Background: Direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic tests are tests sold directly to consumers, normally without the involvement of healthcare professionals, which aim to provide consumers with their relative genetic risk for various complex diseases. Providers claim that this information will enable and encourage consumers to improve their health behaviour in order to reduce their likelihood of contracting diseases for which they are at an increased genetic risk. However, there are many criticisms and concerns about DTC genetic tests in the literature. Two common concerns are the lack of positive effects, and possible negative effects, that the information generated by the tests may have on consumers health behaviour and health anxiety, and the identified poor quality of information provision on the websites of providers of DTC genetic tests. Although the literature contains some research in these areas it is noticeably limited and occasionally contradictory. Aim and Methods: The aim of the research was to investigate the informational aspects of direct-to-consumer genetic tests, including the provision of information by the companies, consumers information needs and information-seeking behaviour and the effect of the information generated by the tests on health behaviour and health anxiety. The research consisted of three studies: a survey of 275 consumers and potential consumers of DTC genetic tests, in-depth email interviews with 36 consumers of DTC genetic tests and a content analysis of the information provided on all identified providers websites. Results: Positive or neutral changes in health behaviour were identified in a large minority of respondents who had been exposed to genetic risk information, along with the mechanisms by which the information prompted or contributed to change. A minority reported a change in health anxiety, mainly but not exclusively a decrease, with mechanisms again identified. Consumers reported a wide variety of information needs, the most common of which were information to do with the coverage and accuracy of the tests. The provision of information on providers websites varied considerably, both between and within providers, but was generally poor. However, most consumers used other sources alongside these websites, the most common of which was blogs. Conclusions: The results suggest that concerns about possible negative effects of the information generated by the tests are unfounded and that a large minority of consumers have improved health behaviour and decreased health anxiety after purchase. The results also suggest that concern about information provision on providers websites is justified; although this is mitigated by consumers general use of other sources alongside the websites, it is likely that a substantial number of consumers do not have access to enough information to give fully informed consent to the test.

It is well accepted by now that most change initiatives are unsuccessful even though more organisations are experiencing change as they fight to retain and improve their competitiveness in the market place. It is against this background of change failure that researchers have looked for new strategies to improve change outcomes. Theoretical models conceptualising the dynamic change process advise on better change strategies, but little empirical evidence has demonstrated that these models are effective in improving change implementation outcomes. Theoretical models were also developed to counter change resistance, but little emphasis has been placed on employee change readiness. Some empirical research on employee change readiness explores employees? perception of organisational readiness, but no empirical research has explored employee readiness from a psychological perspective. That is, how to create change readiness in employees. This thesis has contributed to both the theoretical and empirical understanding of the change readiness model. Firstly, the theoretical readiness for change model Armenakis et al.?s (1993, 2002) was extended by the inclusion of the ?understanding of the change? driver. Secondly, this change readiness model was empirically tested on two distinct organisational changes: organisational restructure and IT change. The extended model is also examined for two change stages of the dynamic process to identify which readiness drivers should be prioritised by change agents. Two online questionnaires were administered eight months apart assessing the responses to three change stages (planning, implementation and post-implementation) of employees ? supervisors and subordinates - of a flat structured organisation in the human resource industry. At the two measurement points 189 and 141 employees returned completed surveys. Six employee readiness drivers were operationalised and regressed against behavioural change intention. The quantitative findings using regression models across two change types and longitudinally did not identify a specific change pattern. However, all six readiness drivers including the ?understanding of the change? driver were influential on employees? behavioural change intention. Furthermore, statistical differences between supervisors and subordinates were identified in the organisational restructure change. The quantitative findings using a triangulation approach with qualitative date including data from two unstructured interviews and employee comments further validated the quantitative findings. The thematic analysis of the employee comments enhanced the findings and identified employee specific concerns including information dissemination of the changes and a level of uncertainty. The findings supported Armenakis et al.?s (1993, 2002) theoretical contribution that change readiness drivers are an important part of the organisational change process explaining why employee do and do not change. The empirical application of readiness change driver evaluation during the dynamic change is supported as it permits change agents to directly monitor employees? readiness perception of a specific change target. This valuable information finds practical utilisation for change agents in providing targeted guidance and support for employees thus facilitating a greater likelihood of a positive change outcome. Implications of these findings and future research opportunities are discussed.

