行銷通路經過幾年來的變革已成為產業成功的一項關鍵。誰能掌握通路，誰就能掌握產業的命脈。因此國內廠商紛紛投入通路的經營，如統一企業創立統一超商，泰山企業設立福客多超商，味全的安賓及康國行銷等，莫不以掌握通路為要務。而萬客隆量販店的設立更是對傳統通路造成極大的衝擊，亦更顯現出通路的重要性。 　　飲料業的產品特性為產品生命週期短、週轉快，先期進入往往成為領導品牌、通路是成功關鍵及流行跟隨日本腳步等。由於飲料業的這些特性，可知通路是飲料成功的命脈。往往誰有良好的通路，誰就能脫穎而出，成為優秀的製造商。故如何維持與通路良好的關係，實是飲料業界應重視的課題。 　　本論文主要研究的主題在探討通路間製造商權力、權力來源及經銷商對製造商之依賴與經銷商抗衡權與通路衝突間之關係。以了解通路間之關係並進而提出相關建議供業界參考。 　　本文重要之研究結果約如下述： 　　1.就製造商權力來源與通路衝突言，大製造商通常採用非強制權力來源，因而與經銷商的衝突會較少。反之，小製造商則採用強制權力來源則會增加通路間之衝突。故建議，若在資源許可的情況下，小製造商應盡量少運用強制權力以減少通路間的衝突，以使與經銷商間的關係衝突減少，關係更為良好。 　　2.就製造商權力與通路衝突之研究，大製造商在此向關係上不顯著，小製造商則達顯著水準。顯示出小製造商運用其權力時，易招致經銷商的負面反應，而導致通路關係之不良。故小製造商在運用其權力時，應多加考慮經銷商可能之反應，以免破壞彼此之關係。 　　3.就製造商權力與經銷商對製造商依賴言，經銷商對大製造商有較高之依賴。而對小製造商則關係不顯著。而相對應於通路衝突來分析，可發現經銷商對製造商依賴大的話，製造商應用影響力較不致引起經銷商的反抗。故對小製造商而言，如何結合有限的資源，以使經銷商能更加的依賴製造商是值得探討的關鍵所在。 　　4.在經銷商抗衡權與通路衝突方面，由研究可發現，無論大小製造商，經銷商的抗衡權都會導致通路衝突的增加。此意味製造商對於經銷商本身所具備的各項資源與條件應做適當的評估，在制定通路決策時，應考慮到經銷商抗衡能力的大小，則決策方可有效的推行。

<p>Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka vilken eller vilka faktorer som påverkar alkoholförsäljningens fördelning mellan olika alkoholvarugrupper och vilken av faktorerna som är mest betydelsefull, samt om det skett någon förändring av dessa faktorers påverkan mellan åren 1998 och 2007. Detta har skett genom regressionsanalyser där vi har använt oss av statistik om Sveriges kommuner och använt dessa som analysenheter. Vi har valt att analysera resultaten med hjälp av Pierre Bourdieus begrepp ekonomiskt och kulturellt kapital, samt Anthony Giddens teori om globaliseringen och världsstäder. Vi har använt oss av medianinkomst som indikator på ekonomiskt kapital. För kulturellt kapital har vi använt utbildningsnivå som indikator och för världsstäderna som globaliseringens nav, har vi undersökt närheten till världsstäderna Stockholm och Köpenhamn. Vår undersökning visar att andelen sålt vin ökar och andelen såld sprit minskar, ju högre utbildningsnivån i kommunen är. Vi fann även att sambandet mellan andelen sålt vin och sprit i förhållande till utbildningsnivån minskade mellan åren 1998 och 2007. Vidare kunde vi även finna att kommuner som ligger nära världsstäderna Stockholm och Köpenhamn, har högre andel vinkonsumtion. Detta visar att på att globaliseringen påverkar dryckesmönstren och även denna faktor hade större betydelse 1998 än 2007. Vi fann också att kommunernas medianinkomst påverkar vilken alkoholtyp som det säljs mest av i kommunen, men när vi jämförde den med andra faktorer förlorade den sin betydelse.Nyckelord: Sociologi, dryckesmönster, alkoholförsäljning, kulturellt kapital, ekonomiskt kapital, globalisering</p> / <p>The aim of this study is to examine which variable or variables that affect the division of alcoholic beverage selling in different types of alcoholic beverage, which variable that is the most important and if there have been any changes during the time between 1998 and 2007. We used regression analysis of statistics and used the Swedish municipalities as units. Furthermore we used Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts economic capital and cultural capital to analyse our data. We also used Anthony Gidden’s theory about the globalization and global cities. We used median income as an indicator for economic capital and level of education as an indicator for cultural capital. We also viewed how close the municipalities are located to Stockholm and Copenhagen as indicators for the importance of global cities. Our study shows that the proportion of sold wine increases and the proportion of sold spirits decreases the higher the mean education level in the municipalities is. The connection between the alcoholic beverage types and education level were stronger 1998 than 2007. We can also see a connection between how close to the global cites Stockholm and Copenhagen the municipalities are located. The wine selling is higher in the municipalities that are located close to the global cities than other municipalities. This shows the importance of the globalization as a factor that affects the alcoholic beverage selling. We also discovered a connection between median income and which alcoholic beverage type that is the most popular in a municipality. The importance of median income disappeared when we compared it to other variables.Keywords: Sociology, drinking pattern, alcoholic beverage selling, cultural capital, economic capital, globalization</p> / VG

