À une époque où la notion de patrimoine culturel immatériel est de plus en plus utilisée à l’échelle internationale, les populations s’approprient le concept localement. Il en va ainsi en Bretagne. La musique et la danse bretonne sont pleines de vitalité, tout en ayant conservé leur aspect patrimonial ; les autres éléments du patrimoine culturel immatériel pourraient-ils connaître une même revitalisation ? Notre thèse traite des témoignages sur l’ethnobotanique en Haute-Bretagne, c’est-à-dire relatifs aux savoirs et savoir-faire populaires liés aux plantes. Ils sont étudiés à travers l’analyse d’archives orales conservées au sein du milieu associatif et issues d’enquêtes et de collectages. Ce sont les plantes citées dans les recueils des folkloristes haut-bretons, à la fin du XIXe siècle, qui reviennent le plus souvent dans les archives sonores, un siècle plus tard. Les enregistrements de témoignages ethnobotaniques et les recueils des folkloristes, peu précis sur les modalités des savoirs, visent davantage à la sauvegarde des connaissances qu’à leur possible revitalisation. Par le dépôt patrimonial dans des structures de conservation, elles connaissent une première forme de valorisation, à travers leur traitement documentaire. Celui-ci opère une mise à distance, en transformant les témoignages en archives. Les archives orales, jusqu’alors considérées comme de simples matériaux de terrain, accèdent ainsi à de multiples possibilités de réutilisations. Elles créent chez l’auditeur un sentiment d’appartenance et lui permettent de renouer avec la tradition orale. / At a time when the concept of intangible cultural heritage is increasingly used internationally, it also applies locally. This is the case in Brittany where folk music and dance are very much alive and popular all while maintaining their traditional characteristics. Could other types of intangible cultural heritage undergo a similar revitalization? This thesis examines recordings relating to ethnobotanical knowledge in eastern Brittany, namely folk knowledge and practices involving plants. The work was carried out by analyzing oral archives, compiled through interviews and fieldwork, that had been preserved in community organizations. These recordings predominantly refer to the same plants folklorists documented in eastern Brittany at the end of the 19th century. The oral accounts and information gathered by folklorists a century earlier don’t give details such as specific formulations, method of preparation, doses, etc. They aimed more at preserving general knowledge about these traditions than at the possibility of reviving them. Preserving these traditions by documenting them is an initial form of recognition. Documentation transforms accounts into archives. Oral archives, formerly considered simple field work, thus come to offer many possibilities for reuse. They give the listener a sense of belonging and make it possible to reconnect with the oral tradition.

O objetivo da tese é estudar a relação que cientistas mantêm com os documentos produzidos nos laboratórios científicos e tecnológicos, visando buscar elementos que contribuam para a elaboração de um programa de preservação de arquivos de C&T. A metodologia utilizada foi a de aplicação de questionário, por meio de entrevista, aos responsáveis pelos laboratórios dos institutos de pesquisa do Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia no Rio de Janeiro. O primeiro capítulo apresenta conceitos básicos e algumas iniciativas do governo na área da preservação documental. O segundo capítulo analisa os limites entre o pessoal e o institucional nos documentos gerados pelos laboratórios, verificando que são tênues e mal definidos. O terceiro capítulo explora os limites entre o público e o privado na documentação oriunda das etapas intermediárias de um processo de pesquisa, verificando que o destino desta documentação é incerto. O último capítulo se dedica a explorar a opinião dos cientistas sobre a importância da preservação dos documentos para a memória científica, verificando que há pouca reflexão sobre o tema. Ao final de cada capítulo são apresentadas as conclusões das análises, bem como são apontadas contribuições para um programa de preservação de documentos de arquivos de ciência e tecnologia. / The aim of this thesis is to study the relationship between scientists and the records produced by scientific and technological laboratories, with the objective of searching elements as to contribute for the elaboration of a preservation