Momentous choices and opportunities have opened up in South Africa since a settlement was successfully negotiated and a new political and constitutional dispensation was created. Events such as the constitutional negotiations and the establishment of reconstruction and development initiatives have placed a renewed emphasis on development management, process facilitation and the development of policy. This study provides an overview of the broad field of policy studies and specifically focuses on policy process models. In particular, this study centres on the further development of the generic process model and provides an overview of the application thereof to the operational environment. From this, simulation exercises and case study material have been developed as policy learning methodologies. Institutional arrangements for policy processes and the institutionalisation of policy and related support capacities at intergovernmental and organisational level receive particular attention. The study demonstrates the application of the generic process model by applying the framework to a case study based on the provincial demarcation exercise. This study concludes that policy management, as a cross-cutting, lateral methodology, in conjunction with similar methodologies, such as strategic planning, research methodology and project management, should be regarded as a critical tool, by the academic community and development practitioners alike, for improving the decision-making capacity of government, the private sector and civil society. / D.Litt. et Phil. (Development Administration)

Ce travail de recherche porte sur la diffusion de la stratégie au sein de la banque. En effet, nous avons cherché à déterminer les étapes clés de la mise en évidence d’un processus de diffusion au sein de la banque, de déterminer les freins que peuvent rencontrés les banquiers lors de ce processus et d’évaluer leur impact sur la mise en oeuvre de la stratégie. En effet, la diffusion est le processus par lequel la stratégie est déclinée à travers toute la banque. Or, la compréhension et le soutien qu’accordent les membres de la banque dépendent, entre autres, du processus grâce auquel iles en prennent connaissance. C’est pourquoi, l’étude de la diffusion apparait pertinente. Ainsi, comprendre en profondeur le processus de la diffusion en termes de modalités et de contenus, nous a permis de détecter les éléments qui peuvent freiner le développement d’une représentation stratégique partagée et comprise par l’ensemble de la banque, de la stratégie envisagée, et influencer la qualité de la mise en oeuvre. Notre analyse s’est essentiellement basée sur une démarche abductive qui consiste à procéder par allers retours entre théorie et terrain et qui nous a permis de renforcer la validité de notre cadre conceptuel et de le compléter par les éléments de notre analyse des cas. Au final, nous avons détecté un ensemble de freins à la diffusion de la stratégie au sein de la banque qui sont essentiellement : la sur information, les capacités cognitives, la résistance au changement, la nature de la stratégie et le nombre des niveaux hiérarchiques et dont l’impact le plus marquant est le dérapage de la mise en oeuvre. / This study deals with the communication of strategy within the banking sector. Our aim was to highlight the key steps involved in the communication process of banks, identify the challenges faced by bankers regarding that process and assess their role in the promotion of the strategy. Indeed, communication is the channel through which the strategy will be spread throughout the bank. Yet, the understanding and defense of the strategy by the employees, greatly depends on the way it has been conveyed to them; hence the importance and relevance of communication studies. Thus, a deep understanding of communication processes in terms of form as well as content, allowed us to pinpoint the elements that might prevent the development of a common strategic representation, understood by all, and affect the quality of its implementation. Our study is essentially based on an abductive approach that consists in going back and forth between theory and confirmation on the field. This method allowed us to strengthen the validity of our conceptual framework and supplement it with examples derived from our study case. In the end, we came up with the conclusion that many elements prevent the good circulation of strategy information within a bank. The main ones being: over-information, cognitive capacities, the resistance to change, the nature of the strategy as well as the number of hierarchical levels whose most striking consequence is the failure of implementation.

