Objetivos: Diversos trabalhos documentaram a associação entre o fumo ativo na gestação e a redução no peso,comprimento e perímetro cefálico dos recémnascidos. Porém, existem controvérsias quanto aos efeitos do fumo passivo. Esse estudo buscou colaborar na elucidação sobre os efeitos da exposição da gestante ao fumo nas medidas antropométricas do recém-nascido. Métodos: Estudo transversal, que incluiu 200 parturientes, identificando a intensidade da exposição das mesmas ao fumo através da mensuração da cotinina urinária e do auto-relato sobre seu hábito tabágico e de seus familiares,o que possibilitou categorizá-las em não fumantes, fumantes passivas e fumantes ativas e posterior comparação com as medidas antropométricas dos recémnascidos. Resultados: Encontramos uma diferença estatisticamente significativa no peso,quando comparamos as fumantes passivas às não fumantes, -152g (IC95%: -285 a -18;P=0,026) e a diferença encontrada nas fumantes ativas foi de - 159g (IC95%: -301 a -16; P=0,029), em relação às não fumantes. Na medida do comprimento, observou-se uma diferença significativa entre as fumantes passivas, -0,8cm (IC95%: -1,4 a -0,2;P=0,012) em relação às não fumantes, e entre as fumantes ativas a diferença foi de -1,0cm (IC95%: -1,6 a -0,3;P=0,003), quando comparado às não fumantes. Quanto à medida do perímetro cefálico, não foram observadas diferenças significativas quando os grupos, das fumantes passivas e fumantes ativas, foram comparados ao grupo das não fumantes. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que o fumo passivo durante a gestação pode apresentar efeitos semelhantes aos do fumo ativo nas medidas antropométricas dos recém-nascidos. / Objectives: Several studies have documented the association between active smoking during pregnancy to weight, height and head circumference reduction on newborns. However, there are controversies about the passive smoking. The present study sough the elucidation of the effects of tobacco exposition of pregnant women on anthropometric measurements of newborns. Methods: Cross-sectional study, including 200 in labor women, identifying the intensity of their exposition to tobacco through the measurement of urine cotinine and the self reported information about the smoking habit of their relatives and themselves, what allowed us to classify them as non-smokers, passive smokers and active smokers and later the comparison with the anthropometric measurements of newborns. Results: We found a statistically significant difference in weight when comparing passive smokers to non-smokers, -152g (CI 95%: -285 to –18; P=0.026) and the difference found on active smokers was - 159g (CI 95%: -301 to 16; P=0.029) when compared to non-smokers. On the height measurements, a significant difference was found within the group of passive smokers, -0,8 cm (CI 95%: -1,4 to -0.2; P=0.012) comparing to the non-smokers group, within the smokers group the difference was -1,0 cm (CI 95%: -1,6 to -0.3; P=0.003) when compared to nonsmokers. About the measurements of head circumference, no was found a significant difference when the passive smokers and active smokers group was compared to non-smokers group. Conclusions: The results suggest that the passive smoking during pregnancy may present similar effects as the active smoking on the anthropometric measurements of newborns.

This work is focused on physical activity, diet, daily routine and dietary habits of adolescents at two high schools in České Budějovice. In selected folder also finds occurence of obesity and anorexia. Research was attended by a total of 311 students aged 15 to 19 years. Each of the students has filled a questionnaire on nutrition and exercise and was subject to measure body weight, height and subcutaneous fat. Collected data were processed by BMI and BIA methods and then compared with data from measurements made in 2008. The results indicate 16% of overweight students and only 1% with obesity according to BMI method. BIA method measured 4% with obesity and 9% overweight. Compared to 2008 research there is decrease of students with obesity, but increased numbers with overweight.

In my thesis I am studying and analyzing a long time monitoring of physical growth of children from 6 to 15 years. There were selected children of both genders from the whole database monitoring children and there is noticed physical growth into individual growth curves. The evaluation of individuals was about these physical parameters: body height, body weight, Body Mass Index, abdominal circumference, gluteal circumference and subscapular skinfold.

