O diagnóstico das neoplasias cutâneas do folículo piloso, particularmente do tricoepitelioma (TE), frequentemente representa dificuldade diagnóstica com o carcinoma basocelular (CBC). As semelhanças clínicas e histopatológicas somadas aos artefatos de amostragem (amostras exíguas por biopsias incisionais ou parcialmente danificadas por esmagamento ou fulguração) podem provocar situações de dificuldade na diagnose diferencial entre as duas neoplasias. O diagnóstico de certeza é importante, pois o CBC tem caráter agressivo local e, quando não totalmente excisado, infiltra os tecidos adjacentes. O TE é uma lesão benigna, sem capacidade de invasão local, não havendo recomendação de excisão com margem cirúrgica. Vários marcadores imunoistoquímicos têm sido propostos na literatura médica para auxiliar no diagnóstico diferencial entre o TE e o CBC. Esses estudos, entretanto, têm resultados conflitantes que podem estar relacionados à pequena casuística avaliada, que geralmente não excede 50 casos de TE. A técnica do arranjo em matriz de amostras teciduais, tissue microarray (TMA), permite a avaliação de um número grande de amostras teciduais, que podem ser submetidas de modo simultâneo aos procedimentos das reações imunoistoquímicas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi o de submeter uma ampla amostra de TE e CBC, obtida através da técnica de TMA, aos marcadores imunoistoquímicos descritos, com a finalidade de identificar um marcador, ou painel de marcadores, capaz de auxiliar a diferenciação do TE do CBC. Cortes histológicos de quatro blocos de TMA representando espécimes de 162 TE e 328 CBC foram submetidos às reações imunoistoquímicas com os anticorpos CD34, BCL-2, CD 10, antígeno de membrana epitelial (EMA), citoqueratinas (CK) 20 e 15, D2-40 e 34 E12. A fim de facilitar a avaliação dos resultados e padrões de expressão antigênica, os espécimes foram digitalizados para obtenção de lâminas histológicas virtuais. Estas foram analisadas por meio de um programa de computador. Fez-se inicialmente a análise dos resultados de 85 TE e 62 CBC representados no primeiro bloco de TMA. Esta verificação identificou a expressão dos marcadores CD34, CD10, EMA, CK15, CK20 e D2-40 com diferença significativa entre os TE e os CBC. Procedeu-se a seguir a avaliação da imunomarcação de toda a casuística. As análises estatísticas de regressão linear multifatorial e regressão logística multifatorial indicaram os marcadores e padrões de expressão em ordem decrescente de importância: D2 40 positivo em células tumorais periféricas, CK 15 positivo em células tumorais periféricas, CD10 positivo no estroma tumoral, CK 20 positivo em células tumorais periféricas e positividade estromal de CD 34. A regressão logística evidenciou ainda que, na amostra examinada, a presença de três ou quatro desses marcadores, com exceção do CD 34, pode identificar 35,9% dos TE. Nossos resultados, obtidos pelo estudo de casuística expressiva, são concordantes com os achados de outros trabalhos que sugerem que o TE e o CBC são neoplasias que estão em diferentes pontos da mesma linhagem de diferenciação dos tumores basalóides foliculares e que, por este motivo, podem expressar os mesmos marcadores/perfil antigênico epitelial e estromal. Embora o painel de quatro anticorpos acima relatado possa ser de grande ajuda, e até mesmo identificar 35,9% dos TE, os critérios histopatológicos clássicos e clínicos ainda devem ser os principais guias para o diagnóstico diferencial entre o TE e o CBC / Trichoepithelioma is a benign neoplasm that shares both clinical and histological features with basal cell carcinoma. It is important to distinguish these neoplasms because they have different clinical behavior and require proper therapeutic planning. Many studies have addressed the use of immunohistochemistry to improve the differential diagnosis of these tumors. These studies present conflicting results when addressing the same markers, probably due to the small number of basaloid tumors that comprised their studies, which generally did not exceed 50 cases. We built a tissue microarray with 162 trichoepithelioma and 328 basal cell carcinoma biopsies and tested a panel of immune markers composed of CD34, CD10, epithelial membrane antigen, BCL-2, cytokeratins 15 and 20 and D2-40. The results were analyzed using multiple linear and logistic regression models. This analysis revealed a model that could differentiate trichoepithelioma from basal cell carcinoma in 35,9% of the cases. The panel of immunohistochemical markers required to differentiate between these tumors was composed of CD10, cytokeratin 15, cytokeratin 20 and D2-40. The results obtained in this work were generated from a large number of biopsies and resulted in the confirmation of overlapping epithelial and stromal immunohistochemical profiles from these basaloid tumors. The results also corroborate the point of view that trichoepithelioma and basal cell carcinoma tumors represent two different points in the same line of differentiation. Despite the use of panels of immune markers, histopathological criteria associated with clinical data certainly remain the best guideline for the differential diagnosis of trichoepithelioma and basal cell carcinoma

