安地瓜於2003年3月13日以美國採取全面禁止網路賭博服務之措施為由提起訴訟，小組報告於2004年11月10日出爐，美國與安地瓜均不服小組裁決分別提起上訴，上訴機構於2005年4月7日做出裁決。 上訴機構報告認定美國已對網路賭博服務做出承諾，且因美國並未於其特定承諾表中填寫市場開放及國民待遇之限制，因而美國所採全面禁止網路賭博服務之措施違反GATS第十六條第一項規定。美國接著援引GATS第十四條規定作為抗辯，後雖因其國內州際賽馬法（Interstate Horseracing Act）規定允許國內服務提供者提供網路賭博服務，而被上訴機構認定系爭措施違反第十四條前言之要求，然上訴機構最後肯認美國得採行全面禁止網路賭博之措施乃係本案最終關鍵。 為了談判結果之確定性、穩定性，及未來服務貿易談判之持續進行，是否允許會員在做出市場開放之承諾後，再援引第十四條規定改變其承諾範圍，因而影響其他會員對其開放市場之期待，並使援引第十四條規定之會員躲避其原依GATS第二十一條規定所應負之責任？而在得出會員無法援引第十四條規定改變其承諾範圍之結論後，美國在本案中是否得援引其他規定作為正當化其措施之主張？及第十四條與第六條、第十六條、第十七條間之關聯性？係本文主要探討之問題。 此案為第一個會員援引GATS第十四條作為抗辯之例子，可以預見此例對後續案件之影響，而上訴機構於本案中所得出結論是否妥適，則值得深思。 / Antigua and Barbuda sued the United States for its total prohibition of the cross-border supply of gambling and betting services on March 13, 2003. The WTO panel report was issued on November 10, 2004. Both Antigua and the United States appealed and the ruling of the Appellate Body came out on April 7, 2005. The Appellate Body held that the United States has made full market access and national treatment commitments for gambling and betting services, so the measures to prohibit the cross-border supply of gambling and betting services violated Article XVI:1 of the GATS. As a result, the United States cited Article XIV of the GATS to contradict. The Appellate Body ruled that the alleged measures violated the preamble of Article XIV because the Interstate Horseracing Act of the United States permits domestic service suppliers to provide Internet gambling and betting services. However, the Appellate Body’s recognition of the United States’ total prohibition of cross-border supply of gambling and betting services is a critical issue of this case. In order to make sure the certainty and the stability of negotiation outcomes, and keep negotiations on trade in services moving, would the WTO members be allowed to cite Article XIV to change the coverage of their commitments after having made market access commitments and to escape the obligation under Article XXI? After concluding that the members could not cite Article XIV to change the coverage of the commitments, could the United States cite other articles to justify the alleged measures? Furthermore, how are the connection between Article XIV, Article VI, Article XVI and Article XVII? All above are the main questions this thesis focuses on. This case is the first one that members cite Article XIV to contradict, and the influence on subsequent cases is foreseeable. Would such a conclusion of this case be appropriate? We might need to contemplate further.

Submitted by Denize Lourenço (biblicfp@cfp.ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-01-02T13:37:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISCO SÉRGIO BERTOLDO DO NASCIMENTO - DISSERTAÇÃO PROFLETRAS 2016.pdf: 1838338 bytes, checksum: 6a4af296183275a2b4ad82d404a749f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-02T13:37:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCISCO SÉRGIO BERTOLDO DO NASCIMENTO - DISSERTAÇÃO PROFLETRAS 2016.pdf: 1838338 bytes, checksum: 6a4af296183275a2b4ad82d404a749f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-29 / Capes / Muito embora a formação docente sobre os estudos dos gêneros textuais e a concentração de esforços para a implementação de práticas significativas de trabalho com estes gêneros na sala de aula venham ocorrendo, ainda se percebe uma lacuna entre o que é aprendido pelos professores de língua portuguesa em sua formação inicial e a prática desses professores no Ensino Fundamental. A partir dessa constatação é que se pensou o objetivo deste trabalho, que visa discorrer sobre o trabalho com os gêneros textuais, especificamente, o artigo de opinião, fundamentada na perspectiva do interacionismo sociodiscursivo de Bronckart (2012) e pelos aportes teóricos de Marcuschi (2008), Bazerman (2011) e Schneuwly e Dolz (2004), e também dos estudos argumentativos como atividade discursiva (Koch, 2011; Koch e Elias, 2016), dentre outros. O presente trabalho discorre sobre o artigo de opinião apoiado nas vertentes dos PCN e demonstra, metodologicamente, a viabilidade e a importância do gênero enfocado e das nuances argumentativas utilizadas naturalmente pelo usuário da língua. A pesquisa propõe, através de sequências didáticas, como constituir uma abordagem prática do gênero artigo de opinião e, ainda, postulados e aspectos argumentativos. Investiga a noção de gêneros textuais na perspectiva marcuschiana, apontando as características enunciativas, textuais, linguísticas e discursivas do gênero jornalístico artigo de