program for SciTech archives. The methodology used was the application of a questionnaire as part of an interview, to the professional responsible for the laboratory within research institutes of the Ministry of Science and Technology in Rio de Janeiro. The first chapter presents basic concepts and some initiatives from the government on the area of preservation of records. The second chapter analyses the frontiers between personal and institutional records produced by the laboratories, verifying that they are fragile and poorly defined. The third one explores the boundaries between public and private in the records derived from the intermediary\'s steps of a research process, verifying that their destiny is uncertain. The last chapter is dedicated to explore the opinion of scientists about the importance of the records\' preservation for the scientific memory, verifying that there is very little reflection about this subject. At the end of each chapter, there are conclusions about the analysis, as well as some contributions for a preservation program of science and technology archives.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:39:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte2.pdf: 993061 bytes, checksum: 9d689861676047ef74c1da49d0c1da4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research is related to temporality and singularity of the studied object which is based on historical data unveiled by means of remains and evidence, constituting the sources of a history from José Simeão Leal´s private personal archive considered in its whole dimension. Among the several primary sources which make up the archive, there are two thousand and seven letters exchanged between José Simeão Leal and his correspondents, especially the men of letters from his time (1929 to 1996); the handwritten dedication, contained in his office s books; the Cultural Notebooks, examples of his editorial production. The research emphasizes the editorial production, correspondence among men of letters, friends and members of the household as well as the plastic production, followed by criticism made in the journalistic press, and other documents which describe his production s art. Thus, José Simeão Leal´s route is built as well as his history and contribution to Brazilian culture having as theoretical-methodological framework the self-practices , legitimation, documentation, permanence, accessibility and immediate irruptions fundamentals crystallized in a reading and writing gesture. The self-writing is meant to be revealed, establishing a net of meanings, discoveries and construction of his autobiography based on his private personal archive. The examination of this whole archive enables to assure that José Simeão Leal developed a conclusive work for the Brazilian history and culture and for doing so, he molded his intellectual self-image, which is rewritten in this study as a biographic essay. / Esta pesquisa tem relação com a temporalidade e singularidade do objeto de estudo, que se sustenta em dados históricos revelados através de relíquias e testemunhos, constituindo as fontes de uma história extraída do arquivo privado pessoal de José Simeão Leal, visto em toda a sua dimensão. Dentre as inúmeras fontes primárias que compõem o arquivo, encontram-se duas mil e sete cartas trocadas entre José Simeão Leal e seus correspondentes em especial os literatos de sua época (1929 a 1996); as dedicatórias manuscritas, contidas nos livros de seu gabinete; os Cadernos de Cultura, exemplos de sua produção editorial; A pesquisa dá ênfase à produção editorial, correspondência entre literatos, amigos e familiares, à produção plástica, acompanhada das críticas produzidas na imprensa jornalística, e outros documentos que descrevem a arte do seu fazer. Constrói-se a trajetória de José Simeão Leal, sua história e contribuição à cultura brasileira, tomando como arcabouço teóricometodológico os fundamentos das práticas de si , de legitimação, de documentação, de permanência, de acessibilidade, de irrupções momentâneas, cristalizadas num gesto de leitura e escrita. Busca-se revelar a escrita de si , estabelecendo uma rede de significados, de descobertas, e construção de sua autobiografia fundamentada em seu arquivo privado pessoal. O exame de todo esse acervo permite afirmar que José Simeão Leal desenvolveu um trabalho decisivo para a história e à cultura brasileira, e neste ato imprimiu sua autoimagem de intelectual, reescrita neste estudo na forma de um ensaio biográfico.