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of HIV/AIDS programmes at the workplace. The case study used both quantitative and qualitative methods (Triangulation) to determine the level of awareness and evaluate the impact of the programmes implemented at the workplace. The data was collected using a pilot tested structured questionnaire which was distributed to a purposive sample (n=60), involving all the departments at the company. Semi structured interviews involving purposively identified participants (n = 3) were conducted to clarify and explain issues in relation to questionnaire responses. The data from the structured questionnaire was analyzed using a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS).The findings revealed that the organization had achieved 90% awareness and 75% positive impact. The study also revealed that social background, individual values and religion influenced sexual behaviour, hence the recommendation for more preventive oriented programmes to influence positive behavioural change amongst employees / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is a concept which has been explored in commercial contexts by numerous studies. Numerous scholars in the literature highlight the benefits of adopting an IMC approach which creates message consistency, amongst others. However, there is still limited literature on the adoption and use of IMC in the context of non-profit organisations involved in social marketing campaigns to support their behavioural change messages. Insight into the adoption and use of an IMC approach could be useful to non-profit organisations involved in social marketing as it could increase the success of behavioural change messages. This study aims to explore the use of IMC by one non-profit organisation within a social marketing context. By doing so the study proposes and refines IMC criteria for social marketing to support behavioural change messages and thus contributes to the existing body of knowledge on using IMC in social marketing. The study uses a single case study approach which includes using three data collection methods to collect data from the South Africa National Blood Service (SANBS) to evaluate its social marketing campaigns according to proposed IMC criteria for social marketing. Based on the findings revised IMC criteria which are more tailor-made for social marketing to support behavioural change messages are proposed. It became evident that non-profit organisations need to be sensitive to the complexities of communicating messages aimed at behavioural change. A proper understanding and application of more tailor-made IMC criteria for social marketing can thus benefit non-profit organisations to effectively communicate behavioural change messages through their social marketing campaigns / Communication Science / MA (Communication Science)

L'objectif général de cette thèse est l'évaluation ex ante des politiques économiques nécessaires en Europe dans la lutte contre le changement climatique. Au-delà de l'objectif environnemental, une attention particulière a été portée aux résultats d'emploi de ces politiques. L'analyse des scénarios construits dans cette optique, nous a conduits aux constats suivants: (i) pour respecter les recommandations du GIEC, l'action politique est urgente et doit être forte. (ii) La volonté nécessaire pour mettre en place ces politiques est certes significative, mais l'intensité des efforts n'a rien d'exceptionnel d'un point de vue historique (à l'inverse du réchauffement climatique qui est un défi historique). (iii) S'ils sont bien calibrés, les instruments économiques qui ont pour but de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, permettront également d'améliorer la situation de l'emploi en Europe. (iv) Néanmoins, il serait très risqué d'attendre, pour agir, de trouver des politiques climatiques qui puissent en même temps résorber la totalité du chômage européen, car il est très improbable que de telles politiques soient possibles. En effet, le marché du travail connaît actuellement de lourds déséquilibres, et fera face dans les prochaines décennies à des risques structurels importants. Un des scénarios de cette étude nous a amenés à entreprendre une investigation empirique pour vérifier un choix de modélisation que nous avons fait. Nous avons alors développé un modèle économétrique original pour capter les effets des changements de préférence dans la consommation. Le filtre de Kalman a ainsi été utilisé pour estimer le biais de changement de préférence au moyen d'un système de demande de consommation en données de panel. Plusieurs changements structurels indépendants de l'évolution des prix ou des revenus, tels que la montée des préoccupations des consommateurs pour l'environnement, la santé et le bien-être, ont été identifiés dans nos estimations. Par ailleurs les résultats empiriques apportés par ce modèle confirment que les changements de comportement de consommation simulés dans le scénario construit en première partie sont d'un ordre de grandeur raisonnable. / The general objective of this dissertation is the ex ante assessment of the economic policy response needed in the European Union to take up the climate change issue. Moreover, we tried to maximise the employment results of these policies. The results of the scenarios designed in this framework, lead us to the following beliefs: (i) to respect the recommendations of the IPCC, which is an absolute necessity, the political reaction needs to be rapid and strong from now. (ii) Despite the intensity of the policy response, the scale of the endeavours is not so exceptional in a historical perspective, while global warming is definitely a historical challenge. (iii) The economic instruments aiming at reducing GHG emissions will result, if they are well calibrated, in a significant better situation of the European labour market. (iv) However it would be very dangerous to wait for climate mitigation policies that could selve also completely the labour market issue, because such policies are unlikely to exist. Indeed, the European labour market currently faces serious difficulties and will face important structural risks in the next decades. It is a good thing if the mitigation policies participate to the solution, but the structural disequilibrium of labour market requires a much larger response from policy makers. One of the policy response scenarios led us to make an empirical investigation to verify the credibility of one modelling choice we made. Then, we developed an original econometric mode! aiming to capture the effect of the preferences change on consumption. We used therefore the Kalman fil ter to estimate this bias of preference changes in a consumption demand system in the framework of a panel data model. Severa! structural changes independent of prices or income motions, such as the rise in environmental, health, and well-being concems, are captured by our estimations. Moreover, the empirical results provided by the mode! confirm that the consumers behaviour changes simulated in the scenario built in the first part, are in a reasonable order of magnitude.

