Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-01T10:17:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Helen Regina de Oliveira e Ribeiro - 2015.pdf: 3819762 bytes, checksum: 08272b175df3764bc8abd2b01886f769 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-01T10:21:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Helen Regina de Oliveira e Ribeiro - 2015.pdf: 3819762 bytes, checksum: 08272b175df3764bc8abd2b01886f769 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-01T10:21:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Helen Regina de Oliveira e Ribeiro - 2015.pdf: 3819762 bytes, checksum: 08272b175df3764bc8abd2b01886f769 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-28 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The creation of the Program - Programa de Apoio à Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (REUNI) - together with the large represed demand, to the low number of technical and political pressure to meet deadlines, caused the Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) chose to outsource project design and execution of new works. The project contracting and execution of public works needs prior bidding procedure. The large volume of works and contracts raised increase in hiring additives. Although the regulatory government agencies consider the additives one of the main reasons for over invoicing and overpricing in public works, your contract can not be synonymous with public funds embezzlement. On the other hand, hiring is legitimate and additives provided by law. This study aims to make a analysis of the main factors that led to the hiring of additional services in new works construction contracts within the Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). The research is based on analysis of 42 new process works contracts, all for global price regime, contracted and completed between the years 2010 to 2014 and resulting from procurement modalities Pricing and Concurrency Taken. For the analysis of the justifications presented by the tax works, it was possible to identify the main factors and classify them into two parts. The first, relating the factors resulting from procedures failures of the elaboration of the basic projects, and the second, the factors linked to changes due to needs arising after contracting the work. The cauting of values and impacts corresponding to each of the factors indicated that most of the justifications of additives contracts (79,36%) is shed changes due to needs arising after contracting the work, indicating that most of the increases were carried out in accordance with the laws force for conclusion of such contracts and additives. The results achieved may assist Senior Management in the planning and distribution of resources to expand the physical space; demonstrating the impact of additives on two aspects. The analysis showed that the legality of the contracts additives met the legal requirements, and that most of the increases values have not altered the bidding modality. This analysis enabled us to verify which items had a higher incidence of contractual changes. Finally, this study opens new prospects for research related to analysis of public works budgets, aimed at continuous improvement of the project design process, hiring and supervision of public works and also contributed to the decrease in research gap in the topic. / A criação do Programa de Apoio à Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (REUNI), somadas à grande demanda reprimida, ao baixo número de técnicos e à pressão política para o cumprimento dos prazos, fizeram com que a Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) optasse por terceirizar a elaboração de projetos e execução das novas obras. A contratação de projetos e execução de obras públicas necessita de procedimento prévio de licitação. O grande volume de obras e contratos suscitou aumento na contratação de aditivos. Embora os órgãos controladores considerem os aditivos uma das principais razões de superfaturamento e sobrepreço em obras públicas, sua contratação não pode ser sinônimo de malversação de recursos públicos. Por outro lado, a contratação de aditivos é legítima e prevista em lei. Este trabalho tem por objetivos realizar uma análise dos principais fatores que levaram à contratação de serviços adicionais em contratos de construção de obras novas, dentro da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). A pesquisa está baseada na análise dos contratos de 42 processos de obras novas, todas pelo regime de preço global, contratadas e concluídas entre os anos de 2010 a 2014 e decorrentes de licitações das modalidades Tomada de Preços e Concorrência. Pela análise das justificativas apresentadas pelos fiscais das obras, foi possível identificar os principais fatores e classificá-los em duas vertentes. A primeira, relacionando os fatores decorrentes de falhas de procedimentos na elaboração dos projetos básicos, e a segunda, os fatores ligados às alterações decorrentes de necessidades surgidas após a contratação da obra. A apuração dos valores e impactos financeiros correspondentes a cada um dos fatores indicou que a maior parte das justificativas (79,36%) dos contratos de aditivos corresponde a vertente de alterações decorrentes de necessidades surgidas após a contratação, indicando que a maioria dos acréscimos foram realizados em conformidade com as leis vigentes para celebração desses contratos e aditivos. Os resultados alcançados podem auxiliar a Administração Superior no planejamento e distribuição de recursos para ampliação do espaço físico; demonstrando o impacto causado pelos aditivos nas duas vertentes. A análise da legalidade demonstrou que os aditivos de contratos atenderam aos requisitos legais, e que na maioria dos acréscimos de valores não alteraram a modalidade licitatória. Essa análise possibilitou verificar quais os itens que tiveram maior incidência de alteração contratual. Por fim, este estudo abre perspectiva para novas pesquisas relacionadas à análise dos orçamentos de obras públicas, visando a melhoria contínua do processo de elaboração de projetos, contratação e fiscalização de obras públicas e, ainda, contribuiu com a diminuição da lacuna de pesquisas no tema.

