通常不是一般企業的核心能力，故委外開發是大多數企業在建置資訊系統時最常用的選項。企業在進行委外開發之前，可能因未將資訊系統的建置與企業經營策略校準、或因缺乏理性的選商流程與評估標準、或因在議約時純粹以殺低價格為主要考量，而錯選到一個不合格的承包商。如果再加上使用者的需求說不清楚，開發人員的質與量不符所需，雙方對各自的權責沒有共識，專案管理能力不足等，則這種委外開發必然會問題不斷，最終以失敗收場。 為提高委外開發的成功率，本論文首先將「應用系統委外開發」重新定義為「在合約關係下，承包商依據客戶的需求，為其規劃、開發、導入、維護所需的資訊應用系統。在系統建置過程中，客戶的主要人員，必須積極地參與承包商的開發活動，包括提供需求說明，驗證與確認（verify & validate；V&V）階段性產出的正確性及可用性等，以確保承包商可以如期、如質、如需求地在預算內完成所委託的交付項目及服務。」以導正觀念。然後再透過「應用系統開發委外專案之業務及開發流程」的介紹，分別從客戶及承包商的角度，提出正確的業務及開發流程，期以拉近雙方的共識，並印證應用系統委外開發的成功，必須靠雙方的共同努力。 當承包商了解客戶在委外決策時所面臨的問題及顧慮後，即可透過4C策略行銷的分析，設計出能夠解除客戶疑慮的方案，建立共識，降低雙方的交易成本及風險，以確保委外合作有個好的開始。本論文從承包商的角度以4C架構進行行銷策略分析，最終得出46個策略，並依照專案的生命周期歸類，以協助承包商隨著專案進展也可以很方便地檢視各種策略組合，故即使是在多專案併行時，依然能有效掌握各種策略的執行，提高應用系統委外開發專案的成功率。 / The use of information systems is an absolutely necessarily in a modern business operations, however, application development usually is not a core competency of the most of enterprises, thus making development outsourcing becomes the most common option for the most of enterprises while they are establishing information systems. But, before the enterprises move forward development outsourcing, they may not align the establishment of information system with the strategies of business operations, or lack of rational processes and evaluation criteria in vendor selection, or only solely consider the lowest-priced while in contract negotiation, thus wrongly selected an unqualified contractor. In addition, if users cannot express requirements clearly, the developers’ quality and quantity do not match the requirement, no consensus on respective responsibilities of the parties, and project management skills shortage, etc., then this kind of development outsourcing shall have problems at every moment, and they will definitely end in failure. To increase the success rate of development outsourcing, this paper firstly redefines “Application Development Outsourcing” (ADO) as "Under a contractual relationship, the contractor shall, pursuant to customer’s requirements, performing the tasks of planning, developing, implementing, and maintaining of the required application system. In the course of the system development, the customer’s key personnels must actively participate in the contractor's development activities, including provide requirement specification, verify and validate the correctness and usability of the output by phases, etc., to ensure that the contractor will be able to deliver the deliverables and service on time, as required quality, as required functionalities, and within budget." The purpose of this redefinition is going to correct perceive of ADO. And then thru the content of “ADO project business and development process”, describes, from the point of view of the customer and the contractor, the “shall-be” business and development process, for closing the gap of the parties, to reached a consensus, and proving the success of ADO, must rely on the concerted efforts of both sides. When the contractor realizes custome’s problems and concerns while deal with ADO decision, then can based on 4C strategic marketing analysis theory, design the solution that can reolving customer’s misgivings scenario, to build consensus, to reduce the transaction costs of both sides and risks, to ensure that outsourcing cooperation there is a good start. This paper, from the point of view of the contractor, based on 4C marketing strategic analysis theory, resulting 46 strategies, and classify them in accordance with the project life cycle, to assist the contractor can also be easily to review the various strategic groups, as alogn with the project progress, thus making even in a multiple project circumstance, still be able to keep track of the implementation of various policies, to improving the success rate ADO projects.