Introdução: O carcinoma basocelular (CBC) é o tipo mais comum de câncer da pele não-melanoma na população mundial. A elevada prevalência do acometimento da face determina elevada morbidade, a despeito da baixa taxa de mortalidade. Localização, dimensão, subtipo histológico, recidiva e delimitação imprecisa relacionam-se ao risco de invasão e destruição local, sendo critérios de indicação da cirurgia micrográfica de Mohs (CMM), padrão ouro para tratamento do CBC, por elevadas taxas de cura e preservação de tecido sadio. Objetivo: Analisar possíveis preditores da extensão subclínica e do número de fases da CMM para o CBC, em conjunto com o emprego de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ). Métodos: Amostra de 101 casos de CBC excisados por CMM, delimitados previamente por dermatoscopia, foi analisada quanto ao perfil demográfico, características e possíveis relações entre as variáveis determinantes do risco para realização de duas ou mais e três ou mais fases na CMM. Marcação por IHQ dos anticorpos Ber-EP4, MNF-116, E-Caderina e VGEF foi realizada em onze casos de diferentes subtipos do CBC. Resultados: Na amostra, com 49,5% de tumores recidivados, predominou o sexo feminino (58,4%), com idade média de 60,2 anos e localização no segmento cefálico, sendo 52,5% dos tumores na região nasal. Subtipo histológico de alto risco em 69,3%, sendo 64,7% entre os primários e 74% entre os recidivados. Em 46,5% evidenciou-se mais de um tipo histológico, coexistindo baixo e alto risco em 33,7%; 97% apresentou mais de um critério de risco para indicação de CMM, predominando a localização em 91,1%, sendo baixas aquelas por delimitação imprecisa (12,9%) e margens comprometidas (6,9%); 60,4% dos tumores foram removidos por uma fase cirúrgica, 39,6% por duas ou mais e 10,9% por três ou mais. Recidiva elevou as chances de 2 fases para remoção completa (OR=2,40 I.C.95% 1,06 5,44; teste do X2 = 4,47, p= 0,03), assim como localização na região nasal e zona H (p = 0,04 e p = 0,056, respectivamente). O maior número de critérios elevou as chances de 2 fases e 3 fases (p = 0,02 e p = 0,03, respectivamente). As intensidades de marcação com Ber-EP4 e E-Caderina foram mais acentuadas no subtipo micronodular comparadas ao esclerodermiforme. Todos os marcadores evidenciaram os ninhos neoplásicos multifocais dispersos e em meio ao intenso processo infamatório. O VEGF, mostrou marcação mais intensa e evidente no infiltrado inflamatório perineoplásico. Conclusões: A coexistência de padrões e predomínio do alto risco nos CBC primários e recorrentes evidenciam potenciais causas de recidiva, invasão e destruição, e da indicação da CMM. Localização cefálica e recorrência são critérios que corroboraram tal indicação e, o maior número de critérios presentes, a predição da extensão subclínica. A dermatoscopia auxiliou na delimitação pré-cirurgica do CBC. Idade avançada pode exigir mais fases para remoção do CBC. Marcadores imunohistoquímicos podem ser úteis para evidenciar a neoplasia nos tecidos ou em meio a processo infamatório. O reconhecimento de fatores preditivos é auxiliar na decisão terapêutica, no planejamento cirúrgico e na obtenção das altas taxas de cura por meio da CMM. / Introduction: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of non-melanoma skin cancer and the most frequently occurring form of cancer worldwide. BCC occurs mostly on the face, and despite low mortality rate, it generates high morbidity. Some features such as size, histological subtype, location, recurrence, poor delimitation and others are predictors of recurrence. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is the gold-standard treatment for BCC. It has the highest cure rates and causes less damage to healthy tissue than other options. Objective: This study aims to analyze predictors of subclinical spread and number of stages in MMS for removing BCC and the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC). Methods: We selected 101 patients with BCC and indication for MMS. Analyzed the demographic profile of the patients and relations between the characteristics of tumor risk and number of surgical stages (one, two or more and three or more stages). Immunostaining (Ber-EP4 antibodies, MNF-116, E-Cadherin and VGEF) was performed in 11 BCC with different histological subtypes. Results: Among 101 BCC, 49,5% was recurrent. There was a female predominance (58.4%) with mean age of 60.2. There was also a predominance on the face, most of them located on the nose (52,5%). Histological types with high risk of recurrence predominated (69.3%), 64,7% among primary and 74% among recurrent ones. 46.5% tumors had more than one histological type, with low and high risk in the same lesion in 33.7%. Most BCC (97%) had more than one criteria to be treated by MMS and location was the most frequent (91,1%). Poorly defined (12.9%) and positive margins (6.9%) occurred only in a few cases. 60,4% were removed by one surgical stage; 39,6% by 2 and 10,9% needed 3 stages. Among recurrent BCC, the chance of 2 surgical stages was 2,4 times compared to primary tumors (p= 0,03). BCC located on nasal region and mask areas of the face were also associated with 2 stages (p = 0.04 and p = 0.056, respectively). The number of criteria was also associated with 2 and 3 stages (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively). Intensity of Ber-EP4 and E-Cadherin were more pronounced in micronodular subtype compared to morpheaform. In areas with intense inflammatory cell infiltrate, anti-Ber-EP4, anti-MNF116 and anti-E-Cadherin were useful to highlight the neoplastic cells. Anti-VEGF showed up clearly in the inflammatory infiltrate around tumor. Conclusion: Mixed histopathological pattern observed in many tumors and predominance of high-risk histology in primary and recurrent BCC highlight potential causes of recurrence, invasion, destruction, and indication for MMS. Location and recurrence stood out as a criterion for MMS and a greater number of criteria was associated with subclinical extension of the BCC. Age was also associated with an increased number of stages. Dermoscopy helped in the demarcation of surgical margins. As for the IHC, it would be useful to highlight BCC in areas with intense inflammation. Recognition of predictive factors is important in therapeutic decision, surgical planning and to obtain the highest cure rates by MMS.