Submitted by Aline Martins (1146629@mackenzie.br) on 2016-08-03T17:58:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson Bueno de Oliveira .pdf: 1417154 bytes, checksum: be408077bc059e50904b963eb6ce97e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2016-08-05T16:25:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson Bueno de Oliveira .pdf: 1417154 bytes, checksum: be408077bc059e50904b963eb6ce97e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-05T16:25:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson Bueno de Oliveira .pdf: 1417154 bytes, checksum: be408077bc059e50904b963eb6ce97e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / The aim of this study is to analyze the economic benefits of transparency or corporate disclosure. It is estimated the reduction of information asymmetry, which is a component of the cost of equity, due to the mandatory adoption of IFRS in Brazil, the level of commitment to corporate governance and the ADR issuance at the New York Stock Exchange. It uses the proxy bid-ask spread to estimate the asymmetry of information, as the dependent variable. The sample consists of non-financial companies of the Ibovespa index. In addition to disclosure variables, this study also analyzes the control variables like size, free float, risk and profitability. The conclusion of this dissertation confirms the initial expectations, in the sense that a higher corporate level of disclosure implies in a reduction of the asymmetry of information. Corporate governance variable, although significant, has a positive relationship with asymmetric information. This result is the opposite of what is expected by theory and can be subject of further studies. It is also statistically significant the expected positive relation between information asymmetry and the beta control variable. / O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os benefícios econômicos da transparência ou disclosure empresarial. Avalia-se a redução da assimetria de informação, que é um componente do custo de capital próprio, em função da adoção obrigatória das IFRS no Brasil, do nível de compromisso com governança corporativa e da emissão de ADR junto à Bolsa de Nova Iorque. Utiliza-se a proxy bid-ask spread para estimar a assimetria de informação, como variável dependente. A amostra é composta pelas empresas não financeiras do índice Ibovespa. Além das variáveis de disclosure, analisa-se as variáveis de controle tamanho, free float, risco e rentabilidade. A conclusão da dissertação é aderente à expectativa inicial, no sentido de que um maior nível de disclosure empresarial implica em uma redução da assimetria de informação. A variável governança corporativa, apesar de significativa, possui relação positiva com a assimetria de informação. Esse resultado é o oposto do esperado pela teoria e pode ser objeto de estudos futuros. Encontra-se também significância estatística na relação positiva esperada entre assimetria de informação e a variável de controle beta.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-04T18:27:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marciodeoliveiraresendesouza.pdf: 4555117 bytes, checksum: 438d1f735b91d547dfcd1e54b8f32196 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T01:55:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marciodeoliveiraresendesouza.pdf: 4555117 bytes, checksum: 438d1f735b91d547dfcd1e54b8f32196 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T01:55:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marciodeoliveiraresendesouza.pdf: 4555117 bytes, checksum: 438d1f735b91d547dfcd1e54b8f32196 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-18 / O campus como base física de suporte aos sistemas de educação superior de massa adotado de forma globalizada a partir dos anos 1950 e sua contextualização histórica e projetual no âmbito brasileiro encontra um número muito reduzido de estudos. A exemplo da Europa e dos Estados Unidos, sob as pressões demográficas ocorridas após a Segunda Guerra Mundial e como imperativo de desenvolvimento econômico, inúmeros campi brasileiros foram implantados. Porém, já em 1975, os Anais do I Seminário Nacional sobre Planejamento de Campi Universitários retratavam inadequações dos novos campi das universidades federais que as incapacitavam de atender às demandas da Reforma Universitária de 1968. Sucessivos acordos de empréstimo foram assinados com o Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento para a reestruturação física desses espaços. O último deles, o Programa MEC/BID III, firmado nos anos 1980, destinou 105 milhões de dólares a nove universidades federais, visando expansões, preenchimento de lacunas e solução de deficiências