O gene SHOX (short stature homeobox containing gene), expresso em altos níveis nas células osteogênicas, é fundamental para o desenvolvimento ósseo e para a determinação da altura. Haploinsuficiência do SHOX é responsável por vários fenótipos que envolvem a baixa estatura, como a síndrome de Turner, a discondrosteose de Léri-Weill e a baixa estatura idiopática. Cerca de dois terços das haploinsuficiências são causados por deleções. Neste trabalho, foi realizada uma comparação entre três técnicas para detecção de deleções do SHOX: a hibridação in situ com fluorescência (FISH), o estudo de microssatélites e o multiplex ligationdependent probe amplification (MLPA). Nos pacientes sem deleção do SHOX, foi realizado um rastreamento para identificação de mutações de ponto no gene que levassem à sua haploinsuficiência. Foram analisados seis pacientes com discondrosteose de Léri-Weill (DLW) e 20 com baixa estatura desproporcionada (BED). Na técnica de FISH, os cromossomos metafásicos obtidos a partir de cultura de linfócitos foram hibridados com o cosmídio LLNOYCO3M34F5. DNA genômico extraído a partir de leucócitos de sangue periférico foi submetido à análise de microssatélites e MLPA. Foram amplificados seis marcadores de microssatélites (repetições CA, DYS290, DXYS10093, DXYS10096, DXYS233 e DXYS234) e o MLPA foi realizado de acordo com as instruções dos kits SALSA MLPA P018-C1 e P018-D1 SHOX. Estes kits contêm oito sondas específicas para o gene SHOX e 13 para a área do SHOX, localizada a jusante do gene. O seqüenciamento direto da região codificadora do gene foi realizado nos pacientes sem deleção. Todos os pacientes com DLW apresentaram deleções envolvendo todo o gene. Entre os pacientes com BED, apenas um (5,0%) apresentou uma deleção intragênica envolvendo os exons 4, 5 e 6a. Os resultados das três metodologias foram concordantes na maioria dos casos, exceto em dois casos. No primeiro caso, inicialmente o FISH não identificou uma deleção envolvendo todos os éxons em um paciente com DLW. No segundo, uma deleção envolvendo os exons 4, 5 e 6a, identificada em uma paciente com BED, foi detectada apenas pelo MLPA. Ainda entre os pacientes com BED, três (15%) apresentaram deleção da região do marcador DXYS10096, a 3 do gene. Outros três (15%) pacientes apresentaram mutações de ponto identificadas pelo seqüenciamento direto: a mutação p.Tyr35X, que resulta na substituição de uma tirosina por um códon de parada prematuro; a p.Arg147His localizada na região do homeodomínio e a NM_000451:c.1236 -10T>C que se encontra a 10 nucleotídeos antes do início do éxon 5. Em uma comparação das três metodologias, o FISH foi considerado a técnica mais trabalhosa e com menor sensibilidade, levando até oito dias para sua realização. A análise por microssatélites requer o estudo dos progenitores, além de um grande número de marcadores para a análise de regiões extensas. O MLPA detectou todas as deleções, sendo considerada a metodologia mais sensível. Ele apresentou também menor custo e tempo de execução, além de possibilitar a estimativa do tamanho da deleção. Desta forma, o MLPA foi considerado a melhor metodologia para investigação inicial dos pacientes com DLW e BED. / The SHOX gene (short stature homeobox containing gene), expressed at high levels in osteogenic cells, is essential for bone development and growth process. SHOX haploinsufficiency is responsible for several phenotypes involving short stature, such as Turner syndrome, Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) and idiopathic short stature. Deletions are responsible for 2/3 of SHOX haploinsufficiency. In this study, a comparison among three techniques for detection of SHOX deletions: fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), microsatellites analysis and multiplex ligationdependent probe amplification (MLPA) was performed. A screening for point mutations that could lead to haploinsufficiency was performed in patients without SHOX deletion. Six patients with Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) and 20 with disproportionate short stature (DSS) were analyzed. FISH analysis was performed using the cosmid LLNOYCO3\"M\"34F5 and metaphase spreads obtained from lymphocytes culture. Genomic DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes was used to microsatellite and MLPA analysis. Six microsatellite markers (CA repeats, DYS290, DXYS10093, DXYS10096, DXYS233 and DXYS234) were amplified by PCR and MLPA was performed according to the manufacturers instructions for SALSA MLPA P018 and P018-C1-D1 SHOX kits. These kits contain 8 specific probes for SHOX gene and 13 for \"SHOX area, which is located downstream of the gene. The direct sequencing of entire encoding region was performed in patients with no SHOX deletions. All patients with LWD presented deletions involving the entire gene. One (5.0%) patient with DSS, presented an intragenic deletion involving exons 4, 5 and 6a. The results of the three methods were concordant in most cases, except in two cases. In the first case, a patient with DLW, the FISH did not identify a deletion involving all SHOX exons. In the second case, a deletion of exons 4, 5 and 6a in a patient with BED was identified only by MLPA. Other 3 (15%) DSS patients had deletion in SHOX area, in the DXYS10096 marker. Other three (15%) patients presented a point mutation identified by direct sequencing: p.Tyr35X, which replaces a tyrosine for a premature stop codon, p.Arg147His located in the homeodomain region and NM_000451: c.1236-10T> C which is 10 nucleotides before the exon 5. In a comparison of three methods, the FISH technique was considered the more laborious and less sensitive, taking until eight days to obtain the results. The microsatellite analysis requires the parents DNA study. In addition, several markers are essential for the analysis of extensive regions. The MLPA was considered the most sensitive methodology since it detected all deletions. It also presented lower cost and execution time, and allowed the estimation of the size of the deletion. Thus, the MLPA was considered the best approach for initial investigation of LWD and DSS patients.