Gleichgewichtsstörungen und Stürze gehören zu den wichtigsten Symptomen der Parkinson Krankheit (PD). Bei jungen PD-Patienten werden diese Probleme durch Nebenwirkungen der Medikation zusätzlich verstärkt. Aufgrund des noch sehr limitierten Verständnisses der zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen, die zum erhöhten Sturzrisiko bei jungen PD-Patienten beitragen, mangelt es derzeit an alternativen und effektiven bewegungsbasierten Therapien, um diese Sturzgefahr zu verringern. Diese Arbeit zielt darauf ab, solche Mechanismen zu identifizieren und eine effektive Methode zur Früherkennung des Sturzrisikos bei jungen PD-Patienten zu entwickeln. Es wurde der Beitrag der zentralen und peripheren neuromuskulären sowie sensomotorischen Fähigkeiten, dynamischen Stabilitätskontrolle und Anpassungsfähigkeit der Fortbewegung auf die Sturzrate junger PD-Patienten mittels eines Vergleichs zwischen gesunden Probanden und jungen PD-Patienten mit und ohne Sturzerfahrung (Fallers vs. Non-Fallers) untersucht. Der Vergleich zeigte, dass die PD-Fallers zentral begründete Defizite in der Muskelkraft ihrer Beinstrecker aufwiesen sowie eine verringerte Abfangleistung nach simulierten Vorwärtsstürzen. Die Parameter „Muskelkraft“ und „Annäherung an die vordere Stabilitätsgrenze“ identifizieren gemeinsam 90% der Fälle junger PD-Faller. PD-Patienten zeigten auch eine uneingeschränkte prädiktive Anpassungsfähigkeit auf Gangstörungen, aber ein weniger stabiles Gangmuster und weniger effektive reaktive Antworten auf wiederholte Gangstörungen im Vergleich zu Kontrollpersonen. Diese Arbeit stellt relevante Informationen dar, die für die Entwicklung von alternativen nicht-medikamentösen Therapien zur Reduzierung des Sturzrisikos bei jungen PD-Patienten nützlich sind. Darüber hinaus wurde eine akkurate Methode zur Früherkennung von jungen PD-Patienten mit einem erhöhen Sturzrisiko erarbeitet. Diese Patienten könnten von Training der Beinstrecker und der dynamischen Stabilität profitieren. / Postural instability and falls are some of the main symptoms associated with the Parkinson`s disease (PD). In early-onset patients (diagnosed before the age of 51) these problems are worsened by medication-related side-effects. There is a lack of effective exercise-based training interventions to reduce the risk of falling due to our limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms contributing to falls in early-onset PD. The present thesis aims to identify those mechanisms responsible for falls and to develop a sensitive method of assessment for the early discrimination of patients at risk of falling in early-onset PD. We investigated the contribution of central and peripheral neuromuscular and sensory-motor capacities, dynamic stability control and locomotor adaptability to the increased risk of falling in young PD patients by means of comparing healthy controls and early-onset PD fallers and non-fallers. The comparison revealed that PD fallers have central originated deficits in leg extensors` muscle strength - evidenced by increased antagonistic moments and activation deficit of the agonists - and a reduced increase of the base of support in response to simulated forward falls, both resulting in decreased recovery performance. The factors “muscle strength” and “approach to the anterior limit of stability” together could correctly classify 90% of the PD fallers. In addition, while young PD patients showed unaltered predictive adaptability to gait perturbations, they exhibited less stable gait patterns and less effective reactive responses to repeated gait perturbations compared to controls. This thesis provides relevant information for the development of alternative non-medication based therapies aiming to reduce falls in early-onset PD and an accurate assessment tool for the early identification of young patients at a high risk of falling. These patients may benefit from leg-extensors'' strengthening and dynamic stability training.

La tesi s'estructura al voltant de dues grans finalitats: la primera és identificar les destreses i capacitats professionals, basades en l'educació per a la sostenibilitat, necessàries per als educadors no formals que treballen en ciutats històriques. La segona consisteix en aportar un procés avaluatiu -dirigit a la finalitat anterior- d'un programa educatiu en funcionament: el Programa d'educació ambiental i coneixement de la ciutat de l'Ajuntament de Girona. S'aporten uns resultats per al cas d'estudi -punts forts, punts febles i propostes de millora- que poden induir als canvis i a la transformació del Programa. Quant a la formació d'educadors en ciutats històriques, s'identifiquen dotze àmbits formatius i seixanta-cinc destreses i capacitats professionals per a la seva formació. Els àmbits formatius són els següents: comunicació; dinamització de grups; pensament crític; visió holística de la realitat; compromís amb l'entorn; valors per a la sostenibilitat; visió històrica i patrimonial del medi; visió de futur del medi; metodologies i habilitats docents; avaluació i investigació; teories i pràctiques de l'educació per a la sostenibilitat; coneixements disciplinaris. Els àmbits i les destreses i capacitats professionals són justificats a partir dels resultats del cas d'estudi i dels marcs teòrics utilitzats en el desenvolupament de la investigació. / This dissertation is structured around two purposes: the first one is to identify the skills and professional capacities, based on education for sustainability, that the non formal educators which work in historical cities must possess. The second one, consists of contributing an evaluation process - addressed to the first purpose - of an educational running program: the Environmental Education and Knowledge of the City Program, belonging to the council of Girona.The results for the case study are contributed - strong points, weak points and proposals to improve -, and they can induce to change and transformation of the Program. Related to educators training in historical cities, twelve formative fields and sixty-five skills and professional capacities are identified. The formative fields are the following: communication; groups invigorating; critical thinking; holistic vision of reality; commitment with environment; values for sustainability; holistic and patrimonial sight of environment; future view of environment; methodologies and abilities for teaching; evaluation and research; theories and practices of education for sustainability; disciplinary knowledge. The formative fields, skills and professional capacities, are justified starting from the results of the case study and the theoretical framework used in the research development.