Cette thèse pose la question du travail des examinateurs au travers des classifications britannique et française de films : au Royaume-Uni, le BBFC (British Board of Film Classification) est l’institution en charge de la classification des films ; en France, c’est la Commission de Classification des Œuvres cinématographiques qui s’en occupe. La problématique de ce sujet est : comment les pratiques des examinateurs et les évolutions sociales et institutionnelles ont façonné la création et le développement d’un critère langage au sein des systèmes de classification britannique et français ? En effet, selon les stéréotypes, ces classifications sont généralement mises en opposition : le BBFC est présenté comme une machine à compter les jurons, alors que la classification française est décrite comme étant libérale. Cette thèse vise à expliquer l’origine de ces stéréotypes et à mettre en lumière la place du critère langage au sein de ces classifications de films. / This thesis wonders about the work of examiners within British and French filmclassifications: in the UK, the BBFC (British Board of Film Classification) is theinstitution in charge of film classification; in France, it is the Commission ofClassification of Cinematographic Works. The question here is: how have the work ofexaminers and institutional and societal evolutions shaped the creation and thedevelopment of a language criterion within British and French film classificationsystems? Indeed, stereotypically, those classifications are generally opposed: the BBFC is presented as a swearword-counting system, while the French classification is described as liberal. This thesis aims at explaining the origin of those stereotypes and at highlighting the true place of language within film classifications.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Le terme de « restauration » n’a pas toujours été en usage dans le domaine du cinéma. Cette thèse de doctorat retrace la généalogie de la notion de restauration et l’histoire des pratiques d’intervention sur les films anciens, depuis les premières campagnes de réhabilitation critique et historiographique dans les années 1920 jusqu’à la généralisation du terme dans les années 1980 autour des quatre-vingt-dix ans du cinéma. Ces pratiques de réparation, de rénovation, de tirage, de sauvegarde, de compilation, de réédition, de sonorisation, de reconstitution, de reconstruction sont partagées entre une quête de l’original et une nécessaire adaptation à un nouveau contexte, culturel et technologique. Locales comme internationales, elles se trouvent au croisement de nombreux discours, institutionnel, politique, critique, et mobilisent différents acteurs, techniciens, archivistes, conservateurs, producteurs, distributeurs, réalisateurs, historiens et bientôt restaurateurs de films. Techniques autant qu’éditoriales, elles sont au cœur de l’histoire du cinéma et de sa matière. Dernière étape du processus de légitimation du septième art, la restauration des films crée des œuvres qui visent à être protégées ainsi que réinterprétées dans leur matérialité pour être présentées devant un nouveau public. / The word “restoration” has not always been applied to film. This Ph.D. traces back the origins of that notion and the evolution of curatorial practices dealing with old films, starting with the first critic and historiographic rehabilitation campaigns in the 1920ies and ending when the word “restoration” is commonly accepted in the 1980ies at the time of the celebration of the ninetieth birthday of cinema. These practices – repairing, renovating, duplicating, preserving, compiling, reediting, creating sound versions, reconstituting, reconstructing – rely on two contradictory urges: a quest for the original, and a necessary adaptation to a new cultural and technological background. Both local and international, these practices stand at the crossing between numerous types of discourses (such as institutional, political, critical discourses) and they are due to different kinds of people (technicians, archivists, curators, producers, distributors, film directors, historians, and in later days film restorers). Technical as well as editorial, these practices are at the heart of film history. Film restoration may be the last step in the legitimizing process of cinema as an art form. It produces works of art that aim to be protected and materially reinterpreted so that they can be presented to a new audience.

Pour dépasser les limites inhérentes à la déconnexion des disciplines ou celles imposées par les sources, les périodes ou les sites, cette thèse propose une approche pluridisciplinaire et diachronique de la question de l'approvisionnement en pierre des chantiers médiévaux et modernes. Grâce à la confrontation de bâtiments d'origines et de fonctions différentes, ce travail cherche à décortiquer les processus de choix et réseaux d'approvisionnement en pierre, pour envisager le rapport des hommes à une ressource naturelle. / In order to go further limits inherent to subject disjunction, or those imposed by sources, periods or sites, this thesis emphasises a multidisciplinary and diachronic approach of stone supply on medieval and modern building sites. Thanks to the confrontation of buildings with different origins and functions, this work tries to dissect process of choices and stone supply network. It finally considers connection between people and a natural ressource.

