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Contingent praise is widely recognized as a universal, practical, and highly effective classroom management tool. While previous research has examined the effectiveness of performance feedback to increase teachers’ use of contingent praise in the classroom and to observe its effects on students’ behavior, no research exists on the effects of increased ratios of praise-to-behavior correction statements by paraprofessionals in the classrooms of preschoolers diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This research was conducted in an urban, specialized pre-school program, for young students with developmental disabilities. The researcher implemented a performance feedback protocol, measuring two paraprofessionals’ ability to achieve a target 1:1, followed by a 4:1 ratio of praise-to-behavior correction statements. Students’ on-task, off-task, and disruptive behaviors were also measured. Results demonstrated that: (a) performance feedback was an effective and well received tool for in / Applied Behavioral Analysis

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att, ur ett internationellt perspektiv, identifiera gemensamma framgångsfaktorer i den pedagogiska miljön för barn och ungdomar med autism i grundskola och anpassad grundskola. Vi har undersökt vilka samband det finns mellan skolans lärmiljö samt lärarens kommunikation och lärande hos elever med autism. Vi har även undersökt om lärmiljön i skolan samt lärarens kommunikation påverkar trivsel i skolan för elever med autism. De granskade artiklarna analyserades tematiskt och sammanställdes i fem olika teman. Inom temana lärarens roll, tekniska hjälpmedel, social träning, relationer och lokaler har vi hittat resultat som leder till större engagemang hos eleverna, förbättrad social interaktion, ökat lärande samt högre trivsel. I vår studie har vi funnit framgångsfaktorer som vi som speciallärare kan påverka och förmedla i skolan. Vi har även funnit metoder och modeller som påverkas av organisation och ekonomi. Vår studies resultat är intressant för både yrkesverksamma lärare samt skolledning.