opinião e também mostra que é possível ressignificar o ensino de Língua Portuguesa numa perspectiva dialógica. Discute-se, também, o ensino da escrita na perspectiva linguística e sociocultural, com especial atenção para as concepções de leitura e escrita aplicáveis ao ensino de língua materna a partir das diretrizes veiculadas nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais do Terceiro e Quarto Ciclos do Ensino Fundamental. Esse trabalho também discute e defende a escrita como processo, estabelece a distinção entre texto e discurso, apresenta a argumentação como eixo básico do artigo de opinião, apontando as estratégias para iniciar, desenvolve e concluir um texto argumentativo. Tudo isso por se considerar a relevância da argumentação na nossa rotina verbal e escrita, pois, constantemente, emitimos opinião sobre os mais variados assuntos do nosso cotidiano e, ainda, por entender que o gênero artigo de opinião precisa participar do domínio discursivo do aluno a fim de que este seja capaz de lidar com situações de linguagem escolares e extraescolares que exijam um posicionamento diante de um determinado tema polêmico. Por fim, apresenta-se uma proposta de mediação pedagógica para o professor de língua portuguesa trabalhar o gênero textual artigo de opinião a partir do desenvolvimento de uma sequência didática para ser aplicada no 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental II, seguida do conceito de sequência didática, suas concepções e finalidades, sua estrutura básica bem como sua aplicabilidade a partir dos estudos de Dolz, Schneuwly et al (2004, p. 83). / Although teacher training on the study of textual genres and the concentration of efforts to implement meaningful work practices with these genres in the classroom have been taking place, there is still a gap between what is learned by Portuguese-speaking teachers in their initial formation and the practice of these teachers in Elementary School. From this point of view, the purpose of this work is thought to focus on the work with the textual genres, specifically the article of opinion, based on the perspective of the discursive partner interactionism of Bronckart (2012) and the theoretical contributions of Marcuschi (2008) ), Bazerman (2011) and Schneuwly and Dolz (2004), and also from argumentative studies as a discursive activity (Koch, 2011, Koch and Elias, 2016), among others. This work deals with opinion article supported by the NCPs and demonstrates, methodologically, the feasibility and importance of the focused gender and the argumentative nuances used naturally by the language user. The research proposes, through didactic sequences, how to constitute a practical approach of the genre of opinion, as well as postulates and argumentative aspects. It investigates the notion of textual genres in the Marcuschian perspective, pointing out the enunciative characteristics, textual, linguistic and discursive of the journalistic genre opinion article and also shows that it is possible to resignify Portuguese language teaching in a dialogical perspective. It also discusses the teaching of writing in the linguistic and sociocultural perspective, with special attention to the conceptions of reading and writing applicable to the teaching of the mother tongue from the guidelines conveyed in (NCP), the National Curricular Parameters, of the Third and Fourth Cycles of Elementary Education. This work also discusses and defends writing as a process, establishes the distinction between text and discourse, presents the argumentation as the basic axis of the opinion article, pointing out the strategies to initiate, develop and complete an argumentative text. All this because we consider the relevance of the argumentation in our verbal and written routine, because we constantly express opinions on the most varied subjects of our daily life and also because we understand that the genre of opinion must participate in the discursive domain of the student So that it is able to deal with situations of language school and out-of-school that demand a positioning before a certain polemic subject. Finally, a proposal of pedagogical mediation is presented for the Portuguese-language teacher to work on the textual genre of the opinion article from the development of a didactic sequence to be applied in the 9th year of Elementary School II, followed by the concept of didactic sequence, Its conceptions and purposes, its basic structure as well as its applicability from the studies of Dolz, Schneuwly et al (2004, p. 83).