Orientador: Elisabete Salay / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T15:18:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bleil_RozaneAparecidaToso_D.pdf: 1458939 bytes, checksum: a563a93ddf063960adcb463fc76ba60b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Em adolescentes, hábitos alimentares inadequados podem desencadear aumento de diversas doenças. Nessa fase, é necessário compreender as transformações em relação ao estado nutricional, para propor estratégias de ações efetivas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o estado nutricional e as práticas alimentares de adolescentes de município da região oeste paranaense. Foi analisada ainda a adesão do grupo em relação ao Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE). O estudo foi realizado com 167 adolescentes entre 10 e 18 anos, matriculados na rede pública de ensino do município de Toledo-Paraná, no ano de 2004. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos, de consumo alimentar, percepção corporal, desenvolvimento puberal, atividade física e informações sobre a alimentação distribuída nas unidades de ensino escolar. Para a análise do estado nutricional dos alunos, foi adotado o Índice de Massa Corporal - IMC e para a avaliação do consumo alimentar, o Recordatório Alimentar de 24 horas. Foi aplicado o teste de qui-quadrado para verificar associação entre estado nutricional e as variáveis: gênero, rendimentos familiares, maturação sexual, atividade física e ingestão de nutrientes. A análise de variância e o teste de Tukey foram realizados para verificar associação entre consumo alimentar e estado nutricional e o teste t-student para comparar a ingestão de nutrientes com a recomendação e detectar possíveis diferenças nas medidas referidas e aferidas de peso, estatura e IMC. Para avaliar a concordância entre as medidas referidas e aferidas, foi determinado o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse de Pearson (CCI), conforme faixa etária e gênero. As análises sobre a adesão ao PNAE foram baseadas no cálculo do Índice de Atendimento Efetivo (IAE) e na frequência de consumo da alimentação escolar. A aceitação foi medida pelo método da Escala Hedônica Facial. Os fatores analisados intervenientes na adesão ao programa foram: tipo de preparação, local, temperatura, tempo destinado ao consumo de alimentos na escola, e utensílios usados na alimentação escolar. Para todas as análises, foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. A prevalência de excesso de peso no grupo foi de 8,4%. O consumo de colesterol apresentou-se elevado no grupo das meninas com baixo peso e a ingestão de fibras foi menor no grupo com excesso de peso, em ambos os gêneros. A ingestão de cálcio e vitamina A foi significativamente menor que o recomendado. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas entre as variáveis faixa etária e gênero em relação às medidas de peso, estatura e IMC referidos e aferidos. Os resultados mostraram expressiva adesão dos alunos ao PNAE e entre os fatores que interferem na adesão ao programa, algumas preparações integrantes do cardápio devem ser revistas. As medidas referidas, especialmente a estatura, devem ser utilizadas com cuidado na avaliação do estado nutricional de adolescentes. Melhorias podem ser incorporadas ao PNAE para ampliar a adesão dos alunos ao programa. Sugere-se maior envolvimento dos gestores públicos na implementação de estratégias, com destaque para as medidas educativas passíveis de serem desenvolvidas no âmbito escolar, para que sejam corrigidos, em curto prazo, problemas nutricionais que podem comprometer a saúde desta população / Abstract: In adolescents, the inadequate nutritional habits can result in many diseases. During this phase, it is necessary to understand the changes associated to the adolescents' nutritional profile, in order to propose strategies of effective actions as well as improve their health. This study aimed at evaluating the nutritional status and food intake practices in adolescents from a western city of Paraná State. It was also analyzed the group's adhesion on the National School Meal Program (NSMP). The study was performed in 2004, with 167 adolescents from 10 to 18 years old, all enrolled on public schools in the city of Toledo, PR. Data as socioeconomic, anthropometric, food intake, corporeal perception, pubertal development, physical activity and information concerning meal distribution on the school units were collected. In order to analyze the students' nutritional status, it was applied the Body Mass Index (BMI) and to evaluate the food intake consume, the 24-hour diet recall. It was also used the qui-square test to verify any association between the nutritional status and its variables: gender, family income, sexual maturity, physical activity and nutrients intake. The analysis of variance and the Tukey test were done to verify the association between food intake and nutritional status, while the t-student test compared nutrients intake with the recommendation to detect possible differences on the self-reported and measures taken of weight, height and BMI. To evaluate the relation between the self-reported and measures taken, it was determined the Pearson intra-class correlation coefficient, according to the age group and gender. The analyses concerning NSMP adhesion were based on the Effective Assistance Index (EAI) and the school meal consumption frequency. The approval was measured by the facial hedonic method. In order to evaluate the factors that can interfere on the program adhesion, the following items were analyzed: food preparation type, place, temperature, time determined to the food intake and the utensils used on the school meals. It was chosen a significance level of 5% for all the analyses. The cholesterol intake was high for the girls' group, with low weight and the fiber intake was low in the overweight group in both gender. Calcium and vitamin A consumption was considered significantly bellow the recommended. No significant differences were observed between the variables age and gender regarding measures of weight, height and BMI, measured and self-reported. The results showed a significant adhesion of the students to NSMP and, among the factors that interfere on the program adhesion, there are some preparations in the menu which should be reviewed. The self-reported measures, mainly tallness, must be used with caution during the nutritional status evaluation in adolescents. Improvements can be incorporated to the NSMP in order to intensify the students' adhesion to the program. This research proposes a deeper commitment by the public executives to implement some strategies, highlighting educative measurements that can be developed in the school environment, so that nutritional problems can be corrected, in a short term, since they can harm this population health / Doutorado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