Aplicações multimídia caracterizam-se por necessitar de grandes recursos computacionais e de rede. Frente a estes requisitos, os modelos de desenvolvimento sempre consideraram arquiteturas altamente especializadas e integradas, resultando em estruturas monolíticas que restringem o reuso, bem como exigem grande esforço para realização de alterações. Este tipo de direcionamento limita e dificulta o desenvolvimento de aplicações multimídia complexas e de larga escala. Existe uma demanda por diretrizes de desenvolvimento que consigam atender escopos cada vez mais amplos, suportando aplicações escaláveis, flexíveis, interoperáveis e de fácil programação. Neste contexto, este trabalho propõe o uso conjunto de Arquiteturas Orientadas a Serviço e os padrões MPEG-7 e MPEG-21. Apresenta-se como estas tecnologias podem facilitar o desenvolvimento de novas aplicações multimídia, diminuindo o custo e o esforço de desenvolvimento, e dando suporte às crescentes e diversificadas demandas por novos tipos de aplicações multimídia. O que deu base para o trabalho foi a busca por uma solução que atendesse a alguns requisitos adicionais verificados ao longo do projeto de uma Plataforma de Gerência de Vídeo. Entre outras coisas, é apresentado como as tecnologias que dão suporte ao desenvolvimento de arquiteturas orientadas a serviço se posicionam frente ao desenvolvimento de aplicações multimídia e, como elas, conjuntamente com os padrões MPEG-7 e MPEG-21 estão sendo utilizadas para melhorar a plataforma citada. É apresentado também um processo para modelagem de aplicações segundo os princípios de orientação a serviço, generalizando a solução apresentada para o desenvolvimento de aplicações multimídia quaisquer. Como resultado, pode-se verificar que, apesar de ainda existirem algumas questões a serem tratadas, as tecnologias apresentadas representam conjuntamente uma ferramenta ampla para o desenvolvimento de aplicações multimídia. / Multimedia applications are characterized for demanding huge network and computing resources. Because these demands, the current development models always were based on highly specialized and integrated architectures. Thus, they present monolithic structures which limits reuse, as well requiring a lot of efforts to perform changes. This approach limits the development of complex and large scale multimedia applications. There are demand for development models for enabling larger scopes application, supporting scalable, flexible and ease programming applications. In this context this work proposes the conjugated use of Service Oriented Architectures and the MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 standards. It presents how these technologies can allow multimedia applications ease development, minimizing coasts and efforts. Besides, it is also showed how they answer for the raising and multiple demands for new multimedia applications types. This work motivation was to create a solution to support some additional requirements verified during the design of a Video Management Platform. Among the diversified issues treated in this work, it is presented how technologies supporting Service Oriented Architectures are positioned regarding multimedia applications development, and how they together MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 standards are being used to improve the Platform. It is also presented an analysis process for applying the principles of Service Orientation in the multimedia applications development. The aim is generalizing the presented solution to be applied in any multimedia application development. As result from the whole work, it can be verified that, although there are some issues to be covered, the technologies presented represent a complete tool for multimedia applications development.

Aplicações multimídia caracterizam-se por necessitar de grandes recursos computacionais e de rede. Frente a estes requisitos, os modelos de desenvolvimento sempre consideraram arquiteturas altamente especializadas e integradas, resultando em estruturas monolíticas que restringem o reuso, bem como exigem grande esforço para realização de alterações. Este tipo de direcionamento limita e dificulta o desenvolvimento de aplicações multimídia complexas e de larga escala. Existe uma demanda por diretrizes de desenvolvimento que consigam atender escopos cada vez mais amplos, suportando aplicações escaláveis, flexíveis, interoperáveis e de fácil programação. Neste contexto, este trabalho propõe o uso conjunto de Arquiteturas Orientadas a Serviço e os padrões MPEG-7 e MPEG-21. Apresenta-se como estas tecnologias podem facilitar o desenvolvimento de novas aplicações multimídia, diminuindo o custo e o esforço de desenvolvimento, e dando suporte às crescentes e diversificadas demandas por novos tipos de aplicações multimídia. O que deu base para o trabalho foi a busca por uma solução que atendesse a alguns requisitos adicionais verificados ao longo do projeto de uma Plataforma de Gerência de Vídeo. Entre outras coisas, é apresentado como as tecnologias que dão suporte ao desenvolvimento de arquiteturas orientadas a serviço se posicionam frente ao desenvolvimento de aplicações multimídia e, como elas, conjuntamente com os padrões MPEG-7 e MPEG-21 estão sendo utilizadas para melhorar a plataforma citada. É apresentado também um processo para modelagem de aplicações segundo os princípios de orientação a serviço, generalizando a solução apresentada para o desenvolvimento de aplicações multimídia quaisquer. Como resultado, pode-se verificar que, apesar de ainda existirem algumas questões a serem tratadas, as tecnologias apresentadas representam conjuntamente uma ferramenta ampla para o desenvolvimento de aplicações multimídia. / Multimedia applications are characterized for demanding huge network and computing resources. Because these demands, the current development models always were based on highly specialized and integrated architectures. Thus, they present monolithic structures which limits reuse, as well requiring a lot of efforts to perform changes. This approach limits the development of complex and large scale multimedia applications. There are demand for development models for enabling larger scopes application, supporting scalable, flexible and ease programming applications. In this context this work proposes the conjugated use of Service Oriented Architectures and the MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 standards. It presents how these technologies can allow multimedia applications ease development, minimizing coasts and efforts. Besides, it is also showed how they answer for the raising and multiple demands for new multimedia applications types. This work motivation was to create a solution to support some additional requirements verified during the design of a Video Management Platform. Among the diversified issues treated in this work, it is presented how technologies supporting Service Oriented Architectures are positioned regarding multimedia applications development, and how they together MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 standards are being used to improve the Platform. It is also presented an analysis process for applying the principles of Service Orientation in the multimedia applications development. The aim is generalizing the presented solution to be applied in any multimedia application development. As result from the whole work, it can be verified that, although there are some issues to be covered, the technologies presented represent a complete tool for multimedia applications development.