[pt] Esta tese visa propor uma delimitação ontológica entre eventos, fatos e estados de coisas, a partir de uma ontologia realista/platonista, e relacionar a ontologia lógica à linguagem em uso, a partir da análise da referência a essas entidades. Eventos, fatos e estados de coisas têm estado presentes na discussão analítica desde os tempos de Frege; no entanto, a discussão ainda continua. Eventos têm sido reduzidos a objetos, a fatos e a estados de coisas; fatos têm sido reduzidos a estados de coisas e a proposições; estados de coisas e fatos têm sido considerados como a mesma entidade, e assim por diante. Essas três entidades estão associadas à linguagem desde os tempos de Russell (1918). Os fatos eram relacionados às afirmações verdadeiras, sendo compreendidos como as entidades às quais apontavam essas afirmações. Os eventos eram relacionados com as sentenças de ação. De acordo com Davidson (1981a), temos sentenças de ação porque há eventos no mundo. Embora esta tese vise relacionar a ontologia à linguagem em uso, ela as desvincula num primeiro momento; por isso define a ontologia independentemente da linguagem. Propõe que a diferença entre eventos, fatos e estados de coisas é que os primeiros são concretos e os últimos, abstratos, entre outras características. Uma vez definida a ontologia, a relacionamos, a partir da referência, com a linguagem em uso. Analisamos se é possível referir a essas entidades a partir da análise de certas construções linguísticas, e vemos se é possível estabelecer tal relação a partir dessa análise. / [en] This thesis proposes an ontological delimitation between events, facts and states of affairs. It does so from a Platonist/realist perspective. It also relates the logic ontology to language use through the analysis of reference to these entities. Events, facts, and states of affairs have been present in the discussion of analytical philosophy from the times of Frege. However, the discussion still continues, and nothing has been defined. Events have been reduced to objects, facts and states of affairs. Facts have been reduced to states of affairs and propositions. States of affairs and facts have been considered as the same entity by some authors, and so forth. These three entities have been associated to language since the times of Russell (1918). Facts were related to true statements, and were understood as entities to which those statements pointed. Events were related to action sentences. According to Davidson (1981a), we have action sentences because there are events in the world. Though this thesis relates ontology to language, it defines ontology independent of language use. That is, ontology is defined without taking language use into account. It proposes that the difference between events, facts, and states of affairs is that the first are concrete, and the last abstract. Among other characteristics. Once we define the ontology, we relate it to language use through reference. We analyze whether it s possible to refer to events, facts, and states of affairs, because we understand that it is through reference that we may establish the relationship between ontology and linguistics.

The purpose of the essay is to evaluate how the early years of the post-war political system laid the foundation for the amendment process. This turned out to be because of early adoption of a policy direction coupled with institutional memory let these decisions cement themselves as the de facto policy for Japan. Using path dependency by Paul Pierson the reasons for this could be analyzed using four analytical pointers that could explain the normative growth of certain ideas. History is not a straight line and the early decision making have long term effects implying that current day political discourse can have its roots decades back in time. Japans political group chose stability over national pride. Article 9 wasn’t amended because the people did not want to jeopardize their ticket to peace and prosperity. Japan chose economic recovery over military buildup and practiced a policy of non-aggression and sealed themselves off under the US security umbrella. Conservative politicians have hollowed out Article 9 by expanding the military over time. The original reasoning for upholding Article 9 no longer stand and the reasons for not amending it, while still prevalent, do not exist anymore.

As etapas do trabalho constituíram-se de busca nas bases de dados; limpeza e organização dos nomes de autores e de instituições; análises estatísticas e de redes sociais; correlação entre a co-invenção e co-autoria, a partir da ocorrência de autores co-ativos – que publicaram tanto patentes como artigos - nos dois tipos de documentos; correlação entre os assuntos dos artigos e das patentes a partir do mapeamento dos assuntos proposto por Glänzel e Schubert (2003) e dos códigos da Classificação Internacional de Patentes (CIP). A Biotecnologia no Brasil caracteriza-se por apresentar uma forte interação entre Ciência e Tecnologia, o que significa que os inventores transitam entre as duas esferas e produzem tanto publicações científicas como tecnológicas, principalmente no âmbito da universidade. Os resultados mostram que no ranking da produção científica, lideram as universidades públicas (federais e estaduais) e instituições de pesquisa. Observou-se que há intensa colaboração entre estes dois tipos de instituições, com a formação de clusters com laços fortes, não acontecendo colaboração destas com empresas, de forma efetiva. No ranking da produção tecnológica, as empresas depositantes não figuram entre os primeiros lugares, ficando estes ainda ocupados pelas universidades, instituições de pesquisa e de fomento. Muitos depositantes e inventores encontram-se isolados nas análises de redes sociais, confirmando a predominância de redes diádicas ou a falta de formação de redes de co-autoria de patentes na