O CBC é o câncer mais comum hoje, causado pela UV que ao atingir a pele origina mutações no DNA que se não reparadas podem levar a tumorigênese. Este estudo avalia seqüências repetitivas (microssatélites e RAPD) na busca de marcadores moleculares e de genes envolvidos no surgimento deste tipo de tumor. Os padrões foram obtidos por PCR utilizando como molde DNA genômico de tumores, pele normal e leucócitos. Foram avaliados 34 tumores. Alterações nos microssatélites foram correlacionadas com o CBC esclerodermiforme e nos RAPD (OPB-08) com tumores micronodulares. Alterações de microssatélites e RAPDs apresentam correlação com o maior número de lesões em um mesmo paciente. Indicando um acompanhamento mais atento de pacientes mais alterados. A busca de novos genes envolvidos no CBC identificou DENND1A no cromossomo 9, putativamente menos expresso em cânceres de pele, porém com relação indeterminada com a carcinogênese e BANP/SMAR1, supressor tumoral que atua na via do p53, afeta a transcrição da ciclina D1 e inibe a sinalização da via TGFb promovendo a carcinogênese / BCC is the most common cancer today, caused by UV that generates mutation on the DNA of skin cells, which if not repaired may lead to tumorigenesis. This study evaluates repetitive sequences (microsatellites and RAPD) searching for molecular markers and genes involved in the development of this tumor. The patterns were obtained by PCR using as template genomic DNA from 34 tumors, normal skin and leucocytes. Microsatellite alterations are correlated with sclerosing BCC and RAPDs with micronodular BCC (OPB-08). Alterations in microsatellites and RAPD are correlated with an increase in the number of tumors in a patient. This indicates a more careful follow up for the more altered patients. The search for new genes involved with BCC identified DENND1A on chromosome 9, putatively less expressed in skin cancers, whose relation to carcinogenesis is undetermined and BANP/SMAR1, a tumor suppressor acting on the p53 pathway, affecting cyclin D1 transcription and inhibiting TGFb signaling pathway, promoting carcinogenesis

A elevada e crescente prevalência do carcinoma basocelular (CBC) na população caucasiana e o seu marcante predomínio entre os cânceres cutâneos não-melanoma despertam interesse para a elucidação dos mecanismos envolvidos no seu desenvolvimento. Os vários subtipos da neoplasia possuem características de interesse para um modelo de estudo, a fim de identificar os fatores determinantes dos diferentes padrões de crescimento. Objetivo: Neste estudo buscamos analisar, por meio da expressão de citocinas, linfócitos, VEGF e HLA-G, os possíveis mecanismos imunomoduladores envolvidos nos diferentes padrões de crescimento, subtipos e localizações topográficas do CBC. Métodos: Em 26 amostras de fragmentos dos subtipos nodular e superficial de CBC primários, foram analisadas a expressão de CD3, CD4, CD25, FOXP3, HLA-G e VEGF, por meio imunoistoquímica (IHQ), e de IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23, FOXP-3 e IFN-gama, por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real quantitativa (qPCR). Resultados: Na amostra (n=26), houve discreto predomínio de homens (54%), com idade variando entre 35 a 89 anos e média de 72,96 anos; 84,62% dos CBC eram localizados em área fotoexposta, 53,85% não-cefálicos (14/26) e 46,15% cefálicos (12/26). CBC nodulares apresentaram um infiltrado inflamatório mais evidente e concentrado ao redor dos blocos neoplásicos; CBC superficiais apresentaram um infiltrado inflamatório difuso por toda a derme, e discretamente mais intenso nas áreas adjacentes aos blocos tumorais. A expressão de todos os marcadores foi mais evidente no sítio perineoplásico (PN) comparado ao interior, das células neoplásicas (Cneo). Distintamente de outros marcadores, notou-se acentuada frequência da expressão de CD25+ e HLA-G nas Cneo. Nas Cneo dos CBCn, evidenciou-se elevada frequência de células marcadas em intensidade moderada para HLA-G (p=0,04) e em intensidade leve para FOXP3 (p = 0,037), quando comparados aos CBCs. A expressão de CD4+ no infiltrado PN foi mais frequente nos tumores não-cefálicos (p=0,02) comparados aos cefálicos. A expressão de citocinas IL-6 IL-8, IL-17 foi maior nos dois subtipos de CBC, nodular e superficial, comparada à da pele normal. CBC cefálicos apresentaram maior expressão de IL-4 (p=0,02), enquanto aqueles de localização não-cefálica expressaram mais IL-8 (p=0,002). Conclusão: A composição e a localização do infiltrado inflamatório corroboram a resposta imunológica mediada por células T CD3+ e CD4+ no CBC. A participação de linfócitos CD25+, FOXP3+ e do HLA-G caracteriza uma ação imunomoduladora, e a presença das interleucinas IL-8 e do perfil Th17, IL-6 e IL-17, podem favorecer a neovascularização e a supressão de células efetoras no microambiente do CBC propiciando o seu desenvolvimento e escape tumoral. / Introduction: The high and increasing prevalence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in the Caucasian population, and its striking predominance between non-melanoma skin cancers arouse interest for the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in its development. Its various subtypes have characteristics of interest for a study model in order to identify the determinants of different patterns of growth. Objective: This study aims to analyze the possible immunomodulatory mechanisms involved in the different growth patterns, and topographic locations subtypes of BCC through the expression of cytokines, lymphocytes, VEGF and HLA-G. Methods: In 26 fragments samples of primary BCC, subtypes nodular and superficial, we analyzed the expression of CD3, CD4, CD25, FOXP3, HLA-G and VEGF by immunohistochemistry (IHC) technique, and of cytokines IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23, FOXP-3 and IFN- by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: The sample (n = 26) had a slight predominance of men (54%), aged between 35-89 years, mean age 72.96 years; 84.62% of the BCC were located in sun-exposed area, 53.85% (14/26) non-cephalic and 46.15% (12/26) cephalic. Nodular BCC showed a more evident and concentrated inflammatory infiltrate around the tumor blocks; while superficial BCC showed a diffuse inflammatory infiltrate throughout the dermis, and slightly more intense in tumor blocks adjacent areas. The expression of all markers was evident at the perineoplastic (PN) sites compared to neoplastic cells (Cneo). Differently from other markers, we noticed strong frequency expression of CD25+ and HLA-G within the Cneo. In Cneo of BCCn, it became apparent high frequency of moderate HLA-G marked cells (p = 0.04) and at low intensity for FOXP3 (p = 0.037) when compared to BCCs. The expression in CD4+ infiltrate was more frequent in PN non-cephalic tumors (p = 0.02) compared with cephalic. The expression of IL-6 IL-8, IL-17 was higher in both subtypes of BCC, nodular and superficial, compared to normal skin. Cephalic BCC showed higher expression of IL-4 (p=0,02) while those from non-cephalic location expressed more IL-8 (p=0,002). Conclusion: The composition and location of the inflammatory infiltrate corroborate the immune response mediated by CD3+ and CD4+ T cells on the BCC. The involvement of HLA-G, CD25+ and FOXP3 lymphocytes features an immunomodulary action, and the presence of interleukin IL-8 and Th17 profile (IL-6 and IL-17) may promote neovascularization and suppression of effector cells in the BCC microenvironment providing its development and tumor escape.