The primary goal of this paper is to critically examine five of the top nine US fast food chains to look at their history and to determine what factors have lead to their massive success. The companies that will be analyzed include: McDonald's, Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Domino's Pizza, and Subway. Similarities and differences of these companies are compared and contrasted throughout the paper and clearly demonstrate how each company has managed to capture and maintain major market share in their respective food categories. Areas that are examined range from product quality to to business models to consumer psychology. A review of these companies reveals that there are specific success factors for each, and one overarching factor for all. Specific factors include, but are not limited to marketing technique, organizational structure and overall business concept. The one factor that seems critical to all is entering the market with an innovative and unique concept.

Las Bebidas con Aroma a Limón sufren cambios significativos con el paso del tiempo, que son asociados a deterioro por los consumidores. En la presente Tesis Doctoral se identificaron las causas de la inestabilidad de los Aromas de Limón. Para lograr la aparición de los defectos en forma acelerada se prepararon Bebidas con Aroma a Limón y se expusieron a alta temperatura. La identificación del defecto se realizó en primera instancia mediante técnicas de Evaluación Sensorial, conformando un Panel de Evaluadores Expertos, entrenados con Descriptores Sensoriales y una Rueda del Aroma Limón diseñados en este trabajo. Por otra parte se llevaron a cabo análisis de Cromatografía Gaseosa acoplada a Espectroscopía de Masas, para identificar los cambios químicos que experimentan los Aromas de Limón. La comparación de ambas metodologías presentó resultados que permitieron diseñar Aromas de Limón para uso en Bebidas, estables y con un alto nivel de aceptación por los consumidores. / Lemon Beverages experience significant changes over time, which are perceived as deterioration by consumers. This PhD thesis identifies the causes of Lemon Flavours instability. To achieve the quick appearance of the defects, Lemon Flavoured Beverages were prepared and exposed to high temperature. The identification of the defects was first performed by Sensory Evaluation techniques, training an Expert Panel of Evaluators, with tailor made Sensory Descriptors and a Lemon Flavour Wheel. Moreover analytical methods were performed using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, to identify the chemical changes experienced by Lemon Flavours. The comparison of both methodologies showed results that allowed the design Lemon Flavours to use in beverages, stable and with a high level of consumer acceptance.

Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka vilken eller vilka faktorer som påverkar alkoholförsäljningens fördelning mellan olika alkoholvarugrupper och vilken av faktorerna som är mest betydelsefull, samt om det skett någon förändring av dessa faktorers påverkan mellan åren 1998 och 2007. Detta har skett genom regressionsanalyser där vi har använt oss av statistik om Sveriges kommuner och använt dessa som analysenheter. Vi har valt att analysera resultaten med hjälp av Pierre Bourdieus begrepp ekonomiskt och kulturellt kapital, samt Anthony Giddens teori om globaliseringen och världsstäder. Vi har använt oss av medianinkomst som indikator på ekonomiskt kapital. För kulturellt kapital har vi använt utbildningsnivå som indikator och för världsstäderna som globaliseringens nav, har vi undersökt närheten till världsstäderna Stockholm och Köpenhamn. Vår undersökning visar att andelen sålt vin ökar och andelen såld sprit minskar, ju högre utbildningsnivån i kommunen är. Vi fann även att sambandet mellan andelen sålt vin och sprit i förhållande till utbildningsnivån minskade mellan åren 1998 och 2007. Vidare kunde vi även finna att kommuner som ligger nära världsstäderna Stockholm och Köpenhamn, har högre andel vinkonsumtion. Detta visar att på att globaliseringen påverkar dryckesmönstren och även denna faktor hade större betydelse 1998 än 2007. Vi fann också att kommunernas medianinkomst påverkar vilken alkoholtyp som det säljs mest av i kommunen, men när vi jämförde den med andra faktorer förlorade den sin betydelse.Nyckelord: Sociologi, dryckesmönster, alkoholförsäljning, kulturellt kapital, ekonomiskt kapital, globalisering / The aim of this study is to examine which variable or variables that affect the division of alcoholic beverage selling in different types of alcoholic beverage, which variable that is the most important and if there have been any changes during the time between 1998 and 2007. We used regression analysis of statistics and used the Swedish municipalities as units. Furthermore we used Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts economic capital and cultural capital to analyse our data. We also used Anthony Gidden’s theory about the globalization and global cities. We used median income as an indicator for economic capital and level of education as an indicator for cultural capital. We also viewed how close the municipalities are located to Stockholm and Copenhagen as indicators for the importance of global cities. Our study shows that the proportion of sold wine increases and the proportion of sold spirits decreases the higher the mean education level in the municipalities is. The connection between the alcoholic beverage types and education level were stronger 1998 than 2007. We can also see a connection between how close to the global cites Stockholm and Copenhagen the municipalities are located. The wine selling is higher in the municipalities that are located close to the global cities than other municipalities. This shows the importance of the globalization as a factor that affects the alcoholic beverage selling. We also discovered a connection between median income and which alcoholic beverage type that is the most popular in a municipality. The importance of median income disappeared when we compared it to other variables.Keywords: Sociology, drinking pattern, alcoholic beverage selling, cultural capital, economic capital, globalization / VG

The research described in this thesis contributes to the development of new strategies facilitating advanced understanding of the fundamental principles governing selective recognition of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) at a molecular level for the rational optimization of biomimetic materials. The nature of non-covalent interactions involved in the templating process of molecularly imprinted polymers based on the self-assembly approach were investigated with a variety of analytical techniques addressing molecular level interactions. For this purpose, the concerted application of IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy enabled studying the complexation of the template molecules 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, quercetin, and o-, m-, and p-nitrophenol with a variety of functional monomers in the pre-polymerization solution by systematically varying the ratio of the involved components. In aqueous and non protic porogenic solvents, information on the interaction types, thermodynamics, and complex stoichiometry was applied toward predicting the optimum imprinting building blocks and ratios. Molecular dynamics simulations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its interactions with the functional monomer 4-vinylpyridine in aqueous and aprotic explicit solvent allowed demonstrating the fundamental potential of computer MD simulations for predicting optimized pre-polymerization ratios and the involved interaction types. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the application of rapid IR/NMR pre-screening methods in combination with molecular modeling strategies is a promising strategy towards optimized imprinting protocols in lieu of the conventionally applied labor intensive and time-consuming trial-and-error approach. Furthermore, HPLC characterization of the produced MIPs compared to control polymers enabled a systematic approach to imprinting based on advanced understanding of the factors governing the formation of high-affinity binding sites during the polymerization. In addition, the importance of the combination of size, shape, and molecular functionalities for the selective recognition properties of MIPs was investigated. MIPs for the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone and for the antioxidant quercetin were applied as separation materials for advanced sample preparation in beverage analysis. The obtained results demonstrated the potential of MIPs for rapid one-step sample clean-up and pre-concentration from beverages such as wine and beer.

Why do some people in Halifax, Nova Scotia work collecting recyclables rather than in other—more formal—means of employment? Some scholars argue that informal economic activity is the product of a shift towards flexible work regimes and reductions to the social welfare system (the informalization thesis) and/or that increasingly marginalized people are forced into informal economic activities by economic necessity (the marginalization thesis). Drawing on a close analysis of provincial and municipal recycling policies and ethnographic fieldwork with informal recyclers, I argue that the informalization and marginalization theses are based on overly deterministic models of informal employment. Demand for informal recycling in Halifax is supported by a complex raft of environmental legislation designed to increase the rate of recycling. People willingly choose informal recycling as an alternative to formal employment for various reasons, but above all because it offers a tax-free, honest living, autonomy and a decent income.