Le trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) est une pathologie due à des anomalies neurodéveloppementales. Syndrome le plus souvent diagnostiqué dans la petite enfance, il affecte principalement l’interaction sociale et cause: des troubles de langage, de la communication et du comportement. Sa prévalence sans cesse croissante atteint en 2018 1.52% au Canada[1]. Cette prévalence est quatre fois plus élevée chez les garçons comparativement aux filles[2]. À ce jour, il n’existe pas de traitement spécifique au TSA, cependant des interventions psychologiques et médications sont proposées pour réduire des symptômes tel que l’agressivité et l’anxiété qui y sont associés. L’étiologie du TSA est peu ou mal connue. Néanmoins, des hypothèses sont avancées suivant trois facteurs. Génétique, biologique et environnementale. Concernant ce dernier facteur, l’on peut citer l’exposition in utéro aux médicaments et ce projet porte son intérêt sur ce point et plus précisément l’acétaminophène. C’est l’un des analgésiques le plus utilisé dans le soulagement de la douleur et le traitement de la fièvre. Il est souvent recommandé aux femmes durant la grossesse pour le soulagement de la douleur et le traitement de la fièvre. Cette forte consommation d’acétaminophène chez la femme enceinte : environ 65%-75% aux États-Unis[3], soulève une réelle problématique sachant qu’il est démontré que le principe actif est détectable dans des échantillons de plasma de cordon ombilical[4]. La possibilité que l’acétaminophène traverse le placenta et soit présent dans la circulation sanguine du bébé n’est pas exclue[4],[5]. Il est important d’effectuer davantage de recherche sur le sujet afin d’évaluer le réel impact d’une telle exposition. Sachant les limites d’inclusion des femmes enceintes dans les essais cliniques randomisées, nous avons mené une étude de cohorte populationnelle et les données utilisées proviennent de quatre bases de données administratives québécoises, dont le jumelage a permis de mettre sur pied la cohorte des grossesses du Québec (CGQ) avec un suivi longitudinal entre 1998 et 2015. Ainsi, ce projet méthodologique vise principalement à explorer et illustrer les limites de l’utilisation des bases de données administratives pour mesurer l’exposition aux médicaments en vente libre. Ceci en utilisant comme cas pratique, l’évaluation du risque de TSA chez des enfants exposés à l’acétaminophène durant la phase gestationnelle comparativement aux enfants non exposés. La littérature rapporte que les données quant à l’utilisation des médicaments en vente libre sont souvent sous-estimées par rapport à la réalité. L’utilisation bases de données administratives afin de mesurer l’exposition de certains médicaments en vente libre, introduirait une erreur de classification importante[6]. Sachant que la collecte de données se base sur les prescriptions complétées en pharmacie. Dans la pratique clinique courante, ces médicaments sont peu prescrits par les médecins et peu compléter auprès du pharmacien. Le cas pratique utilisé dans ce projet confirme cette hypothèse. En effet, l’exposition in utéro d’acétaminophène est sous-estimée à 94% (Supplemental Table 5). Seulement 6 % (38/648) des enfants exposés sont capturés au sein de la CGQ ce qui ne reflète pas la réalité clinique d’utilisation d’acétaminophène en grossesse. Ce résultat démontre l’introduction d’un biais d’information (erreur de classification) qui expliquerait totalement ou en partie l’estimé mesuré. En effet, notre étude montre qu’il n’y a pas d’augmentation statistiquement significative entre le risque de TSA et la consommation d’acétaminophène in-utero (aHR : 1.10 IC 95% 0.93-1.30). Parallèlement, une analyse de sous cohorte a été effectuée. Celle-ci, utilisait des questionnaires auto-rapportées par les mères afin de mesurer l’exposition à l’acétaminophène. Pour cette analyse secondaire, un effet protecteur est mesuré (aHR : 0.78 IC 95% 0.41-1.47). Des analyses de sensibilités sur l’issue ont pu confirmer la robustesse de ces estimés, validant ainsi nos résultats. En conclusion, ce projet d’étude a permis de mesurer l’ampleur des erreurs de classifications associées à l’utilisation des bases de données administratives pour des questions de recherches impliquant des médicaments en vente libre. Cependant, au regard de ces défis méthodologiques, il est difficile de mesurer l’association entre l’utilisation d’acétaminophène et le risque de TSA dans notre cohorte. Notre étude ne démontre pas d’association statistiquement significative, ce qui est contradictoire aux antécédentes études ayant des méthodes de mesures d’exposition différentes. / Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a pathology caused by neurodevelopmental abnormalities. A syndrome most often diagnosed in early childhood, ASD mainly affects social interaction and causes language, communication, and behavioral disorders. Its ever-increasing prevalence reached a rate of 1.52% in Canada in 2018[1]. This prevalence is four times higher in boys compared to girls[2]. Nowadays, there is no specific treatment for ASD, however, psychological interventions and medications are proposed to reduce symptoms such as aggression and anxiety. The etiology of ASD is unknown. Nevertheless, hypotheses are put forward to explain the ASD mechanism via the genetic, biological, and environmental approach. The last factor includes in-utero exposure to medications and the present project focuses on this point and more specifically acetaminophen[3]. This research focuses on this point and, more specifically, on acetaminophen. It is one of the most widely used analgesics in pain and fever treatment, which is why it is often recommended to women during pregnancy. This high consumption of acetaminophen in pregnant women: approximately 65%-75% in the United States [4], raises a real problem, knowing that it has been demonstrated that the active ingredient is detectable in cord plasma samples [5]. It is possible that acetaminophen crosses the placenta and is present in the baby’s bloodstream[4], [5]. It is important to carry out more research on the subject in order to assess the true impact of such exposure. Knowing the limits of the inclusion of pregnant women in randomized clinical trials, we conducted a population-based cohort study. The data came from four Quebec administrative databases, their pairing allowing the establishment of the Quebec pregnancy cohort (QPC) with a longitudinal follow-up between 1998 and 2015. Thus, this methodological project mainly aims to explore and illustrate the limits of the use of administrative databases to measure exposure of over-the-counter medications. Using as a practical example, the assessment of the risk of ASD in children exposed to acetaminophen during the gestational phase compared to unexposed children. The literature reports that data on the use of over-the-counter medications are often underestimated compared to reality. The use of administrative databases to measure exposure to over-the-counter medications would introduce major misclassification[6]. Knowing that data are collected based on prescriptions filled in pharmacies. In the current clinical practice, these medications are rarely prescribed by physicians and rarely filled by pharmacists. The practical case used in this project confirms this hypothesis. In-utero exposure to acetaminophen is underestimated at 94% (Supplemental Table 5). Only 6% (38/648) of exposed children are captured within the QPC, which does not reflect the clinical reality of acetaminophen use in pregnancy. This result demonstrates the introduction of an information bias (misclassification) which would totally or partially explain the measured estimate. Indeed, our study shows that there is no statistically significant increase between the risk of ASD and the consumption of acetaminophen in utero (aHR: 1.10 95% CI 0.93-1.30). At the same time, a sub-cohort analysis was carried out. This used questionnaires self-reported by mothers to measure exposure to acetaminophen. For this secondary analysis, a protective effect is measured (aHR: 0.78 95% CI 0.41-1.47). Sensitivity analyses on issue were able to confirm the robustness of these results, thus validating our results. Through this study, we were able {Citation} to measure the magnitude of misclassifications associated with the use of administrative databases for research questions involving over-the-counter drugs. However, given these methodological challenges, it is difficult to measure the association between the use of acetaminophen in pregnancy and the risk of ASD in our cohort. Our study does not demonstrate a statistically significant association, which is contradictory to previous studies with exposure measurement methods approaching reality.