Three-dimensional (3D) whole body scanners are increasingly used as precise measuring tools for the rapid quantification of anthropometric measures in epidemiological studies. We analyzed 3D whole body scanning data of nearly 10,000 participants of a cohort collected from the adult population of Leipzig, one of the largest cities in Eastern Germany. We present a novel approach for the systematic analysis of this data which aims at identifying distinguishable clusters of body shapes called body types. In the first step, our method aggregates body measures provided by the scanner into meta-measures, each representing one relevant dimension of the body shape. In a next step, we stratified the cohort into body types and assessed their stability and dependence on the size of the underlying cohort. Using self-organizing maps (SOM) we identified thirteen robust meta-measures and fifteen body types comprising between 1 and 18 percent of the total cohort size. Thirteen of them are virtually gender specific (six for women and seven for men) and thus reflect most abundant body shapes of women and men. Two body types include both women and men, and describe androgynous body shapes that lack typical gender specific features. The body types disentangle a large variability of body shapes enabling distinctions which go beyond the traditional indices such as body mass index, the waist-to-height ratio, the waist-to-hip ratio and the mortality-hazard ABSI-index. In a next step, we will link the identified body types with disease predispositions to study how size and shape of the human body impact health and disease.

In the Czech Republic is born to 5 % of SGA / IUGR children, about 5, 000 children a year, and their incidence is increasing. In 10 - 15 % does not occur postnatal compensation growth acceleration and growth retardation is then further deepens. Since 2003, these children can be treated by recombinant growth hormone in supraphysiological doses. Master thesis brings informations about SGA / IUGR children and their growth parameters during the first 2 years from the beginning of treatment when the monitoring was carried out at three - month intervals. The results are compared with the group of patients treated with growth hormone for growth hormone deficiency. Growth data was processed by a group of 57 SGA / IUGR children, which was compared with data of 34 children with growth hormone deficiency treated between 2003-2015 with growth hormone. Treatment of both groups of patients was carried out by a suitable therapeutic protocol, with the dose of GH by the respective diagnosis. These parameters were monitored: body height and weight, growth rate, BMI and weight - height ratio of patients. SGA / IUGR and GHD patients showed different growth profile in the initial phase of treatment when GHD patients had higher acceleration peak after 3 months of starting treatment and steeper increase in growth rate....

No / OBJECTIVE: To describe the growth pattern from birth to 2 years of UK-born white British and Pakistani infants. DESIGN: Birth cohort. SETTING: Bradford, UK. PARTICIPANTS: 314 white British boys, 383 Pakistani boys, 328 white British girls and 409 Pakistani girls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Weight and length trajectories based on repeat measurements from birth to 2 years. RESULTS: Linear spline multilevel models for weight and length with knot points at 4 and 9 months fitted the data well. At birth Pakistani boys were 210 g lighter (95% CI -290 to -120) and 0.5 cm shorter (-1.04 to 0.02) and