área da Biotecnologia. Encontra-se um núcleo de preferência para a co-autoria em artigos situado entre 3 e 7 autores. Em patentes, os co-ativos demonstram a preferência pela produção individual ou em pequenas equipes. Os autores e instituições coativas que mais possuem patentes são também aqueles que mais publicam artigos, apresentando uma relação entre produção de artigos e patentes. A co-autoria encontrada nas publicações de patentes se repete nas publicações científicas, demonstrando uma interação entre C&T, que alcança um percentual de 70,7% de interação entre a produção científica e tecnológica. Esta interação também foi observada a partir da co-classificação, atingindo o percentual de 83,4%. As patentes que mais possuem convergência entre co-autoria e co-classificação são aquelas que possuem menor número de co-ativos. A hipótese H1, que afirmava que os autores co-ativos mais produtivos em C&T pertencem a redes de co-autoria interpessoais mais densas, não foi comprovado. Considera-se que as técnicas da cientometria utilizadas neste estudo possibilitaram a análise da interação entre C&T na área da Biotecnologia no Brasil. / The research work analyzes the interaction between science and technology (S&T) from a scientometric approach, using co-authorship and co-classification techniques. It aims to demonstrate the movement of Biotechnology researchers and inventors from Brazil across the scientific and technological spheres by means of correlating their articles and patents. The corpus comprises 2.584 articles and 194 patents collected from INPI´s Patents Application Database and WebofScience, in that order. The research work included data collection, cleaning and organization of author’s and institutional names; statistical and social networks analysis; correlation between co-invention and co-authorship through occurrence of coactive authors – who published both articles and patents - in both types of documents; correlation between articles and patents subjects from mapping the subjects suggested by Glänzel e Schubert (2003) and the codes of international patents classification (IPC). Biotechnology in Brazil is characterized by presenting a strong connection between S&T, which means that inventors move through both domains and produce both technological and scientific publications, manly within the university. The public universities (federal and state)and research institutes lead the ranking of scientific production. There was evidence of intensive collaboration between these two types of institutions, configuring a cluster with strong bonds, but not showing collaboration with companies, in an effective way. In the ranking of technological production, the depositing companies were not listed among the first place, in which figures universities, research institutes and financing bodies. Many depositors and inventors are isolated in the social networks analysis, showing the predominance of dyadic networks or the lack of patent networks configuration in the Biotechnology field. There is a preference to co-authorship articles in groups situated around 3and 7 authors. In patents, the coactive authors showed preference for individual production or in small groups. The coactive authors and institutions that have more patents are also those that publish articles the most, showing a relation between production of articles and patents. The co-authorship found in patent publications was also found in the scientific publications, indicating an interaction between S&T, reaching 70, 7% of interaction between scientific and technological production. This interaction was also observed by means of co-classification, reaching a percentage of 83, 4%. The patents that have more convergence among co-authorship and co-classification are those that have a minor number of coactive authors. The H1 hypotheses, which asserts that the most productive coactive authors in S&T belong to more dense interpersonal co-authorship network, was not proven. It is considered that the scientometrics techniques used in this study enabled the analysis of the interaction between S&T in Biotechnology field in Brazil.

This dissertation reports a didactic experience aimed at teaching argumentation among Language Course students from the first level at UNEAL (Universidade Estadual de Alagoas). The relevance of the work is due to the effort of trying to remedy the recognized textual-discursive deficit of newcomers students to the university, especially in relation to formal and argumentative written texts. This failure brings preoccupation because the teaching formation course in Languages aims at training professionals to teach the mother tongue and foreign languages at regular schools. The work is characterized as a collaborative action research, assuming the aspect of a didactic-pedagogic intervention. The methodology is basically qualitative and used questionnaires, field diary, interview and analysis of the textual corpus represented by the written production of the collaborator students. The theoretical foundation is based on rhetorical and argumentative studies and on the theory of genres in sociointeracional conception (Marcuschi, 2002) and on socio-rhetorical view that considers genre as a social action, motivated by a rhetorical situation (Miller, 1994, 2009; Swales, 1990; Bazerman, 2005). The work also focuses on argumentation as a discursive activity, whose achievement in the linguistic surface is susceptible to textual and linguistic-grammatical studies. In this sense, a didactic treatment was given to discourse markers based on Textual Linguistics, with special emphasis on interphrasal connectors. From the didactic point of view, the action research had two phases: the Implicit Instruction phase, which served as immersion and exposure of students to the Opinion Article genre, and the Explicit Instruction phase, in which the elements of textual structure were taught, as well as types of arguments and the logical and discursive markers that regularly appear in the opinion genres. The results from the action research carried out demonstrated a reasonable improvement of the writing process among the majority of the students, especially in relation to the argumentative text studied. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação apresenta uma experiência didática visando ao ensino da argumentação entre alunos do primeiro período noturno do Curso de Letras da UNEAL (Universidade Estadual de Alagoas). A relevância do trabalho se dá pelo esforço de se tentar remediar o reconhecido déficit textual-discursivo dos alunos recém-chegados à universidade, principalmente em relação aos textos escritos formais e de caráter argumentativo. Essa deficiência é preocupante, pois o curso de licenciatura em Letras visa formar professores de língua materna e estrangeira. O trabalho caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa-ação colaborativa, assumindo um caráter de intervenção didático-pedagógica. A metodologia é de base qualitativa e utilizou questionários, diário de campo, entrevista e a análise do corpus representado pela produção textual escrita dos graduandos. A fundamentação teórica baseia-se em estudos argumentativos de cunho retórico e na teoria de gêneros textuais nas concepções sociointeracional (Marcuschi, 2002) e sócio-retórica, que considera o gênero como uma ação social, motivada por uma situação retórica (Miller, 1994, 2009; Swales, 1990; Bazerman, 2005), e também focaliza a argumentação como atividade discursiva, cuja realização na superfície linguística é passível de estudos textuais e linguístico-gramaticais. Nesse sentido, baseando-se na Linguística Textual, foi dado um tratamento didático aos marcadores discursivos, com especial ênfase nos conectores interfrasais. Do ponto de vista da ação didática, a pesquisa-ação teve duas fases distintas: a fase do Ensino Implícito, que serviu como imersão e exposição dos alunos ao gênero Artigo de Opinião; e a fase do Ensino Explícito, em que foram ensinados os elementos da estrutura textual, os tipos de argumentos e os marcadores lógicos e discursivos que regularmente aparecem nos gêneros opinativos. Os resultados da pesquisa-ação empreendida demonstraram um considerável aprimoramento no processo de escrita da maioria dos estudantes colaboradores na experiência didática, principalmente em relação ao texto argumentativo trabalhado.

This thesis traces the mandate concept as embodied in Art. 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations as an intrinsic feature of the British Imperial mind. Therefore the purview of our study is British imperial thinking and policy making during and after the First World War. It was in respect to Iraq that the mandate concept, as a distinct policy, was formulated for the first time by Mark Sykes. The mandate concept sprang from that part of British Imperial thought which was deeply affected by official apprehension about the Empire's position in the Middle East. This thesis is proved in the following exegesis of the analytical framework of our thesis. Chapter I describes contemporary reactions and thinking on new models of peace order. We have concentrated mainly on Arnold Toynbee's and Leonard Woolf's thinking. Both crystallize the contemporary argumentation in an important way. While they are placed under the sub-title, Premises of Scientific Peace, others such as Amery are for their imperial senti- ments discussed under the second sub-title: Imperial Sentiment and its Impact on Planning for a New World Order. The two chapters reveal the inner conditions which allowed the birth of the mandate compromise. Many of the ingredients of the mandate concept stemmed from the doctrines of democracy. How-ever when these penetrated the East the Arab response to them was bound to bring about conflict with British imperial interests. Yet in its turn, the Empire's reaction and policy was not of one kind. It was marked with the three-cornered antagonism between the Government of India, the Arab Bureau at Cairo and Whitehall. The pivot of this study of British war-time policy is the chapter called: The British Glimpse of a Middle East Empire. Interestingly, the above antagonism gave rise to ideas of a British Middle Eastern Empire. There course and fate was implicit in the frequent committee chages, departmental struggle against rule by committee and in debates on immediate issues of policy. We regard their fate and their impact on the decision-making structure in Whitehall as more indicative of the state of the British will to rule in the East than such paper-designs as the MacMahon-Hussein correspondence, the Sykes-Picot Agreement or the De Bunsen Committee Report. From this angle our chapter is meant to serve as a corrective to the weight of those paper-designs; further it puts the final creation of the Middle East Department in its right imperial perspective. The sectionhas been provided with what one may call a "trailer". Called, Some Features of the Mesopotamian Campaign, it gives the story of how the Admiralty pushed through its policy of physical control over the oil-bearing regions of Iraq. It was their policy which led to the capture of Mosul. The study of the war-time policy concludes with the section entitled: Mark Sykes and the Origin of the Iraq Mandate. This chapter is meant to be a synopsis of the contrapuntal studies of the Matrix of the Mandate Idea, on the one hand, and, on the other, the British Glimpse of a Middle East Empire. This syno-psis is amply contained in Mark Sykes's hitherto unknown memorandum of January 1918, and in his original way of looking at international affairs. Prompted by this find we have scrutinized Sykes's functioning in the policy making of the Lloyd George Cabinet. His thought and personality are