The article considers three main aspects of developing mobile learning for serious learning scenarios at universities and further educational training sectors. The first is about getting in touch with mobile learning in general and analysing actual e-learning-systems at the Technische Universität Dresden. The second aspect focuses on micro learning as a potential didactical approach. Having a look on prototyping pitfalls and problems will complete the introduction. For discussing the presented issues concerning technical, didactical, learning and teaching problems there will be a workshop session with three round tables using the worldcafé method.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:05:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3258.pdf: 1305335 bytes, checksum: c4e30eacc66435b8a91b867024dc5550 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This work proposes and evaluates an architecture to support ubiquitous applications in digital TV-centric home networks. The computational power and support for communication with other devices in home networks, incorporated by digital TV, create new possibilities and opportunities for research and promote the development of new types of services and applications. Currently, a significant amount of computational devices is part of human environment, however, the interaction with these devices, depends frequently on some process of learning due to differences found in interfaces and ways to configure and operate each one. Potential applications may use the TV set for interaction with domestic appliances, as the TV has a central role in many people's daily entertainment. It seems natural and relevant that functionalities of digital TV sets may be used to develop an architecture to support applications that require intercommunication between devices, with the aim of making transparent and accessible in several places of a residence the services offered by domestic appliances. The proposed architecture consists of a protocol layer for automatic discovery of devices and a new set of services whose aim is to facilitate the implementation of ubiquitous applications in home network that has the TV as a central element of interaction with other devices. HoNeS (Home Network Services) is the name of the architecture presented in this work. For the design and implementation of HoNeS, technologies for digital TV environments and home networking were investigated, beyond its current state of the art. As a proof of concept, the proposed services were effectively implemented. The set of protocols Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) was chosen for automatic discovery and control of devices, and Ginga, the middleware of the Brazilian digital TV system, used as digital TV environment. / Este trabalho propõe e avalia uma arquitetura para o suporte de aplicações ubíquas em redes domésticas centradas em TV digital. O ganho computacional e o suporte à comunicação com outros dispositivos em ambientes residenciais, incorporados pela TV digital, criam novas possibilidades e oportunidades de pesquisa e permitem o desenvolvimento de novos tipos de serviços e aplicações. Atualmente, uma quantidade significativa de dispositivos computacionais faz parte de nosso ambiente, entretanto, a interação com esses dispositivos, na maioria das vezes, depende de algum processo de aprendizagem devido às diferentes interfaces e formas de configuração e operação de cada um. Potenciais aplicações podem usar o aparelho de TV como meio para interações com dispositivos domésticos, já que a TV exerce um papel central no entretenimento cotidiano de muitas pessoas. Parece natural e relevante que suas funcionalidades possam ser utilizadas em uma arquitetura para o suporte a aplicações que demandem intercomunicação entre dispositivos, visando tornar transparente e acessível em diversos lugares da residência os serviços oferecidos pelos dispositivos domésticos. A arquitetura é composta por uma camada de protocolo de descoberta automática de dispositivos e por um conjunto de novos serviços cujo objetivo é facilitar a implementação de aplicações ubíquas em redes domésticas que possui a TV como elemento central de interação com outros dispositivos. HoNeS (Home Network Services) é o nome da arquitetura apresentada neste trabalho. Para a concepção e implementação do HoNeS, foram investigadas tecnologias para ambientes de TV digital e redes domésticas, além do seu atual estado da arte. Como prova de conceito, os serviços propostos na arquitetura foram efetivamente implementados. O conjunto de protocolos Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) foi escolhido para implementação da descoberta automática e controle de dispositivos; e o middleware Ginga utilizado como ambiente de TV digital.