Skin cancers are very common in humans. The two most frequent epithelial skin cancers are the basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). For the vast majority of cancers, the cell at the origin of tumour initiation is still unknown and assumptions concerning their origin rely mainly on morphological and immunohistochemical studies. Recently, adult stem cells (SCs) have been suggested to be at the origin of tumour initiation based on their long term self-renewing capacities. According to these, two important questions arise; do epithelial skin cancers arise from mutations in a specific cell lineage of the epidermis? And are the stem cells more competent to initiate tumors than committed cells?<p>BCCs result from aberrant activation of HH signaling and several mouse models carrying mutations in HH signaling genes are capable to form tumors resembling to human BCCs. <p>To identify the cell lineage at the origin of BCC and to investigate the role of stem cells in tumor initiation, we followed a genetic approach where we conditionally expressed SmoM2 oncogene (a constitutively active Smoothened mutant) in distinct skin epidermal compartments including SCs. Targeting basal epidermis cells, showed that only SmoM2-clones in the inter follicular epidermis (IFE) and the infundibulum can progress into BCC, whereas SmoM2 expression in Bulge SCs or in matrix transit amplifying progenitor cells never leads to BCC formation. Progressively after SmoM2 expression, tumor-initiating cells lose their normal differentiation to adopt a hair placode-like shape and markers, demonstrating that biochemical and morphological tumour features can be misleading in extrapolating their cellular origin.<p><p>The molecular changes occurring in tumor initiating cells and the mechanisms regulating the early steps of cancer development are poorly characterized for the majority of tumors. To address these questions in BCC, we took advantage of our ability to isolate SmoM2 expressing cells at different stages of tumor initiation and progression. Transcriptional profiling of SmoM2-basal IFE cells isolated one week (normal histology) and 4 weeks (dysplastic lesion), suggests that adult IFE cells undergo a reprogramming into embryonic hair follicle (EHFP) like fate. In addition, we showed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for BCC initiating cell reprogramming into EHFP like fate and for tumor initiation in a cell autonomous manner. Finally, we show that EHFP reprogramming occurs also in human BCCs in addition to the presence of a similar canonical Wnt activation signature to the one revealed in the SmoM2-BCC mouse model.<p><p>SCC is the second most frequent skin cancers after BCC and mutations in p53 and Ras genes has been suggested to be potentially the primary events in this tumour. SCCs present signs of squamous differentiation, suggesting that SCCs may originate from the inter follicular epidermis (IFE). To identify the cell lineage at the origin of SCC and the role of the hair follicle SCs in tumor initiation, we use a genetic tools driving oncogenic KRas (KRasG12D) expression at physiological levels in different epidermal compartments. <p>Targeting KRasG12D expression in bulge SCs and their progeny or in IFE results in benign tumor development with no sign of malignant transformation. In contrast, KRasG12D expression in HF Transit amplifying (TA) matrix cells do not promotes any macroscopic tumors or microscopic defects in the epidermis. Interestingly, papillomas arising from the IFE express follicular markers such as CD34 and K17, indicating that the expression of HF markers by tumor cells does not necessarily reflect their cellular origin. Using a combination of deletion of both p53 alleles together with KRasG12D expression, we showed that bulge SCs and/or their progeny but not HF matrix TA cells, promote SCC formation, suggesting that additional genetic hits such as p53 are required to promote full-blown invasive skin SCC. <p><p>In summary, our work demonstrated the non-follicular origin of BCC resulting from Smo mutation, as well as the implication of the IFE progenitors in tumor initiation. We also revealed the progressive reprogramming of BCC initiating cells towards an EHFP-like fate and the key role of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in this process. In contrast, we showed the competence of several epidermal lineages to initiate benign tumors upon expression of KRasG12D oncogene at physiological levels. We also demonstrated that lineage -specific markers expression within tumor cells does not necessarily reflect their cellular origin. Finally, we demonstrated the requirement of additional hits, such as P53 loss, to promote malignant progression in the context of oncogenic Ras.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Objetivo: Identificar las características sociodemográficas y epidemiológicas del paciente con cáncer de piel diagnosticados en el servicio de anatomía patológica del Hospital Regional Lambayeque durante periodo enero del 2016 - diciembre del 2019. Métodos: La metodología empleada durante esta investigación estuvo basada en el diseño no experimental, descriptivo, de carácter retrospectivo, trasversal y observacional. Se incluyeron un total de 429 pacientes mayores de 18 años, diagnosticados con carcinoma cutáneo de tipo no melanoma (NPNM) y melanoma, mediante estudios anatomopatológicos de la lesión atendidos en Hospital Regional Lambayeque. La elección de la muestra fue mediante un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo censal, por la adaptabilidad al estudio. Resultados: De un total de 429 pacientes, 256(59,1%) tenían carcinoma basocelular (CBC), 146 (33,7%) carcinoma epidermoide (CsCC) y 31(7,2%) melanoma maligno cutáneo (MM). Siendo la edad promedio de aparición de 71 años en los NPNM y 62 años en el Melanoma Maligno Cutáneo, con predominio por el sexo femenino en el CBC y masculino en CsCC y MM. La ubicación anatómica más comprometida fue de la cabeza en los NPNM y miembros inferiores en MM, los cuales fueron identificadas mayormente por el servicio de Dermatología, seguido por Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello del hospital. Los años con mayor número de carcinomas cutáneos fueron el 2019 para CBC y 2018 para los dos restantes. Conclusiones: La población general presenta más riesgo de presentar carcinomas no melanómico y en menor número el melanoma maligno, el cual predomina en áreas fotoexpuestas del cuerpo. / Objective: To identify the sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics of the patient with skin cancer diagnosed in the pathological anatomy service of the Lambayeque Regional Hospital during the period January 2016 - December 2019. Methods: The methodology used during this investigation was based on the non-experimental design, descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional and observational. A total of 429 patients over 18 years of age were included, diagnosed with non-melanoma skin carcinoma (NPNM) and melanoma, through anatomopathological studies of the lesion treated at Hospital Regional Lambayeque. The selection of the sample was by means of a non-probabilistic sampling of the census type, due to the adaptability to the study. Results: Of a total of 429 patients, 256 (59.1%) had basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 146 (33.7%) squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 31 (7.2%) cutaneous malignant melanoma (MM). Being the average age of appearance of 71 years in NPNM and 62 years in Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma, with a predominance of females in CBC and male in CsCC and MM. The most compromised anatomical location was the head in NPNM and lower limbs in MM, which were mostly identified by the Dermatology service, followed by Head and Neck Surgery at the hospital. The years with the highest number of skin carcinomas were 2019 for CBC and 2018 for the remaining two. Conclusions: The general population presents a higher risk of presenting non-melanoma carcinomas and a smaller number of malignant melanoma, which predominates in photo-exposed areas of the body.