Endometrios är en vanlig gynekologisk problematik som ofta är smärtsam. Trots att flera studier påpekar hög prevalens av psykiatrisk komorbiditet bland kvinnor med endometrios och att psykoterapeutiska och psykologiska insatser förordas så finns mycket lite forskning kring psykologisk behandling vid endometrios. Den här studien var explorativ och undersökte kvantitativa effekter och kvalitativa detaljer från tre fallstudier av kognitiv beteendeterapi vid smärtsam endometrios. Behandlingen innehöll fyra behandlingsmoment; psyko-edukation, fallformulering, beteendeförändring/exponering samt mindfulness och gavs i komprimerad form vid fem behandlingssessioner. Behandlingarna föll väl ut och fick positiva utvärderingar av samtliga patienter. Resultaten var blandade men vissa förbättringar kunde ses. En patient hade i slutet av studien ökad livskvalitet, sänkt nedstämdhet, minskad katastrofiering, ökad aktivitet och sänkt funktionsnedsättning. Den andra patienten beskrev behandlingen positivt men fick få utslag i mätningar utöver tendens till minskad katastrofiering. I slutet av studien färgades hennes mätningar av förändrat hälsotillstånd, som antagligen överskuggade eventuella positiva effekter av behandlingen. Den tredje patienten hade svårigheter med att följa behandlingsplanen och hade en varierande funktionsnivå. Problem uppstod kring hennes mätresultat men de visade tendens till ökad livskvalitet, minskad katastrofiering och minskad funktionsnedsättning. Resultaten ses som lovande och ytterligare utveckling av kognitiv beteendeterapeutisk behandling vid smärtsam endometrios föreslås. / Endometriosis is a common gynecological disorder which is often painful. Dispite several studies remarking on the high prevelence of psychiatric comorbidity among women with endometriosis, and that psychological treatments are recommended, there is very little research of psychological treatment of endometriosis. This study was explorative and investigated quantitative effects and qualitative details from three case studies of cognitive behavioural therapy for painful endometriosis. The treatment contained four components: psychoeducation, case formulation, behavioural change/exposure, and mindfulness. The treatment was given in a short form of five sessions. The treatments went well and reseaved positive evalutations from all patients. The results were mixed, but some improvements were noticed. One patient had at the end of the study elevated life quality, reduced depression, reduced catastrophizing, increased activity and reduced disability. The second patient described the treatment positively, but showed few changes apart from tendency to reduced catastrophizing. At the end of the study her results were affected by changes in her physical condition, which probably overshadowed any positive results from the treatment. The third patient had difficulties with following the treatment plan, and had a variable level of functioning. Problems arose with her measures, but the measures showed tendency to improved life quality, reduced catastophizing and reduced disability. The results of the study are promising and further development of cognitive behavioural therapy for painful endometriosis are suggested.