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-01-16T10:24:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissARG.pdf: 3218861 bytes, checksum: 52a9961c02ff8f02866be4a0e7c3462a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-17T12:59:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissARG.pdf: 3218861 bytes, checksum: 52a9961c02ff8f02866be4a0e7c3462a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-17T12:59:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissARG.pdf: 3218861 bytes, checksum: 52a9961c02ff8f02866be4a0e7c3462a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-17T12:59:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissARG.pdf: 3218861 bytes, checksum: 52a9961c02ff8f02866be4a0e7c3462a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-14 / Não recebi financiamento / One of the Software Engineering challenges is the development of applications that can adapt to the heterogeneous needs of users. Technical Dynamic Composition of Services Driven by User is a solution for developing applications capable of overcoming these challenges. This type of application which will call User-Driven Service Composition Application (UDSCA) allows to compose services during its execution, thus meeting the needs of users. But the lack of guidance on how to develop UDCAs can make it difficult or even impossible to build these applications, because it may aggregate unknown solutions by developers. Looking supply this lack, this work presents an approach to guide developers during the development of this kind of application. To develop the approach, it has been defined which activities should be undertaken during the development as well as the concepts, techniques, artifacts, technologies and tools needed to perform these activities. To evaluate the approach one conducted a case study in which a UDSCA was developed in the field of building maintenance services. The resulting application of the approach was shown to be able to adapt to the heterogeneous needs of the user, also the approach provided artifacts that promoted reuse. In conclusion, the approach guides the developer during the UDSCAs development and provides artifacts that reduce efforts for development. / Um dos desafios da Engenharia de Software é o desenvolvimento de aplicações capazes de adaptar-se às diferentes necessidades dos usuários. A técnica de Composição Dinâmica de Serviços Dirigida pelo Usuário é uma solução para desenvolver aplicações capazes de superar esses desafios. Esse tipo de aplicação, a qual denominaremos User-Driven Service Composition Application (UDSCA), permite compor serviços durante sua execução, satisfazendo assim às necessidades dos usuários. Porém a falta de orientação em como desenvolver UDSCAs pode dificultar ou mesmo impossibilitar a construção dessas aplicações, pelo fato de agregar soluções que possam ser desconhecidas pelos desenvolvedores. Procurando suprir essa falta, este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem capaz de orientar os desenvolvedores durante o desenvolvimento deste tipo de aplicação. Na abordagem foram definidas quais as atividades devem ser realizadas durante o desenvolvimento deste tipo de aplicação, assim como os conceitos, técnicas, artefatos, tecnologias e ferramentas necessárias para realizar essas atividades. Para avaliar a abordagem foi realizado um estudo de caso que compreende o desenvolvimento de uma UDSCA no domínio de serviços urbanos. A aplicação resultante da abordagem mostrou-se capaz de adaptar-se às necessidades heterogêneas dos usuários. Além disso, a abordagem forneceu artefatos que promoveram o reuso. Concluiu-se assim que a abordagem orienta os desenvolvedores durante o desenvolvimento de UDSCAs e fornece artefatos que reduzem esforços durante esse desenvolvimento.

During the last ten years the market for smartphones has grown drastically. Because of the current state of the market with different operating systems many smartphone applications need to be developed for several platforms. With this thesis, the goal was ultimately to contribute to the understanding of cross-platform development as a way of developing smartphone applications. React Native has been evaluated as a framework with which development is done for both Android and iOS using the same code. To study React Native as a framework, a smartphone application for Android and iOS was developed at an Uppsala based IT-company with expertise in web services, smartphone applications, and online gaming. Furthermore, performance tests and user tests were conducted in which React Native was compared to native applications and applications developed using Xamarin (similar cross-platform development framework owned by Microsoft). It was evident that using the same code for both Android and iOS was time saving. However, the performance tests results showed that applications developed with React Native did not perform as well as the native and Xamarin versions. Leading to the conclusion that choice of framework when developing cross-platform applications need to take into consideration performance, development time, and programming language preference.