This thesis analyzes how the Swedish National Archives manages its presence in social media by examining five local sections use of Instagram. By studying different forms of practices in relation to Instagram, the aim of the thesis is to define in what way the Swedish National Archives work with outreach activities on new forms of media platforms, here exemplified with Instagram. The thesis is based on semi-structured interviews with five archivists responsible for handling Instagram, analysis of the National Archives policy documents as well as an analysis of a selection of posts made by local sections of the National Archives on Instagram. The theoretical foundation of the thesis lies in practice theory and is based on an understanding of practice that focuses on statements, actions and rules that together constructs different forms of practices in regard to their context. The analysis of the three sources is a cross-examination of how these different forms of actions contribute to form practices which defines the National Archives use of Instagram. The results of the thesis indicate that the National Archives of Sweden, in line with many other archive institutions, mainly uses social media as a one-way communication form where primarily text-based information is distributed to interested followers. The interactive practices typical of social media is only used to a lesser extent. This is mainly due to the institution’s workload, a view on social media as a lesser form of outreach and several practices related to the national archives public mission as a provider of infor-mation. The findings also indicate that organizations use of social media is based on practices of trial-and-error that creates individual practices of posting material online within the organization.

Digital language archives are used for the preservation of documented language data, such as video and voice recordings, transcriptions, survey data, and ethnographic fieldnotes. This data is most often used for research and linguists and anthropologists are generally heavily involved in the creation of language archives. Ideally, Indigenous communities that are represented in the archives are also able to access their data, but this is not always the case, especially if poor internet access and lack of technological know-how prevent archive use. In addition, western epistemologies are embedded in archival logics, exacerbating the issues surrounding Indigenous access and pointing to the need for a decolonizing archival design that centers the needs of its users. Using ethnographic research methods and a decolonizing framework, I conducted a usability study on the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America (AILLA) to uncover the cultural-based meanings that inform AILLA use. Using linguistics and anthropology listservs, I recruited research participants for a Qualtrics survey and conducted semi-structured interviews that explore the user perspective on AILLA. I analyzed AILLA's Google Analytics data and used qualitative and quantitative research methods to build upon the previous literature in user-centered design approaches to language archives. As one of the largest online language archives in the world, AILLA serves an important role in the language documentation and cultural revitalization movement. Continued research in the field of user-centered design and non-Western epistemologies is necessary to ensure the accessibility of language archives and for AILLA to fulfill its mission of support for the survival of the Indigenous languages of Latin America.

The study sought to develop a framework for access and use of documentary heritage at the National Archives of Zimbabwe (NAZ). This followed the realization that access and use is the raison d'être for national archival institutions yet the level of utilization has for a long time been lamented to be low. The researcher therefore took a holistic approach and investigated the issues of bibliographic, intellectual and physical access to archives. Using a grounded theory research approach framed within the constructivism ontology and the interpretivism epistemological research paradigm, this study employed the observation technique, interviews and content analysis to collect the empirical evidence that was needed to develop a framework for access and use of the documentary heritage in the custody of NAZ. The study extensively discussed the methodological issues involved in the study as grounded theory is a rarely used approach in Information Science studies. An extensive discussion was therefore offered to enable readers to follow and appreciate how the not so common approach was actually employed. The findings of the study showed that the position of NAZ as a public information resource centre was threatened by many obstacles that were compromising the accessibility and use of the documentary heritage in its custody. Such hindrances included the absence of a national policy on access to public archives, the absence of an institutional access policy, the absence of a standing committee on access and use of archives, lack of a budget, increasing backlogs of unprocessed archives, misconstrued public perception, the absence of special facilities for the physically challenged, centralised access to archives, access restrictions placed by legal instruments as well as limited use of digital technology, no use of the print media and Web 2.0 technologies. Using the findings of the study, the researcher offered a framework for enhanced access and use of archives to serve as a baseline on which archivists may reflect and improve on their practices. / Information Science