Coronapandemin i världen är ett faktum. För att minska smittspridningen i samhället, så bör individer följa regeringens samt myndigheternas rekommendationer. De restriktioner som är gällande i Sverige den 14:e maj är lindriga och under denna pandemi har offentliga platser, restauranger och butiker varit fortsatt öppna (Krisinformation.se 2020). Folkhälsomyndighetens (2020) strategi går ut på att platta ut kurvan så att hälso- och sjukvården upprätthåller en tillräckligt hög kapacitet för att vårda svårt sjuka patienter. För att minska smittspridningen är det av betydelse att enskilda individer följer rekommendationerna om att hålla avstånd, tvätta händerna och inte besöka äldre över 70 år (Folkhälsomyndigheten 2020). Forskning inom IKT pekar på att denna form av information och kommunikation relaterad till kris bör riktas långsiktigt och även inom andra kanaler än sociala medier (Soden & Palen, 2018). Inom detta område har nudging blivit en allt mer utpräglad metod för att motivera individer till beteendeförändringar inom specifika situationer Caraban et al (2019). Att informationen är tydlig och pålitlig är av stor betydelse (The Lancet, 2020). Kvalitativa Intervju- och observationsstudier pekar på att det finns ett behov av att motivera och påminna individer om att följa restriktionerna även utomhus. Genom att situationsanpassa offentliga skärmar och addera sensorer, så vill denna studie verka för att motivera individer till att följa Folkhälsomyndighetens rekommendationer (2020). Designen föreslår en situationsanpassad digital krisinformation som placeras i offentliga parker under coronapandemin. Konceptet innebär att nudga individer till att hålla avstånd i parker och på så sätt bidra till att minska smittspridningen i samhället. Designen tar hänsyn till tidigare forskning inom IKT, nudging och berättande visualisering. För att sedan bidra till forskningen genom att representera en ny metod för hur digital krisinformation kan förmedlas under pandemier. / The global Corona crisis is a fact. Individuals should follow the government's recommendations to reduce the spread of the virus in society. The Swedish strategy, which still remains at the date of 14th of May, means that public places, as well as restaurants and shops, are kept open (Krisinformation.se 2020). The strategy according to the Public Health Authority (Folkhälsomyndigheten 2020) is to flatten the curve so that healthcare can manage to take care of individuals in need of intensive care. In order to reduce the spread of the virus, it is important that individuals are following the recommendations on keeping distance, washing hands and avoiding necessarily contact with elderly over 70 years (Public Health Authority; Folkhälsomyndigheten 2020). Previous research in ICT science indicates that this form of information and communication should be used long term. Research in ICT points out that this form of crisis information should be used also in other channels than Social media (Soden & Palen 2018). According to the scientists Carbal et al (2019), nudging has played an important role for motivating individuals to change behaviour in a particular situation. Qualitative interviews, as well as observational studies, indicate that there is a need to motivate and remind individuals to follow the restrictions even outdoors. This essay aims to motivate individuals to follow the recommendations of the Public Health Authority (Folkhälsomyndigheten 2020). This essay suggests a situation-based design that passes ordinary digital crisis information placed in public parks during the Corona Pandemic. The concept involves nuding individuals to keep their distance in parks, and reduce the spread of the virus in the society. The design takes into account previous research in ICT, nudging and Narrative visualization. Furthermore, this essay aims to represent a new method for how Digital Crisis Information can be disseminated during pandemics.

Användningen av fossila bränslen och den ökade digitaliseringen har båda en stor påverkan på klimatet. Klimatförändringar är ett allvarligt hot och många länder arbetar för att minska växthusgasutsläppen. Trots ökad användning av förnybar energi är energisektorn fortfarande en stor källa till utsläpp. Samhällets utveckling har ökat användningen av digital kommunikation, vilket leder till ökad energiförbrukning. Informationsteknik (ICT) har revolutionerat vårt sätt att leva, arbeta och studera, men dess energibehov strider mot målet om koldioxidneutralitet. ICT-sektorn behöver anpassa sig till en hållbar utveckling. Datacenter är energikrävande, vilket är ett snabbt växande problem då dessa står för en fjärdedel av ICT-sektorns koldioxidutsläpp. Sektorn som helhet bidrar med 2,3% av de globala utsläppen och i och med den fortsatta utvecklingen av ICT inom samhället, så ökar även konsumtionen från användare. För att arbeta mot en mer hållbar värld behöver individer ha tillgång till vägledning för att göra långsiktiga förändringar och informerade val. Teori och forskning har analyserats och banat väg för konstruktionen av en skattningsmodell för att främja medvetenhet om ICT-sektorns klimatpåverkan och främja hållbara digitala vanor. Modellen tar hänsyn till flera parametrar och aktiviteter som anses vara relevanta för framtagandet av en applikation för användarna. Data från olika studier används som underlag för att beräkna individens digitala koldioxidutsläpp, energiförbrukning och kostnader. Applikationen testas i en fallstudie för att undersöka den faktiska klimatpåverkan av digital användning. Resultaten visar att vissa aktiviteter, som videokonferenser och samtal, är mer energikrävande än e-postkommunikation. Valet av enhet och tidsåtgång har störst påverkan på resultatet. Rekommendationer ges baserat på användarbeteenden för att minska energiförbrukningen. Målet är att skapa medvetenhet och stödja hållbar användning av digitala tjänster.