separated out under the three topics of Sykes as (1) the campaigner and partisan official, (2) the admonisher and conscience of the age, (3) the nostalgic and reflective mind. The description of his failure to achieve his policy at the end of the war foreshadows the last chapter of this first part of the thesis. Entitled, The "A" mandate before the Supreme Council, this chapter investigates features which point to conflicting views as to the advisability of rendering the mandate concept more strictly. This chapter puts Art.22 of the Covenant in its right perspective as a tentative and somewhat incomplete compromise principle in the new international law. By its resultant vagueness the concept afforded considerable discretion to imperialist policy. The checks which were supposed to mitigate such a policy are examined in the concluding chapter VIII, entitled: Iraq before the League of Nations. The concept has emerged from the first part of our thesis as Janus-faced, combining an extremely flexible political instrument for the expansion of imperial control with an evolutionary political doctrine of "democratic control". In contrast, internationally, the mandate was regarded by League champoins as a check on the imperialistic ambitions of the mandatory. Of these three aspects the evolutionary principle was the new colonial dress. The studyof the application of the mandate starts with a detailed analysis of: The Political Role of the Oil-bearing Regions of Iraq. The oil-issue is followed as it ran like a red line through Iraq's early political history up to 1926. The first section of the ensuing chapter, Towards the Cairo-Conference, deals with what we call the "import article" of the colonial idea in the Middle East as it was designed and propagated advertisement-like for consumption in Britain by such on the spot experts as Gertrude Bell. The remaining sections deal, again contrapuntally, with public opinion and the taxpayer rationale in Britain and the final synthesis of the Cairo-policy. The chapter on the Cairo-Conference, is the opening movement for the subsequent constitutional development of Iraq, in the course of which Britain , set by set, gears the expansion of the governmental infra-structure to the achievement of her imperialistic aims of control. As in the previous chapter the part entitled, The British Gambits in the Constitutional Development of Iraq, gives much room to the role played by personalities. These, because of their more discernible and distinct capacities and idiosyncracies became what one may call "substitutes" for the far less calculable social forces, economic conditions and political circumstances in turmoil. There follows, in the chapter, The Shaping of Iraqis External Relations, a desciption of some features of Iraqis integration into the contemporary international context. The concluding chapter, euphemistically entitled, Iraq before the League of Nations, endeavours to define the three-cornered relationship between Britain, Iraq and the League within the context of immediate practice rather than of the myth which afterthought has woven around it.

Submitted by PPG Ci?ncias Sociais (csociais-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-11-19T12:28:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daina_Maturano_Dias_Martil_Dis.pdf: 2509038 bytes, checksum: d1087d1c8072040402a4173ef97274d0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-11-19T15:46:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Daina_Maturano_Dias_Martil_Dis.pdf: 2509038 bytes, checksum: d1087d1c8072040402a4173ef97274d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-19T15:55:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daina_Maturano_Dias_Martil_Dis.pdf: 2509038 bytes, checksum: d1087d1c8072040402a4173ef97274d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This study evaluates the factors involved in granting or denying home detention to women in pretrial detention at the Madre Pelletier Female State Prison (MPFSP), in Southern Brazil. The sampled responds to the requirements established in article 318 of the Brazilian Code of Criminal Procedure (BCCP), which recommends replacing pretrial detention with house arrest to the women who are pregnant or mothers of children under 12 years old. This research was based on two premises: (i) the enactment of Law 13.257/ 2016 known as the Legal Framework for Early Childhood - which promoted the change in the BCCP in order to meet the infants best interests - and (ii) the preparation of technical reports by MPFSP social and psychologist Assistants, later sent to the criminal process district, requesting an analysis to the house arrest granting. It was a mixed design study. Qualitative data were examined by the Discursive Textual Analysis theory, which is composed of three essential elements: unitarization, categorization and communication. Quantitative analysis encompass statistical calculations performed by Statical Package for the Social Scienses, version 21.0 for Windows. Furthermore, the sociodemographic profile of a total of 84 women was raised in the reports on the Justice Court website. From the analysis of the data, it was verified that 32% of the women had their request rejected. By refusing the house arrest the magistracy alleges the maintenance of public order to justify the non-granting for women in detention. However, the sample preponderance shows that the criminal imputation does not accompany violence acts. Homicide crimes accounted for only 7.1%, which shows that the majority of surveyed women in MPFSP could receive the house arrest grant. The interpretation of the discourses content reveals moralistic considerations referring to an idealized motherhood in the mold of the patriarchal culture, considering that these women are unfit for mothering precisely because they are accused of committing a crime. On the