<p>Увод. Базоцелуларни карцином коже (БЦК) је спорорастући малигни епидермални тумор. овај најчешћи тумор у људи иако врло ниског метастатског потенцијала може бити високо инвазиван и значајно допринети морбидитету, угрозити функцију и естетику регије, па и сам живот. Лечење БЦК има за циљ: уклањање тумора, очување здравог ткива и функције, оптимални козметски резултат. Најчешћи вид лечења БЦК је једноставна хируршка ексцизија. Према важећим препорукама БЦК се ексцидирају са заштитним маргинама од 5-10 mm. Одређени броју студија показују директно или индиректно да је клинички одређена маргина врло слична реалној. Оцена адекватности клиничке процене у односу на хистолошку маргину тумора није довољно испитивана. Стопа комплетне ексцизије БЦК (излечење) се не повећава значајно са повећањем сигурносне маргине Циљ истраживања је установљавање односа повезаности између клиничке процене и микроскопски утврђене латералне маргине БЦК на хистолошком препарату. Методологија. У обради узорка од 45 испитаника узети су циљани анамнестички подаци, спроведен клинички преглед, уобичајена хируршке терапије и класична патохистолошка обрада узорака. У методолошкој обради 60 узорака тумора интраоперативно врхом хируршког скалпела целом циркумференцијом клиничке маргине тумора начињен је зарез до нивоа папиларног дермиса. Пре ексцизије додата је заштитна маргина од 4-5 mm. Класична патохистолошка обрада је спроведена као и преглед препарата светлосним микроскопом различитог увеличања (х 40, х 100, х 200, х400). Мерење дистанце између начињеног зареза, и хистолошке границе тумора вршена је уз помоћ милиметарског окулара. Сви добијени подаци унети су у заједничку базу података. За статистичку обраду података коришћен је програм СПСС 21. Коришћене су методе методе дескриптивне статистике, униваријантне и мултивасријантне анализе. Резултати су приказани табеларно и графички, а комплетан рад је обрађен у текст процесору MS Word. Резултати. У 96,7% ексцидираних БЦК удаљеност зареза од патохистолошке маргине тумора је мања од 2,0 мм, док је у два тумора (3,3%) зарез на удаљености 2 и преко 2мм. У четвртини узорка (25%) зарез се налази у тумору, а 75% узорка зарез је начињен ван хистолошке границе тумора. Закључак. Разлика између клинички обележене и микроскопом измерене латералне маргине је у више од 95%, односно у 96,7% мања од 2 mm. У 88,4% случајева ова разлика у процени је 1mm или мање од 1mm. Постоји позитивна корелација између клинички процењене и патохистолошки одређене латералне маргине БЦК. Иако се поједини предиктивни фактори који утичу на лошију клиничку процену могу издвојити, истраживање није показало статистичи значајне предиктивне факторе.</p> / <p>Uvod. Bazocelularni karcinom kože (BCK) je spororastući maligni epidermalni tumor. ovaj najčešći tumor u ljudi iako vrlo niskog metastatskog potencijala može biti visoko invazivan i značajno doprineti morbiditetu, ugroziti funkciju i estetiku regije, pa i sam život. Lečenje BCK ima za cilj: uklanjanje tumora, očuvanje zdravog tkiva i funkcije, optimalni kozmetski rezultat. Najčešći vid lečenja BCK je jednostavna hirurška ekscizija. Prema važećim preporukama BCK se ekscidiraju sa zaštitnim marginama od 5-10 mm. Određeni broju studija pokazuju direktno ili indirektno da je klinički određena margina vrlo slična realnoj. Ocena adekvatnosti kliničke procene u odnosu na histološku marginu tumora nije dovoljno ispitivana. Stopa kompletne ekscizije BCK (izlečenje) se ne povećava značajno sa povećanjem sigurnosne margine Cilj istraživanja je ustanovljavanje odnosa povezanosti između kliničke procene i mikroskopski utvrđene lateralne margine BCK na histološkom preparatu. Metodologija. U obradi uzorka od 45 ispitanika uzeti su ciljani anamnestički podaci, sproveden klinički pregled, uobičajena hirurške terapije i klasična patohistološka obrada uzoraka. U metodološkoj obradi 60 uzoraka tumora intraoperativno vrhom hirurškog skalpela celom cirkumferencijom kliničke margine tumora načinjen je zarez do nivoa papilarnog dermisa. Pre ekscizije dodata je zaštitna margina od 4-5 mm. Klasična patohistološka obrada je sprovedena kao i pregled preparata svetlosnim mikroskopom različitog uveličanja (h 40, h 100, h 200, h400). Merenje distance između načinjenog zareza, i histološke granice tumora vršena je uz pomoć milimetarskog okulara. Svi dobijeni podaci uneti su u zajedničku bazu podataka. Za