В настоящем исследовании сравнивается зрительное восприятие детей 7–12 лет с аутизмом и легкой умственной отсталостью с учетом их системы сенсорной интеграции. В этом исследовании использовались 3 теста сенсорной интеграции SIPT, SPM2, Сенсорный профиль и Зрительно-моторный Гештальт-тест Бендера (всего 4 теста). При общем сравнении и сравнении случаев были указаны три теста SIPT, SPM2, Сенсорный профиль относительно эффективности для тестируемой группы детей (аутизм и умственная отсталость), слабые и сильные стороны этих тестов. Гештальт-тест Бандера дал нам хорошую информацию о различиях в зрительном восприятии и различиях в вводе визуальной информации в двух тестируемых группах. В тестах на рисование и копирование дети с аутизмом показали лучшие результаты (ближе к нормальному диапазону успеваемости). По результатам можно утверждать, что у детей-аутистов нет проблем в процессе зрительного восприятия и обработки, а разница может заключаться в том, как зрительная информация поступает в их систему зрительной обработки, тогда как у умственно отсталых детей наблюдаются нарушения в зрительной системе. система обработки восприятия. / The present study compares visual perception between 7-12-year-old children with autism and mild mental retardation, considering their sensory integration system. In this research, 3 sensory integration tests SIPT, SPM2, sensory profile and Visual-motor Bender Gestalt test were used (total 4 tests). In the overall comparison and the case comparison, the three SIPT, SPM2, Sensory profile tests were stated regarding the effectiveness for the tested group of children (autism and mental retardation), the weaknesses and strengths of these tests. Bander Gestalt test gave us good information about the differences in visual perception and differences in the input of visual information in the two tested groups. In the drawing and copying tests, autistic children obtained better results (closer to the normal performance range). According to the results, it can be claimed that autistic children do not have problems in the process of visual perception and processing, and the difference can be in the way visual information enters their visual processing system, while mentally retarded children have disorders in the visual perception processing system.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a low-incidence disorder with high impacts on individuals, families, and society. School-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) have tremendous responsibilities toward individuals with ASD, but pre-service SLPs are not adequately trained to fulfill these expectations. In order to reduce the widespread financial and social impact of ASD, school-based SLPs need to complete effective training to prepare them for the selection of established social-communication practices. One framework for the selection of individualized intervention is the Ziggurat Model (Aspy & Grossman, 2008). The following study used mixed methods to investigate the research question: “Does the ASD knowledge base of ASHA-certified school-based SLPs change when they complete an online training module based upon Aspy and Grossman’s Ziggurat Model? If so, what are those changes?” A pre-test post-test control group design demonstrated a significant difference in the experimental group’s and the control group’s pre-test post-test change scores, as demonstrated by an independent samples t-test (p=.039, 18df). Qualitative data analysis resulted in six themes. While the online training of Aspy and Grossman’s Ziggurat Model used in this study was an effective method with which to train school-based SLPs in using a comprehensive framework, more rigorous research is needed on this model relative to the selection of intervention.

This diploma thesis focuses on the support of reading and development of reading competences of pupils with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The theoretical part first discusses individuals with autism spectrum disorder, characteristics of diagnosis and their education. The next section generally summarizies the concepts related to reading. It also looks at the role of the school, teacher and literary eduacation in the development and support of reading. It further discusses teaching methods, which develop reading comprehension. The last part focuces specifically on the reading skills of children with ASD. The part concludes with deficits in reading for meaning and reading comprehension interventions. The aim of this thesis was to find out how teachers develop reading skills for pupils with ASD in primary school. The data was obtained from structured interviews with teachers working with pupils with ASD. The research questions were focused on the level of support for reading by teachers, the specifics of working with pupils with ASD and the use of texts related to student's interests and experiences. Research suggests that teachers don't have much information about the reading comprehension of children with ASD. They are based on their own experience. The experiences of teachers show that children...

Being a woman and living with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) involves double difficulties. Women need to put up with gender-normative demands on how women should be and women with ASD also face difficulties when trying to live “as others”, despite their symptoms. In this thesis we aim to, from an intersectional perspective, study how women with ASD handle gender-normative demands in combination with the maintenance of a good self-image and relationships with others. Our study is a qualitative literature study in which the empirics are based on autobiographies written by, or in collaboration with, women with ASD. The results, concerning the difficulties that women with ASD face, go hand in hand with what previous studies show; women with ASD are shown to mask and imitate their surroundings and theirself-image often change when being diagnosed. Our addition to previous studies is the critical approach to how researchers refer to and study women with functional variation. We find a unilateral perspective insufficient and stress that an intersectional perspective is needed to understand the difficulties women with ASD face. Functional variation or gender alone does not give a full perspective. In our study we therefore have an intersectional, multidimensional, perspective and show that the difficulties women with ASD experience are not only related to their diagnosis but also to their gender.