other hand, in the cases when house arrest was granting, it was evidenced by the judiciary the understanding of the indispensability of the maternal figure for the care of the children, thus protecting the best interest of the infant. Such findings may contribute to the elaboration of affirmative actions that subsidize the strengthening of house arrest concessions. Under the bastion of the Public Security Policy known as "Zero Tolerance", preventive detention could be understand as a social control tool of women who disregard the social role attributed to the feminine by the androcentric and patriarchal culture here represented by southern criminal justice system. / O presente estudo tem como objetivo conhecer, a partir da utiliza??o da An?lise Textual Discursiva, o tom do discurso da magistratura ga?cha, para conceder ou indeferir a pris?o domiciliar ?s mulheres em situa??o de pris?o preventiva no Pres?dio Estadual Feminino Madre Pelletier, que respondem ao requisito de serem m?es de crian?as menores de 12 anos ou estejam gestantes, conforme preconiza o artigo 318 do C?digo de Processo Penal. A justificativa para elabora??o de tal investiga??o partiu da promulga??o da Lei 13.257/2016, conhecida como Marco Legal da Primeira Inf?ncia ? que promoveu a altera??o no CPP no fito de atender o melhor interesse dos infantes ?, e da elabora??o de relat?rios t?cnicos por Assistentes Sociais e Psic?logas do PEFMP, posteriormente encaminhados para a comarca de origem do processo criminal, solicitando an?lise para a concess?o da pris?o domiciliar. Foi tamb?m levantado o perfil sociodemogr?fico das r?s, totalizando 84 amostras que continham manifesta??o nos despachos no s?tio eletr?nico do TJRS. Tratou-se de estudo com delineamento misto. A an?lise quantitativa foi realizada por meio de c?lculos estat?sticos do Statistical Package for the Social Scienses ? SPSS, vers?o 21.0 para Windows. J? os dados qualitativos foram analisados pela teoria da An?lise Textual Discursiva, e comp?em um ciclo de an?lise composto por tr?s elementos essenciais: a unitariza??o, categoriza??o e comunica??o, que resultaram no corpus das an?lises. A interpreta??o do conte?do dos discursos destacou que, ao indeferir a pris?o domiciliar, a magistratura ga?cha utiliza-se da manuten??o da ordem p?blica para justificar a n?o concess?o da medida cautelar diversa da pris?o para mulheres em situa??o de pris?o preventiva, apresentado algumas considera??es de cunho moralista referentes a uma maternidade idealizada nos moldes da cultura patriarcal, ao considerarem essas mulheres inaptas ? maternagem justamente por serem acusadas de cometimento de delito, em que pese que a preponder?ncia da amostra tenha demonstrado que a imputa??o penal n?o acompanha atos de viol?ncia. Na outra esteira, ao concederem a pris?o domiciliar, ficou evidenciado pela magistratura o entendimento da imprescindibilidade da figura materna para o cuidado dos filhos, resguardando assim o melhor interesse da crian?a. Tal constata??o pode vir a contribuir na elabora??o de a??es afirmativas que subsidiem o fortalecimento das concess?es de pris?o domiciliar, diante do fato, como ficou demonstrado, que a pris?o preventiva de mulheres configura-se enquanto ferramenta de controle social sob a ?gide do recrudescimento da Pol?tica de Seguran?a P?blica conhecida como ?Toler?ncia Zero?.

Esta dissertação estuda os mecanismos disponibilizados pelo artigo 264 da Lei das Sociedades Anônimas para proteção adicional dos interesses e dos direitos dos acionistas minoritários na incorporação de companhia controlada. Para tanto, são abordados os dispositivos legais, os posicionamentos doutrinários e as interpretações da jurisprudência administrativa e judicial sobre o assunto no Brasil. O primeiro capítulo do estudo analisa o conceito e a natureza jurídica da incorporação, a substituição de ações e de direitos dos acionistas na operação, o procedimento de incorporação, e a relação de controle existente entre as companhias incorporadora e incorporada. O segundo capítulo analisa a evolução histórica das disposições do artigo 264, partindo do Projeto de Lei que lhe deu origem até o texto do dispositivo atualmente vigente. O terceiro capítulo analisa a proteção adicional oferecida ao acionista minoritário pelo caput do artigo 264, atrelada à relação de substituição de ações adotada na operação. O quarto capítulo analisa a proteção adicional conferida ao acionista minoritário pelo §3º do artigo 264, vinculada ao direito de recesso na operação. Ao final, a conclusão arremata as principais discussões identificadas ao longo do estudo. / This thesis studies the mechanisms provided by Article 264 of the Brazilian Corporations Law for additional protection of the interests and rights of minority shareholders in the merger of a subsidiary corporation into its parent corporation. To this end, we discuss the legal provisions, the legal literature and the interpretations of administrative and judicial case law on the subject in Brazil. The first chapter of the study analyzes the concept and the legal nature of a merger, the substitution of shares and rights of the shareholders in the transaction, the merger procedure, and the control relationship that exists between the parent corporation and its subsidiary. The second chapter analyzes the historical development of the provisions of Article 264, from the bill from which it originated to the text of the provision currently in force. The third chapter analyzes the additional protection granted to minority shareholders by the chapeau of Article 264, regarding the share exchange ratio adopted in the transaction. The fourth chapter analyzes the additional protection afforded to minority shareholders by paragraph 3 of Article 264, relating to the right to withdraw from the transaction. Finally, the conclusion finalizes the main discussions identified throughout the study.