La présente étude explore le problème, curieusement peu étudié en gestion, de l'innovation dans le développement des applications Web. En partant de la distinction entre innovation par « l'usager » (U) et innovation par « l'industriel/entrepreneur » (E) et en utilisant une approche de « phenomenon-based research », elle identifie un troisième acteur, le « développeur » (D), dont l'action se positionne entre les deux autres. Trois figures d'acteur sont proposées pour le décrire : celle de l'usager-développeur (UD), de l'usager-développeur-entrepreneur (UDE) et du développeur-entrepreneur (DE).Cette grille de lecture (U, D, E) est testée, dans la 2ème Partie, sur le cas de trois industries dont on peut retracer l'histoire, depuis leur genèse jusqu'à des stades de maturité avancés : l'industrie des radiocommuni- cations, celle du PC, celle de l'ordinateur d'entreprise. L'importance du rôle joué par l'acteur D identifié se retrouve dans chacune de ces 3 industries. Les étapes de développement de chacune de ces industries peuvent être lues comme une suite d'innovations liées à des acteurs différents - successivement : UDs, UDEs, DEs - jusqu'à l'étape de proposition de rationalisations par des entreprises (Es) puis d'autonomisation de chacun trois acteurs U, D, E.Dans la phase de maturité intermédiaire que connaît le Web où sont déjà apparues des entreprises spéciali- sées E mais où les développeurs D continuent à exister sous les formes riches de DEs ou d'UDEs, se pose la question pour les entreprises de savoir comment mobiliser et gérer l'activité de ces développeurs à des fins d'innovation. Trois formes de gestion sont identifiées dans la 3ème Partie. La première méthode consiste à favoriser l'auto-révélation de ces acteurs. La seconde consiste à mobiliser ces acteurs dans des actions éphé- mères visant l'exploration du potentiel d'un service donné. La dernière consiste à animer une communauté de développeurs qui utilisent déjà la technologie de l'entreprise pour les encourager à développer des applications sur la base de cette technologie.Mots clés : développement des applications Web, innovation par les usagers, innovation par les industriels, entrepreneurs, développement industriel, potentiel technologique. / He current study explores the curiously not much studied in management problem of innovation of contemporary Web-based applications. Starting from the distinction between user (U) and manufacturer/entrepreneur (E) innovation and using a phenomenon-based research approach, it identifies a third actor, the developer (D), whose action is found to lie in-between the two. Three actor figures are proposed for his description: user-developer (UD), user-developer-entrepreneur (UDE) and developer- entrepreneur (DE).This interpretative framework (U, D, E) is tested in the second part on the cases of three industries, where it enables a tracing of their history, from their birth to their maturity: radio industry, PC industry and enterprise computer industry. The important role of D actor is identified in all three settings. Their development phases can be read as a sequence of innovations related to different actors, UDs, UDEs and DEs successively, until the proposition of a rationalisation by enterprises (Es) and leading to the independence of the three actors, U, D, E.During the intermediate maturity phase of the Web, where expert enterprises Es have appeared, yet the de- velopers Ds remain under the forms of DEs or UDEs, the question posed for enterprises is how to harness their activity for innovation. Three management modes are identified in the third part. The first method consists in fostering the self-revelation of these actors. The second consists in harnessing their action using ephemeral settings for the exploration of the potential of a given service. The last consists in animating a community of developers already using the enterprise's technology to encourage them in developing applications on the basis of this technology.

There is a shortage of information systems (IS) professionals in South Africa. This IS skills shortage is growing, as attempts to reduce the scarcity of IS skills through (i) ICT-enabled education-focussed development and (ii) IS education initiatives are not increasing IS skills levels in South Africa fast enough to keep up with global growth trends in IS skills. The South African demand for tertiary-level IS skills continues to outgrow the supply. This study aims to explain the nature of this skills shortage, and to address this shortage by finding ways to increase the quantity and quality of students enrolling for and graduating in IS [and IS-related] graduate courses at tertiary education institutions in South Africa. This study, in three sequential parts, finds (i) ways to improve the impact and sustainability of existing ICT-enabled education-focussed development projects, (ii) reasons and solutions for the lack of tertiary level IS students (and graduates) from a human capacity-building perspective, and (iii) meaningful results from two case study projects engaged in by the researcher that suggest short transition and reskilling courses as a workable solution to the mentioned skills shortage. The findings from these three parts lead to practical considerations for South African IS departments, informed by a graduate development framework, that will guide IS departments towards optimising the quality and quantity of tertiary-level IS students in South Africa. The resulting framework, the IS Graduate Development Framework, includes a sensitivity towards increasing the employability and entrepreneurial potential of IS students. The results from using the framework as measuring tool include several new insights regarding the kind of IS development project [or course] that best facilitates the development of more high-quality, industry-ready IS graduates, and lead to practical improvements in existing IS courses at a local university. These improvements include the development of a mobile application, as part of one of the case study projects, to facilitate higher levels of industry involvement, sufficient information delivery, changing popular perceptions of IS, and long-term relationships with students that can be used to motivate student career choice. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / lk2013 / Informatics / unrestricted