físicas remanescentes da implantação desses campi nas décadas de 1960 e 1970. Como objetivo geral, este trabalho aborda um tema da maior importância para o planejamento físico do espaço universitário: a consolidação do campus como tendência internacional mesmo em países como a França, onde, até os anos 1950, ele não era sequer uma realidade a ser copiada, e o Brasil, onde até os anos 1960 predominavam faculdades isoladas. Como objetivo específico destaca-se a investigação dos aspectos históricos e arquitetônicos relacionados aos campi federais brasileiros na década de 1980, na esteira das ações de reestruturação e expansão física das universidades, no âmbito do Programa MEC/BID III, coordenado pelo Centro de Desenvolvimento e Apoio Técnico à Educação (CEDATE). A metodologia utilizada se relaciona com o campo dos estudos historiográficos na Arquitetura e no Urbanismo. A busca das fontes secundárias conduziu a pesquisa à Biblioteca da FAU/USP, onde foram coletados 42 artigos nacionais oferecidos pelo Índice de Arquitetura Brasileira e 90 títulos de artigos internacionais dos mais tradicionais periódicos. Conduziu também à UFF, onde foi coletada literatura específica sobre campus universitário e sobre o Programa MEC/BID III. Constituiu também importante fonte secundária a literatura internacional oferecida por Muthesius (2000), Chapman (2006), Turner (1984), De Carlo (2005) e outros do cenário nacional, como Alberto (2003), Cunha (2007) e Rodrigues (2001). As fontes primárias foram privilegiadas por meio de entrevistas com profissionais oriundos do CEDATE, bem como com arquitetos, engenheiros e gestores do processo de implantação do campus da UFJF na década de 1970 e outros atuantes em sua consolidação, na década de 1980. Para a materialização da abordagem, este trabalho apresenta um estudo de caso da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, um campus típico oriundo das grandes implantações dos anos 1960 e consolidado posteriormente, nos anos 1980, por meio do Programa MEC/BID III. Os resultados encontrados ao longo do estudo evidenciam uma profunda identidade e convergência dos processos experimentados na Europa com a experiência vivida no ensino superior brasileiro a partir de meados do século XX. / The campus as a physical support base for mass higher education systems, which was adopted globally from the 1950s, and its historical and conceptual context from the Brazilian point of view have been subjected to very few studies. Following the example of Europe and the United States, due to demographic pressures after World War II and the need for economic development, numerous Brazilian campuses were implemented. In 1975, however, the Proceedings of the First National Seminar on the University Campus Planning already revealed the shortcomings of the new campuses of federal universities, which made it impossible for them to meet the demands of the 1968 University Reform Act. Successive agreements were signed with the International Development Bank for the restructuring of these physical spaces. The last of these, the MEC/IDB III program signed in 1980, allocated USD 105 million to nine federal universities in order for them to expand, fill in the gaps and find solutions for the shortcomings that remained after the establishment of these campuses in the 1960s and 70s. The general objective of this paper is to delve into an issue of major importance for the physical planning of the university space: the consolidation of the campus as international trend even in countries like France, where they didn’t even exist until the 1950s, and Brazil, where until the 1960s the isolated College prevailed. Among the specific objectives stands the inquiry of historic and architectural aspects related to campuses of federal universities due to restructuring and physical expansion activities that occurred within the scope of the MEC/IDB III program in the 1980s, through the actions of CEDATE - Centre for Development and Technical Support in Education. The methodology used is related to the field of historiographical studies in Architecture and Urbanism. The search for secondary sources led the research to the FAU-USP library, which provided 42 national articles offered by the Brazilian Architecture Index and 90 titles of international articles from the most traditional international journals. It also led to the UFF, where specific literature was gathered on university campuses and the MEC/IDB III program. Also were important as secondary sources the international literature offered by Muthesius (2000), Chapman (2006), Turner (1984), De Carlo (2005) and other national publications from such authors as Alberto (2003), Cunha (2007) and Rodrigues (2001). Furthermore, the primary sources were prioritized in this study. Interviews were conducted with professionals from CEDATE as well as with architects, engineers and managers involved in the implementation process of the UFJF campus in the 1970s, and others who worked on its 1980’s consolidation. To put this approach into practice, this paper presents a case study of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, which is a typical Brazilian campus from the large 1960’s implementations, which was later consolidated in the 1980s through the MEC/IDB III program. The results found during the study show a profound identification and convergence of the processes experienced in Europe with the Brazilian higher education experience since the mid -twentieth century.

Liquidity is a measure of the ease with which an asset can be converted into cash. In a perfectly liquid market, conversion is instantaneous and does not incur costs. Amihud and Mendelson (1986:224) proposed that illiquidity increases the expected return on an investment (liquidity premium) and simultaneously lengthens the holding period. These two effects are known respectively as the “spread-return relationship” and the “clientele effect” and have theoretical as well as practical implications. From a theoretical perspective it may help to explain the gap between the capital asset pricing model (which assumes that markets are perfectly liquid) and the associated empirical evidence; which thus far has been rather poor. From a practical perspective, liquidity will influence stakeholders’ decisions and market competitiveness (Amihud&Mendelson, 1991:61-64). The relevant stakeholders are governments, stock exchange regulators, corporations, investors and financial intermediaries. Emerging economies such as the South African economy typically have less liquid markets than the developed world. While this may be attractive for investors looking for higher returns, Amihud and Mendelson (1991:61) are of the opinion that liquid markets are more generally favoured by investors. Constantinides (1986:842-858), also proposes a model for liquidity, but found the liquidity premium to be of lesser importance than that proposed by Amihud and Mendelson (1986:223-231) but also supports the suggestion that investors will favour liquid markets. Although it is by no means a perfect proxy, a security’s bid-ask spread has been found to be an attractive and effective measure of liquidity. It has been found to correlate with beta as well as market capitalisation and several other variables commonly used in capital markets research. Because of this correlation the effect of the bid-ask spread cannot be studied in isolation when regression techniques are employed (Ramanathan, 1998:166). This is particularly problematic because empirical evidence for beta, which is arguably the most important independent variable in financial cross sectional relationships, is weak. Beta has to be estimated and so it is not clear if real markets do not support CAPM theory or if beta cannot be estimated with the required accuracy. All of the common independent variables used in empirical capital markets research are correlated to beta, and for this reason it cannot be established if these variables have a real effect or if they are simply serving as a proxy for the difference between the real and the estimated beta. Various strategies have been proposed to increase the accuracy of beta estimation and these are discussed in detail in this research. Successes with these strategies have been mixed. A second problem encountered in the empirical research base relating to the CAPM is that in the theory the cross-sectional relationship is between expected market return (which cannot be observed due to the vast number of real investments beyond those listed on exchanges) and beta, whereas empirical research makes use of actual return on a market proxy and beta. In order for the actual return to approach the expected return, empirical studies have to be conducted over extended periods. Accurate data for such periods are generally lacking and severe macro-economic changes such as wars, may also affect rational economic behaviour. It has to be kept in mind that the entire CAPM theory flows from the simple assumption that investors aim to achieve the highest return per unit of risk, and so a rejection of beta is a rejection of rational investor behaviour. Liquidity however, addresses one of the assumptions of CAPM, namely that markets are perfectly liquid; which obviously is not met in real markets and so CAPM models expanded for liquidity should be a reasonably fundamental starting point for all empirical capital markets research. The current