As etapas do trabalho constituíram-se de busca nas bases de dados; limpeza e organização dos nomes de autores e de instituições; análises estatísticas e de redes sociais; correlação entre a co-invenção e co-autoria, a partir da ocorrência de autores co-ativos – que publicaram tanto patentes como artigos - nos dois tipos de documentos; correlação entre os assuntos dos artigos e das patentes a partir do mapeamento dos assuntos proposto por Glänzel e Schubert (2003) e dos códigos da Classificação Internacional de Patentes (CIP). A Biotecnologia no Brasil caracteriza-se por apresentar uma forte interação entre Ciência e Tecnologia, o que significa que os inventores transitam entre as duas esferas e produzem tanto publicações científicas como tecnológicas, principalmente no âmbito da universidade. Os resultados mostram que no ranking da produção científica, lideram as universidades públicas (federais e estaduais) e instituições de pesquisa. Observou-se que há intensa colaboração entre estes dois tipos de instituições, com a formação de clusters com laços fortes, não acontecendo colaboração destas com empresas, de forma efetiva. No ranking da produção tecnológica, as empresas depositantes não figuram entre os primeiros lugares, ficando estes ainda ocupados pelas universidades, instituições de pesquisa e de fomento. Muitos depositantes e inventores encontram-se isolados nas análises de redes sociais, confirmando a predominância de redes diádicas ou a falta de formação de redes de co-autoria de patentes na área da Biotecnologia. Encontra-se um núcleo de preferência para a co-autoria em artigos situado entre 3 e 7 autores. Em patentes, os co-ativos demonstram a preferência pela produção individual ou em pequenas equipes. Os autores e instituições coativas que mais possuem patentes são também aqueles que mais publicam artigos, apresentando uma relação entre produção de artigos e patentes. A co-autoria encontrada nas publicações de patentes se repete nas publicações científicas, demonstrando uma interação entre C&T, que alcança um percentual de 70,7% de interação entre a produção científica e tecnológica. Esta interação também foi observada a partir da co-classificação, atingindo o percentual de 83,4%. As patentes que mais possuem convergência entre co-autoria e co-classificação são aquelas que possuem menor número de co-ativos. A hipótese H1, que afirmava que os autores co-ativos mais produtivos em C&T pertencem a redes de co-autoria interpessoais mais densas, não foi comprovado. Considera-se que as técnicas da cientometria utilizadas neste estudo possibilitaram a análise da interação entre C&T na área da Biotecnologia no Brasil. / The research work analyzes the interaction between science and technology (S&T) from a scientometric approach, using co-authorship and co-classification techniques. It aims to demonstrate the movement of Biotechnology researchers and inventors from Brazil across the scientific and technological spheres by means of correlating their articles and patents. The corpus comprises 2.584 articles and 194 patents collected from INPI´s Patents Application Database and WebofScience, in that order. The research work included data collection, cleaning and organization of author’s and institutional names; statistical and social networks analysis; correlation between co-invention and co-authorship through occurrence of coactive authors – who published both articles and patents - in both types of documents; correlation between articles and patents subjects from mapping the subjects suggested by Glänzel e Schubert (2003) and the codes of international patents classification (IPC). Biotechnology in Brazil is characterized by presenting a strong connection between S&T, which means that inventors move through both domains and produce both technological and scientific publications, manly within the university. The public universities (federal and state)and research institutes lead the ranking of scientific production. There was evidence of intensive collaboration between these two types of institutions, configuring a cluster with strong bonds, but not showing collaboration with companies, in an effective way. In the ranking of technological production, the depositing companies were not listed among the first place, in which figures universities, research institutes and financing bodies. Many depositors and inventors are isolated in the social networks analysis, showing the predominance of dyadic networks or the lack of patent networks configuration in the Biotechnology field. There is a preference to co-authorship articles in groups situated around 3and 7 authors. In patents, the coactive authors showed preference for individual production or in small groups. The coactive authors and institutions that have more patents are also those that publish articles the most, showing a relation between production of articles and patents. The co-authorship found in patent publications was also found in the scientific publications, indicating an interaction between S&T, reaching 70, 7% of interaction between scientific and technological production. This interaction was also observed by means of co-classification, reaching a percentage of 83, 4%. The patents that have more convergence among co-authorship and co-classification are those that have a minor number of coactive authors. The H1 hypotheses, which asserts that the most productive coactive authors in S&T belong to more dense interpersonal co-authorship network, was not proven. It is considered that the scientometrics techniques used in this study enabled the analysis of the interaction between S&T in Biotechnology field in Brazil.