statističku obradu podataka korišćen je program SPSS 21. Korišćene su metode metode deskriptivne statistike, univarijantne i multivasrijantne analize. Rezultati su prikazani tabelarno i grafički, a kompletan rad je obrađen u tekst procesoru MS Word. Rezultati. U 96,7% ekscidiranih BCK udaljenost zareza od patohistološke margine tumora je manja od 2,0 mm, dok je u dva tumora (3,3%) zarez na udaljenosti 2 i preko 2mm. U četvrtini uzorka (25%) zarez se nalazi u tumoru, a 75% uzorka zarez je načinjen van histološke granice tumora. Zaključak. Razlika između klinički obeležene i mikroskopom izmerene lateralne margine je u više od 95%, odnosno u 96,7% manja od 2 mm. U 88,4% slučajeva ova razlika u proceni je 1mm ili manje od 1mm. Postoji pozitivna korelacija između klinički procenjene i patohistološki određene lateralne margine BCK. Iako se pojedini prediktivni faktori koji utiču na lošiju kliničku procenu mogu izdvojiti, istraživanje nije pokazalo statističi značajne prediktivne faktore.</p> / <p>Introduction. Basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC) is a slow-growing malignant tumor of epidermis. This most frequent tumour in humans, with a low metastatical potential, can be highly invasive and add significantly to the morbidity rate; it can jeopardize the function and aesthetics of the region as well as one&#39;s life itself. Treatment of BCC aims to remove the tumor, preserve healthy tissue and function, and obtain optimal cosmetic result. Simple surgical excision is the most frequent therapeutic option. Current recommendations for surgical excision margins range from 5 to 10mm. A certain number of studies shows either directly or indirectly that the clinical margin is approximately similar to the hystology margin. Estimation of the clinical assesment in relation to the histological margine of tumor has not been sufficiently examined. Incresing the safety margins does not significantly increase the rate of completely excised BCC. Aim. The aim of the research is to establish the relationship between the clinical assessment and microscopically determined lateral margins of BCC in histopathological sample. Methods. In 45 patients, selected data from anamnesis have been taken, clinical examination has been conducted, as well as a regular surgical treatment, and a classical histopathological evaluation of samples. In 60 samples of the tumours intraoperatively, an circumferential incision at the clinical margin with the tip of surgical knife to the level of papillary dermis is made. Prior to the excision an additional safety margin is added. A standard histopathological processing, microscopic examination with various magnification range (40x, 100x, 200x, 400x) and the measurement of the distance between the incision and the histological margin of tumor was done with the milimetar graded ocular. All the data have entries in the common database. Statistical data processing was conducted by the statistical package SPSS 21. The following methods were used: descriptive statistics, univariate analysis and multivariate analysis. The results are given in tables and graphs and the entire study was processed by MS Word. Results. In 96,7% of the excided BCC the distance of the incision from the histopathological margin of the tumor is less than 2,0mm, while in the two tumors (3,3%) incision made was 2mm and over 2mm. In one quarter of the samples (25%) the incision is made in the tumor, and in 75% of them it is made outside the limits of its histological margin. Conclusion. The difference between the clinical estimation of lateral margin and histopathological margin of the tumor in 97% of the cases is less than 2mm. In 88,4% of the cases this difference amounts to 1mm or less than 1mm. There is a positive correlation between the clinically estimated and histopathological margins of the tumor. Although there are certain predictive factors that can influence somewhat worse clinical estimation, the research did not show statistically important predictive factors.</p>