empirical evidence for the spread-return relationship is inconclusive. While some researchers have found a significant relationship, others have questioned the ability of the methodology to differentiate a true relationship from the ‘proxy for errors in the estimated beta’ problem. Deductions (as explained in section 4.3) that have been made from the research of Marshall and Young (2003:176-186) in particular, provide strong evidence that at least some of the relationship is due to the ‘errors in estimated beta’ problem. Little empirical work has been done on the clientele effect. Atkins and Dyl (1997:318-321) found a significant relationship between holding period and bid-ask spread, although their approach was somewhat unorthodox in the sense that portfolio formation was not done and the effect of beta was not tested. This study tests empirically both the spread-return relationship and the clientele effect on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange over the period stretching from January 2002 to June 2007. The methodology of Fama and Macbeth (1973:614-617) as well as the aggregated beta of Dimson (1979:203-204) were mainly used, with some modifications as suggested by other researchers. With regard to the spread-return relationship, the findings of this study do not support theoretical expectations. This may be due to the short time period that was used as well as the difficulty in estimating beta. To the contrary, very significant evidence for the clientele effect was found, with little to no influence from market capitalisation and beta, which is as expected. Further investigation into the spread-return relationship is required. If a liquidity premium is not present, foreign investors will favour liquid developed markets above the JSE. This implies that efforts of exchange regulators and the government to decrease illiquidity will lead to foreign portfolio investment inflow into the South African economy. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Graduate School of Management / unrestricted

History: Digitalization brings great benefits to companies regardless of market. One of the markets that is undergoing change is the retail sector where e-commerce services are the new environment. This environment benefits from the innovative solutions that the consumer uses, such as smartphones. These and other connected devices are constantly generating user data that companies can then take advantage of. This, in turn, has sparked discussions about the individual's integrity in relation to companies' use of this data. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate how retail companies in Sweden use personal data for marketing purposes and how important it is for the consumer to maintain their online integrity and how personalized advertising is perceived by the consumer. Theory: The theories and concepts that are explored are personal data, big data, data-driven marketing, CRM, the marketing mix as well as integrity and security. Every theory is described thoroughly and summarized to create an understanding as to why these are selected.  Methodology: Methodical choices have been made in the form of targeting the Swedish clothing industry and Swedish consumers. A qualitative approach was used. Two semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives from a company and a trade organization selected through a benchmarked selection of candidates. Semi-structured interviews were also carried out with eight consumers close or related to the researchers. Results: The results show an uncertainty of customers when it comes to what companies are allowed to do and how they actually use their personal data. Some also find it unsettling to receive personalized advertisements. Others appreciate advertisement based on their preferences. The company representatives saw an overarching possibility to create better personalized experiences for the customer thanks to the data generated.  Conclusions: Based on the study's results, it can be concluded that companies in the clothing industry in Sweden use data from the consumer for marketing purposes to both retain customers and create new customer relationships. The personal data collected has proven to be very important for companies from a competitive perspective. The study suggests that the consumer values his or her integrity highly but does not act accordingly and is largely unaware of any restrictions on his or her online privacy. The general attitude the consumer has towards personalized advertising is that it is unpleasant. However, the study also shows that it can be appreciated, given that the content is interesting for the consumer. Should opportunities for financial compensation from the companies to access individual personal data, the consumer would not choose to take advantage of this. / Bakgrund: Digitaliseringen för med sig stora fördelar för företag oavsett marknad. En av dessa marknader som är i förändring är detaljhandeln där e-handelstjänster är den nya miljön. Denna miljö gynnas av de innovativa lösningar som konsumenten nyttjar, exempelvis smartphones. Dessa och andra uppkopplade enheter genererar ständigt data om användaren som företagen sedan kan dra nytta av. Det här har i sin tur väckt diskussioner kring individens integritet i förhållande till företagens användande av denna data. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur företag inom detaljhandeln i Sverige använder sig av personlig data i marknadsföringssyfte samt hur viktigt det är för konsumenten att bibehålla sin integritet online och hur personanpassad reklam upplevs av konsumenten. Teori: De teorier och begrepp som behandlas i studien är datadriven marknadsföring, CRM, marknadsföringsmixen samt integritet och säkerhet. Varje teori beskrivs ingående och sammanfattas i en teoretisk referensram i slutet av kapitlet för att skapa en förståelse till varför just dessa är valda.  Metod: Metodmässiga val har gjort i form av att rikta in sig på svenska klädesbranschen och svenska konsumenter. En kvalitativ ansats har använts i studien och två semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med representanter från ett företag samt en branschorganisation som valts genom ett målstyrt urval. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har även utförts med åtta konsumenter genom ett bekvämlighetsurval. Empiri: Övergripande ansåg representanterna för företaget samt branschorganisationen att data gör det möjligt att skapa bättre upplevelser för kunden då man kan individanpassa erbjudanden. Studiens resultat visar även på en viss osäkerhet hos konsumenterna gällande vad företagen får göra och faktiskt gör med deras personliga data. Vissa respondenter tycker att det är obehagligt att få personifierad reklam, andra respondenter uppskattar reklam baserad på deras preferenser.  Slutsats: Utifrån studiens resultat kan man konstatera att företag inom klädbranschen i Sverige använder data från konsumenten i marknadsföringssyfte för att både behålla kunder samt skapa nya kundrelationer. Den personliga datan som samlas in har visat sig vara väldigt betydelsefull för företagen utifrån ett konkurrensmässigt perspektiv. Studien tyder på att konsumenten värderar sin integritet högt men agerar dock inte därefter och är i stor utsträckning inte medveten om inskränkningar i sin integritet online. Den genomgående inställningen konsumenten har till personanpassad reklam är att det är obehagligt. Dock visar studien även på att den kan uppskattas om respondenten finner innehållet intressant. Skulle möjligheten till ekonomisk ersättning från företagen för att ta del av individens personliga data skulle konsumenten inte välja att ta del av detta.

The law does not regulate the bidding process; it’s the seller who, in consultation with the estate agent, decides the rules. If the estate agent does not inform all the bidders about conditions  attached to the bids,it means that a bidder bid against something he s not fully informed about. This means that the lack of transparency in the bidding process leads to asymmetric information between the bidders and this could be detrimental to a bidder and for the benefit of another. This paper has been written in order to investigate how consumers and the housing market is Affected by the law not regulating the estate agent to inform all the bidders of conditions attached To the bids. Previously nothing has been written on this subject, which means that this paper is of an explorative--‐  and investigative character. Since there was no access to any secondary data in this study, the major part of the work was to collect primary data. The collection of data consisted of a survey to estate agents, a survey/interview to  uyers/speculators And interviews with a number of individuals with special expertise in the subject. The investigations carried out, resulted in a discussion and analysis of how consumers are affected by The estate agent not having to provide information about conditional bids to all bidders. The answers in interviews is not conclusive, there are both pros and cons of not having the bidding Process regulated by law. The conclusion also includes a discussion on how housing prices can be affected by the bidding not being regulated by law regarding conditions. This conclusion is that the prices could both increase and decrease by a regulation of the bidding process, depending on the scenario.