Introduction: Nowadays beverage companies must focus on maintaining healthy finishedgoods inventory stocks in order to be able to decrease inventory costs, meet customerrequirements and to obtain competitive advantage. However many beverage SMEdon’t have an accurate planning and forecasting to manufacturing inventories. Thereforethey often face the problem of optimization in inventory management due to several differentreasons. As a result, company loses its competitiveness. Thus, there is a need tocoordinate Inventory activities of beverage SMEs to improve inventories’ planning. The purpose of this study is to analyze how inventory management is organized in a small Chinese beverage company. Frame of reference: This research is based on the theoretical framework relates with InventoryManagement (IM) and Retailer-managed inventory (RMI), vendor-managed inventory(VMI) and Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR).Empirical Data were collected through personal interviews and organization documents. Methodology: The research strategy for this paper is a single case study. This strategy allows investigating topic in its real life context. The inductive approach is used for this research based on qualitative data. The major source of data collection was semi-structured interviews and the company's documents. For analyzing data categorization approach was applied. Conclusion: The study found that inventory management theories presented in scientificliteratures are used in practice. To achieve better inventory management for beverageSMEs, the authors summarize four importance parameters based on literatures and findings.The authors also provide some suggestions based on the importance parameters inthe conclusion to optimize the case company’s inventory management.

The compatibility of on-site consumption alcohol outlets as land use is predicted by the acceptance level of the utility or disutility they enjoy amongst residents in a neighbourhood. The density of alcohol outlets is argued in literature as correlating to the significant positive rate of amenity effects that include property crime, alcohol related arrests, drunk-driving, fatal and severe alcohol-induced accidents, violence and assault amongst many others. The problems associated with on-site consumption alcohol outlets have been insistently brought to the attention of the Umjindi Local Municipality in the Ehlanzeni District area in Mpumalanga Province by the residents of the Emjindini neighbourhood. The study is based on the hypothesis that the high density of on-site consumption alcohol outlets contributes to the incompatibility of such outlets with residential areas. In addressing the research sub-questions and validating the research hypothesis, the study adopted various methods (including land use surveys, interviews, administration of questionnaires, literature review and document review) for the collection, analysis, interpretation and discussion of data. The study reveals that the higher density of alcohol consumption outlets is significant in areas of low socioeconomic status. The Emjindini Townships are located with the density of 1 on-site consumption alcohol outlet per 263 people. Liquor legislation in South Africa leaves a lot to be desired in its guidelines for alcohol outlet density, public participation, location radius and local authority involvement. In addition, our findings showed that the significantly unacceptable level of impact thereof is experienced especially in the night, in areas characterised by the high density of on-site consumption alcohol outlets. The on-site consumption alcohol outlets are seen as compatible land uses in residential areas for the reason that, the unacceptable level of impact is insignificant during the day. The adoption of preferred and practical guidelines related to the locality and density of on-site consumption alcohol outlets, compatibility performance standards and public participation are recommended for policy and practice. The amendment to the liquor law is subsequently proposed in this study. / M.U.R.D.P. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 2014.

[pt] O aumento da população em toda a parte evidencia a necessidade de uma geração de mais demandas em todos os segmentos empresariais. Para que essa mesma demanda possa chegar no cliente, um número de veículos significativo precisa crescer, numa grande problemática que são os centros urbanos cada dia mais concorridos para a circulação, estacionamento e distribuição de mercadorias. O problema ainda se eleva em regiões como a Cidade do Rio de Janeiro que possui em seu plano diretor proibições de carga e descarga de mercadorias em certos horários considerados críticos de pico. Neste contexto, este trabalho realiza um estudo de caso em uma empresa de distribuição de bebidas do Rio de Janeiro, descrevendo uma proposta de solução para a implantação de um ponto móvel (crossdocking) através da localização de um ponto móvel na região sul da cidade utilizando a p-mediana e a roteirização de desse ponto com todos os clientes da empresa. A solução proposta pelo estudo promove adequações nos processos da distribuidora, além de identificar os fatores críticos e as etapas do processo de implantação do ponto de crossdocking móvel. / [en] The population increase everywhere evidences the need for a generation of more demands in all business segments. For this same demand to arrive at the customer, a significant number of vehicles needs to grow, in a big problem that the urban centers are increasingly busy for the circulation, parking and distribution of goods. The problem still arises in regions such as the City of Rio de Janeiro that has in its master plan prohibitions of loading and unloading of merchandise at certain times considered critical of peak. In this context, this paper carries out a case study in a beverage distribution company in Rio de Janeiro, describing a proposal for a solution for the implantation of a mobile point (crossdocking) by locating a mobile point in the southern region of the city using The p-median and the routing of this point with all the clients of the company. The solution proposed by the study promotes adjustments in the distributor s processes, as well as identifying the critical factors and the stages of the mobile crossdocking point deployment process.