Studies indicate that, except for anger, many men tend to avoid expressing their feelings, especially those feelings indicative of personal vulnerability and emotional dependency (Levant, Hall, Williams, & Hasan, 2009). Men are frequently portrayed as lacking the ability to recognise, own and find words with which to express their feeling experiences; this is captured by the term alexithymia (Levant, Hall, Williams, & Hasan, 2009). Defined by ‘restrictive emotionality’, alexithymia literally indicates ‘without words for emotions’. Roland Levant has contended that men who are strongly influenced by ideas of traditional masculinity tend to be alexithymic (Levant, Hall, Williams, & Hasan, 2009). The central aim of this study was to focus on and understand the emotional experiences of participants of all-male or gender-homogenous group psychotherapy of this study. The study used a qualitative approach to understand how men emotionally engage or do not engage and express their emotions. Men who had been in all-male group psychotherapy were purposively selected to participate in this study. In-depth interviews guided by a semi-structured questionnaire were conducted and analysed according to the thematic analytic method. This study explored and described the accounts of lived emotional engagements of male participants in an all-male psychotherapy group. The study sought to highlight the significance of an explicit masculine framework with male emotions within a framework of non-deficit assumptions. The non-deficit approach to men privileges the strengths and unique contributions that men make as partners and fathers (Dollahite & Hawkins, 1998). This study explored and described the accounts of lived emotional engagements of male participants in an all-male psychotherapy group. The study sought to highlight the significance of an explicit masculine framework with male emotions within a framework of non-deficit assumptions. The non-deficit approach to men privileges the strengths and unique contributions that men make as partners and fathers (Dollahite & Hawkins, 1998). This study aspired to demonstrate that a gender-conscious model in working with male emotions enhances men’s capacity for a quality and depth of emotional engagement that echoes the more optimistic research on the male capacity for self-reflection and openness to subjective transformation (Kiselica, 2003). / Psychology / Ph. D. (Psychology)

Les caractéristiques psychologiques qui prédisent les comportements et la performance en emploi, telles qu’évaluées par l’évaluation du potentiel (ÉP), ont fait l’objet d’un grand nombre d’études. Leurs résultats ont influencé l’importance accordée à certaines caractéristiques par les conseillers habiletés à mener ce type d’évaluation (Morris, Daisley, Wheeler, & Boyer, 2015). Toutefois, peu est encore connu sur les pratiques des conseillers au moment de donner la rétroaction à la suite de l’ÉP et sur les effets comportementaux générés par la rétroaction chez les participants de retour en emploi. Selon Plunier (2012), seulement 20 % d’entre eux modifient leur comportement et entreprennent des actions développementales dans le sens de la rétroaction reçue en ÉP, et ce, peu importe le contexte d’évaluation ou la recommandation qui en découle (Boudrias, Bernaud, & Plunier, 2014). Une question survient : dans quelles conditions la rétroaction en ÉP favorise-t-elle l’appropriation comportementale chez les participants? Cette thèse vise à documenter certaines conditions qui maximisent l’appropriation comportementale de la rétroaction, opérationnalisée par les changements de comportement et l’implication dans des activités de développement. La thèse ajoute un ensemble de conditions et variables au modèle d’appropriation de la rétroaction proposé par Boudrias et al. (2014). Ces variables, abordées au cours de deux articles empiriques, sont les techniques du conseiller axées sur le développement, le soutien social d’une personne significative (ex. superviseur, collègue, membre de la famille) perçu par les participants en regard de leur objectif de développement ainsi que le nombre et la difficulté des compétences à développer. Dans le premier article, en nous appuyant notamment sur la théorie de la fixation d’objectif (Locke & Latham, 1990), nous postulons que les techniques de rétroaction du conseiller axées sur le développement (Lessard, 2019) prédiront l’intention motivationnelle de changer du participant. Il est attendu que l’intention prédira à son tour l’appropriation comportementale (Boudrias et al., 2014), mais que cette relation sera modérée par le soutien social au développement. Ces hypothèses ont été vérifiées auprès de 240 participants en contexte réel d’ÉP grâce à la modélisation par équations structurelles. Les résultats révèlent que l’intention motivationnelle de changer médie la relation entre les techniques du conseiller et le soutien social, alors que le soutien social médie la relation entre l’intention motivationnelle et les activités développementales. Une explication possible est que la recherche de soutien social est une stratégie d’apprentissage utilisée par les participants qui veulent changer (Haemer, Borges-Andrade, & Cassiano, 2017). La théorie de la fixation d’objectif (Locke & Latham, 2015) permet d’envisager qu’il y aura un effet d’interaction entre la difficulté des compétences à améliorer et le nombre de compétences ciblées lors de la rétroaction. Dans le deuxième article, nous testons l’hypothèse selon laquelle cette interaction prédira l’intention motivationnelle de changer dans le sens de la rétroaction et l’appropriation comportementale de la rétroaction. Pour ce faire, nous avons exécuté des analyses de régression hiérarchique modérée sur un échantillon de 65 participants pour lesquels nous avons analysé les rapports d’ÉP précisant les compétences ciblées dans la rétroaction. Les résultats montrent que la relation entre la difficulté des compétences et l’intention de changer est positive lorsque l’émetteur de la rétroaction aborde trois compétences lacunaires ou moins et que la relation entre la difficulté des compétences et les activités développementales est positive lorsque l’émetteur de la rétroaction aborde une seule compétence lacunaire alors qu’elle est négative lorsque l’émetteur en aborde neuf. Les apports théoriques de chacun des articles ainsi que les pistes d’intervention pratiques en découlant sont discutés séparément et repris dans une conclusion globale. Les limites et propositions de recherches futures sont également abordées dans cette dernière section. / The psychological characteristics that predict behavior and job performance, as assessed by an individual psychological assessment (IPA), have been the subject of a large number of studies. These studies have influenced the importance given to certain characteristics by I/O psychologists qualified to conduct this type of assessment (Morris, Daisley, Wheeler, & Boyer, 2015). However, little is known about the psychologists’ practices when providing feedback following an IPA and the behavioural effects of feedback on the participants returning to work. According to Plunier (2012), only 20% of the latter modify their behaviour and undertake developmental actions in the direction of the feedback received, regardless of the assessment context and the recommendation that results (Boudrias, Bernaud, & Plunier, 2014). A question arises: under what conditions does IPA feedback promote behavioural integration among participants? This dissertation aims to document certain conditions that maximize the behavioural integration of feedback, operationalized by behavioural changes and engagement in developmental activities. A set of conditions and variables is added to the feedback integration model proposed by Boudrias et al. (2014). Theses variables, discussed in two empirical articles, are the psychologists’ techniques focused on the development, the social support for development from a significant individual (e.g. supervisor, colleague, family member) perceived by the participants as well as the number and difficulty of the competencies to be improved. In the first article, relying in particular on the theory of goal setting (Locke & Latham, 1990), we postulate that the psychologists’ techniques focused on the development (Lessard, 2019) will predict the participants’ motivational intention to change. It is expected that the intention will in turn predict behavioural integration (Boudrias et al., 2014), but that this relationship will be moderated by social support for development. Theses hypotheses were verified with 240 participants in a real IPA context using structural equation modeling. The results show that the motivational intention to change mediates the relationship between the psychologists’ techniques and social support, while social support mediates the relationship between motivational intention and developmental activities. One possible explanation is that seeking social support is a learning strategy used by participants who want to change (Haemer, Borges-Andrade, & Cassiano, 2017). The goal setting theory (Locke & Latham, 2015) suggests that there will be an interaction between the difficulty of the competencies to be improved and the number of competencies targeted during the feedback. In the second article, we test the hypothesis that this interaction will predict the motivational intention to change in the direction of feedback and the behavioural integration of feedback. To do this, we performed moderated hierarchical regression analyses on a sample of 65 participants for which we analyzed IPA reports specifying the targeted competencies in the feedback. The results show that the relationship between developmental difficulty and intention is positive when the feedback provider addresses three deficient competencies or fewer. The relationship between developmental difficulty and developmental activities is positive when the feedback provider presents only one deficient competency while it is negative when the provider presents nine deficient competencies. The theoretical contribution of each of the articles as well as the practical avenues for intervention arising therefrom are discussed separately and taken up in an overall conclusion. Limits and proposals for future research are also discussed in this last section.