I denna uppsats görs en fördjupning utbyggnaden av Stockholms tunnelbana till Nacka kommun. Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att undersöka huruvida det uppstår förändringar i fastigheters värde i nära och direkt anslutning till ny- eller utbyggd tunnelbana. Teorikapitlet behandlar olika teorier som beskriver varför vissa typer av fastigheter och verksamheter uppstår på vissa ställen. Teorin tar sats ur von Thünens sätt att förklara markanvändning. Uppsatsen går igenom hur betalningsviljan för mark dels skiljer sig mellan olika verksamheter och dels hur den avtar med avståndet från Central Business District (CBD). Kontor och handel har relativt sett högre betalningsvilja för fastigheter nära CBD än bostäder och bostäder har högre betalningsvilja än industrier. Med ökad tillgänglighet tack vare tunnelbana så uppstår fler unika områden (lokala CBD:s) där kontor och handel har större vilja att etablera sig. Tack vare ökad tillgänglighet och därmed ökat marknadsvärde så kan vi enligt Tobin’s Q förvänta oss ökad exploatering. Vidare analyseras 15 akademiska artiklar på ämnet. De artiklar som legat till grund för att bedöma värdeförändringen har studerat rapid transit system och genomfört analyser på försäljningsdata. Den genomsnittliga ökningen visar på att värdena för fastigheter går upp med 9,6 %. Artiklarna ger också en relevant input om eventuella yttre negativa omständigheter (som dock inte överstiger nyttorna) som uppstår med tunnelbana, till exempel ökad kriminalitet. Deltagarna i enkätundersökningen förväntar sig att alla typer av fastigheter värdemässigt kommer påverkas positivt inom en radie av 1 kilometer. De anser att det till en viss grad finns en marknad för privat medfinansiering samt att medelklassområden är de områden med högst betalningsvilja för tunnelbana. / This thesis delves deeply into the expansion of the Stockholm subway to Nacka municipality. The purpose has been to investigate whether there is a change in the valuation of properties in close proximity to new or expanded subway. The theory chapter covers different theories on land use and bid rent curves. The theories are based on von Thünen’s way of describing land use. The thesis goes through how the willingness to pay for land on one hand differs between different property types and on another hand decreases with distance to Central Business District (CBD). Offices and retail have a relatively higher willingness to pay for land in the proximity of CBD than residential and residential have a higher willingness to pay than industrial. With increased availability thanks to subway come numerous unique areas (local CBD’s) where office and retail have a higher willingness to establish. The increased availability also heightens the Tobin’s Q, which means we can expect a higher degree of exploitation. 15 academic papers that cover the issue are analyzed. The articles which are the basis for the reasoning on value change have studied rapid transit systems and conducted analysis on sales data. The average increase in property value of 9,6 %. The articles also gives good input on negative externalities (which however never exceeds the benefits), for example increased criminality. The participants in the survey are expecting that all types of properties will increase in value within a radius of 1 kilometer from the stations. They consider that there is a potential market for private co-financing and that middle-class areas are the ones with highest willingness to pay for subway.

The Design/Bid/Build (DBB) delivery method has historically been the most popular and the most effective means of determining the least cost for building a project based upon a set of construction documents. In recent years, however, other project delivery methods, including but limited to Construction Manager/General Contractor (CM/GC) and Design/Build (DB), have slowly taken a share of the construction market away from the DBB delivery method. The choice of delivery method that will produce the best value for an owner in the measurements of efficiency in quality, cost, and timeliness depends upon the type of project and the business culture of the project owner. A unique opportunity for a comparative study was presented by the Meetinghouse Facilities Department (MFD) of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The MFD completed over 200 repetitive meetinghouse projects in the U.S. over a five-year period (1999-2003), contracting approximately two-thirds of the projects using a CM/GC delivery method with an attached partnering agreement. The remaining meetinghouses were contracted using a DBB delivery method. A comprehensive comparison was conducted measuring all of the efficiencies created by the selection of delivery method, including short- and long-term costs, direct and indirect costs, construction cycle time, and quality assessment scores. After identifying and then adjusting for several confounding variables in the historical data, the statistical analysis provided evidence that the CM/GC delivery method proved to be the best value for the MFD by producing a total cost savings of over 5.5 percent on the meetinghouse projects when compared to the DBB meetinghouse projects. Construction cycle time was 20% shorter on the CM/GC meetinghouse projects and quality assessment (QA) scores were consistently higher. In regards to a 10-year life cycle repair costs, the CM/GC delivery method produced a higher quality meetinghouse, reducing repair costs by 34% when compared to the DBB meetinghouse projects.