Pakistani girls were 180 g lighter (-260 to -100) and 0.5 cm shorter (-0.91 to -0.03) than white British boys and girls, respectively. Pakistani infants gained length faster than white British infants between 0 and 4 months (+0.3 cm/month (0.1 to 0.5) for boys and +0.4 cm/month (0.2 to 0.6) for girls) and gained more weight per month between 9 and 24 months (+10 g/month (0 to 30) for boys and +30 g/month (20 to 40) for girls). Adjustment for maternal height attenuated ethnic differences in weight and length at birth, but not in postnatal growth. Adjustment for other confounders did not explain differences in any outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Pakistani infants were lighter and had shorter predicted mean length at birth than white British infants, but gained weight and length quicker in infancy. By age 2 years both ethnic groups had similar weight, but Pakistani infants were on average taller than white British infants.

9 Abstract Aim of the study. In mammals, including humans, the dominance of maternal influence on fetal size is manifesting. The main known limits from non-genetic components causing the physiological variation of the birth weight are maternal skeletal dimensions (body height and weight) and parity. The main aim of our study is to analyze the relationships between maternal height, maternal weight at the beginning and at the end of gravidity, and anthropometric parameters of a newborn. Data and Methods. Our study is based on transversal anthropometric data of 201 newborns (92 boys, 109 girls) born in Regional Hospital Kladno during one year (from September 2010 till August 2011), and their mothers. In one set of newborns (n = 156) 24 different body sizes were measured in detail. In the second group (n = 45) only birth weight, birth length and head circumference of the newborn were registered. Somatic characteristic of mothers were gathered by questionnaire. Results. The average value of the birth weight of newborns (boys: x = 3 318 g, girls: x = 3 232 g), maternal height ( x = 167,3 cm) and maternal pregravid weight ( x = 64,7 kg) correspond to the reference values. The maternal average age is 29,9 years. Statistically significant dependence can be seen between the birth weight and birth length of a newborn...

Aim: To examine the relationship between reported vigorous physical activity (VPA) and body mass index (BMI) in children (6–7 years) and adolescents (13–14 years). Methods: In the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase Three, 75 895 children's parents and 199 502 adolescents answered questions relating to VPA, height and weight. The association between VPA and BMI was analysed using general linear models, adjusting for country gross national index. Results: Compared to children who undertook no VPA, those in the infrequent group (once or twice per week) and those in the frequent group (three or more times per week) had mean (95% CI) BMI values 0.07 kg/m 2 (0.03–0.11) and 0.09 kg/m 2 (0.03–0.15) greater, respectively (p = 0.001). Compared to adolescents reporting no VPA, those in the infrequent group had a BMI 0.19 kg/m 2 (0.15–0.23) greater while those in the frequent group had a BMI 0.01 kg/m 2 (−0.03–0.05) greater (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Reported VPA is not associated with lower BMI among children and adolescents. Investigation of VPA and BMI may be best undertaken in conjunction with other variables in the energy expenditure equation. A focus on VPA alone may be an inefficient way to manage BMI. / Revisión por pares