EINLEITUNG: Eine Trachealrekonstruktion bedingt Komplikationen wie z.B. Infektionen und Stenosierungen durch Granulationsgewebe. Diese werden durch ein differenziertes respiratorisches Epithel, das eine mukoziliäre Clearance ermöglicht, deutlich reduziert. Die Basalzellen gelten als die Vorläuferzellen des humanen respiratorischen Epithels (HRE), d.h. sie können sich teilen und besitzen das Potenzial zur Differenzierung. Durch die magnetische Zellseparation (MACS) sollen Vorläuferzellen aus dem HRE angereichert und anschließend kultiviert werden. METHODEN: Die Conchae nasales inferiores von 80 Patienten (mittleres Alter 40 ± 14 Jahre) dienen als Zellquelle für HRE-Zellen, die mittels enzymatischen Verdaus mit Dispase II (2,4 U/ml) aus dem Gewebeverband isoliert werden. Die Kultivierung der HRE-Zellen erfolgt auf Kollagen-A-beschichteten Kulturgefäßen in serumfreiem AECG-Medium. Die Bindungsspezifität von verschiedenen extrazellulären Zellmarkern wie GSA I B4, CD44S und CD44v6 wird immunhistochemisch überprüft. Dabei erweist sich nur CD44v6 als spezifisch für Basalzellen. Die Vorläuferzellen aus dem HRE-Zellgemisch werden durch monoklonale Antikörper gegen CD44v6 und Goat-Anti-Mouse-Microbeads magnetisch konjugiert. Anschließend werden sie mittels MACS positiv selektiert. ERGEBNISSE: Die Präparation der Nasenmuscheln ergibt Einzelzellsuspensionen aus vitalen HRE-Zellen (Vitalität > 80%, n = 30). Eine Beschichtung der Kulturgefäße mit Kollagen A steigert die Adhärenz der HRE-Zellen signifikant (p < 0,0145, n = 5). Die Proliferationskinetik der HRE-Zellkulturen lässt sich durch die Populationsverdoppelungszeit charakterisieren (tPD = 23 ± 3h, n = 3). Während eines Monats wird die Proliferationskapazität der HRE-Zellen durch Zellvermehrung (383fach, n = 6) ermittelt. Die magnetische Separation ergibt eine Zellfraktion (20 ± 2%, n = 5), die sich positiv zu CD44v6 verhält. Anschließend werden die separierten Zellen eine Woche auf Kollagen A kultiviert, wobei sie alle ein adäquates Proliferationsverhalten aufweisen. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass CD44v6 ein spezifischer Marker für Basalzellen ist, der sich für die Anreicherung einer positiven Zellfraktion mittels MACS eignet. In weiteren Studien muss überprüft werden, inwiefern eine solche magnetisch separierte Population aus Basalzellen die Besiedelung eines Trachealersatzes mit einem differenzierten respiratorischen Epithel ermöglicht. / OBJECTIVE: Common problems affecting patients with tracheal replacement are infections and stenosis caused by granulation tissue. These complications can be minimized by establishing a differentiated respiratory epithelium, which facilitates mucocilliary clearance. The basal cells are regarded as the progenitor cells of the human respiratory epithelium (HRE). They are known to divide and possess the ability to differentiate. These cells can be enriched by means of magnetic cell sorting (MACS) for the purpose of cultivation. METHODS: The inferior nasal turbinates of 80 patients (mean age 40 ± 14 years) are used as cell source. The HRE-cells are isolated by a standard preparation using an enzymatic digestion with Dispase II (2,4 U/ml). The HRE-cells are plated on culture dishes coated with Collagen A in serum-free AECG-Medium. Several extracellular cell markers including GSA I B4, CD44S and CD44v6 are tested by immunohistochemistry. Only CD44v6 shows specific staining of basal cells. The progenitor cells of mixed single cell suspensions of HRE-cells are marked with monoclonal antibodies against CD44v6 and are conjugated with Goat-Anti-Mouse-Microbeads. Enrichment of progenitor cells is achieved by MACS using a positive selection protocol. RESULTS: The preparation of the nasal turbinates yields viable single cell suspensions of HRE-cells (viability > 80%, n = 30). Adhesion of HRE-cells is enhanced significantly (p < 0,0145, n = 5) by coating the culture dishes with Collagen A. The kinetics of proliferation of HRE-cell-cultures can be characterized by the population doubling time (tPD = 23 ± 3h, n = 3). In the course of one month the capacity of proliferation is approximated by cell expansion (383fold, n = 6). Magnetic cell sorting results in a cell fraction (20 ± 2%, n = 5) positive for CD44v6. The separated cells are cultured on Collagen A for one week, where they all show adequate proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that CD44v6 is a specific marker for basal cells and enables the enrichment of a positive cell fraction via application of MACS. Further studies will be required to investigate the potential of such a magnetically separated population of basal cells to generate a differentiated respiratory epithelium on a tracheal prosthesis.