How people in a city should be governed has been discussed since ancient philosophy. The complexity of today's society can no longer be govern without the co-operations of actors. In recent years the shift from government to governance has created new governance spaces. These spaces in which citizens are invited by the state open up opportunities for actors in communities to participate. But at the same time, research on community-focused initiatives suggests that these spaces are created and defined by the state and therefore have little room for citizens to influence over revitalize plans of their areas. This thesis investigates a new tool and approach in the governance of urban development, which includes networks of actors and citizens' involvement, to see results of citizens' participation in the partnership and case BID Sofielund. The thesis wants to find out whether BID Sofielund allows the residents to have any influence, focusing on the network's professional actors views of citizens participation. To answer the study's research aim, the theoretical framework is largely based on a model called “Arnstein's ladder”, that describes gradations of citizen participation. The theory about citizen participation in the context of power and powerlessness between authorities and citizens helps us to understand what levels of participation there are in the BID model. BID Sofielund is an example of a challenge in urban development when it explains that it wants to involve all parties in the process. BID is committed to give the community greater influence over policy making. However, the case study enables us to identify that there is a consultancy model in BID Sofielund according to Arnstein's ladder. It concludes that current policies in the BID model will need to address a number of important obstacles to community involvement in order to find ways of reconciling BIDs intention to give local people greater influence. The findings of this research, however, show that residents through the BID process can be able to influence and it indicates that it may be an opening for the residents to gain more power and "climbing on the ladder".

Šiame darbe, kuris gali būti įvardijamas kaip lyginamasis-teisinis kokybinis tyrimas, nagrinėjamas Jungtinėse Amerikos Valstijose, Europos Sąjungoje ir Lietuvos Respublikoje susiklostęs privalomo akcijų pardavimo teisinis reguliavimas. Darbu siekiama nustatyti privalomo akcijų pardavimo (pirkimo) teisinį reguliavimą bei jį įvertinti akcininko teisių užtikrinimo efektyvumo požiūriu identifikuojant pagrindines praktikoje bei teorijoje kylančias problemas. Darbe pristatomu tyrimu siekiama įvertinti privalomo akcijų pardavimo teisinį reguliavimą ne tik mažumos akcininkų, bet ir didžiojo akcininko teisių užtikrinimo efektyvumo aspektu. Tai daroma analizuojant ne tik privalomo akcijų pardavimo instituto tikslus, bet ir šiam institutui būdingas suderinamumo su nuosavybės teisės apsauga, teisingos kainos užtikrinimo bei kitas problemas. / This work, which could be defined as a comparative-legal qualitative study, analyses legal regulation of squeeze-out existent in United States of America, European Union and the Republic of Lithuania. This research aims at determining legal regulation of squeeze-out (sell-out) and to evaluate it with regard to the effective protection of shareholder’s rights by at the same time identifying main practical and theoretical problems. The research presented in this work is aimed at evaluating legal regulation of squeeze-out not only with regard to the effective protection of minority shareholders’ rights but with regard to the effective protection of majority shareholder’s rights as well. It is done not only by analyzing aims of the squeeze-out institute but also the major problems inherent to this legal institute such as compatibility with the protection of private property, determination of fair squeeze-out compensation etc.