Momentous choices and opportunities have opened up in South Africa since a settlement was successfully negotiated and a new political and constitutional dispensation was created. Events such as the constitutional negotiations and the establishment of reconstruction and development initiatives have placed a renewed emphasis on development management, process facilitation and the development of policy. This study provides an overview of the broad field of policy studies and specifically focuses on policy process models. In particular, this study centres on the further development of the generic process model and provides an overview of the application thereof to the operational environment. From this, simulation exercises and case study material have been developed as policy learning methodologies. Institutional arrangements for policy processes and the institutionalisation of policy and related support capacities at intergovernmental and organisational level receive particular attention. The study demonstrates the application of the generic process model by applying the framework to a case study based on the provincial demarcation exercise. This study concludes that policy management, as a cross-cutting, lateral methodology, in conjunction with similar methodologies, such as strategic planning, research methodology and project management, should be regarded as a critical tool, by the academic community and development practitioners alike, for improving the decision-making capacity of government, the private sector and civil society. / D.Litt. et Phil. (Development Administration)

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Essa política se encontra no arcabouço jurídico-institucional (lei e sistema) Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), Lei Federal nº 8.069/1990, voltada para a proteção integral de crianças e adolescentes até 18 anos de idade e, em condições especiais, entre 18 e 21 anos. O estudo de base analíticodocumental tem como objetivo a análise qualitativa da política socioeducativa de direitos, observando os quesitos sobre o cumprimento das decisões judiciais, quando inserida em programas socioeducativos, tomando como referência os aspectos da execução, natureza, tipologia, modalidades e financiamento. A abordagem qualitativa segundo Minayo (2007(a)) aprofunda-se no mundo dos significados, o qual deve ser exposto e interpretado primeiramente pelos próprios sujeitos pesquisados. Na presente investigação, a observação e a análise documental com pesquisa de campo (entrevistas semiestruturadas) embasaram a compreensão e a síntese desta. Para a consecução da análise foram entrevistados: conselheiros municipais dos direitos da criança e do adolescente, conselheiros tutelares, educadores do Centro de Referência Socioeducativo e a Secretária Municipal de Assistência Social e Cidadania. As entrevistas foram consideradas a base empírica da pesquisa, quando foram destacados os limites e as capacidades apresentadas pelos sujeitos entrevistados na concretização da proteção integral e, nesse sentido, possibilitaram apreender as convergências e divergências indicadas na sua atuação prática. / This research deals with the socio educational policy of rights for adolescents in conflict with the law, and it is focused on the socio educational measures in Maringá, a city in the Northwest of Paraná state. This policy is part of the Statute of the Child and Adolescent, whose basis is the law and system, and it is stated in the Federal Law # 8.069/1990, which is based on the integral protection of children and adolescents, until the age of eighteen and, in special conditions, for those who are between 18 to 21 years old. The study, based on analysis of documents, aims at the qualitative analysis of the socio educational policy of rights, observing the issues regarding the obedience to judicial decisions, when it is inserted in socio educational programs, taking into account their execution, nature, type, modality and financial aspects. According to Minayo (2007a), the qualitative approach goes deeply into the world of meanings, which must be shown and firstly interpreted by its own subjects. In the current investigation, observation and documental analysis, in addition to field research (semi structured interviews), were the basis for its understanding and synthesis. To carry out the analysis, city counselors for the right of children and adolescents were interviewed, as well as tutelary authorities and social educators from the Reference Center of Socio Education and from Municipal Socio-Citizenship Assistance Secretary. The interviews, considered the empirical basis of the research, when the limits and capacities of the interviewed subjects were mentioned, enabled to apprehend the agreements and disagreements indicated in their practical actions. / Esta investigación aborda La política socioeducativa de derechos para el adolescente em conflicto com La ley, com enfasis em lãs medidas socioeducativas ejecutadas em el município de Maringá, ubicado em La región Norte Del Estyado de Paraná. Esa política se encuentra em el marco jurídico-institucional (ley e sistema) Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), Lei Federal nº 8.069/1990, volcada para La protección integral de niños y adolescentes hasta los 18 años de edad y, em condiciones especiales, entre 18 y 21 años. El estudio de base analítico-documental tiene como objetivo el análisis cualitativo de la política socioeducativa de derechos, observando los quesitos respecto el cumplimiento de las decisiones judiciales, cuando inserto en programas socioeducativos, considerando los aspectos de la ejecución, naturaleza, tipologia, modalidades y financiamento. El abordaje cualitativo segundo Minayo (2007a) profundizase en el mundo de los significados, el cual debe ser expuesto e interpretado primeramente por los propios sujetos investigados. En la presente investigación, la observación y el análisis documental con el abordaje en el campo (entrevistas semiestruturadas) fueron la base de la comprensión y de la síntesis del trabajo. Para la consecucióndel análisis fueron entrevistados: consejeros municipales de los derechos de la infancia y la adolescencia, consewjereos tutelares, educadores del Centro de Referencia Socioeducativo y de la Secretaria Municipal de Asistencia Social y Cidadania. Las entrevistas fueron consideradas la base empírica de la investigación, de donde se destacaron los limites y las capacidades apresentados por los sujetos entrevistados para la concreción de la protección integral y, en ese sentido, posibilitaron apreender las convergencias y divergencias indicadas en su actuación práctica.

Alors que nous faisons face à une crise biologique majeure, acteurs institutionnel et ONGs exhortent les entreprises à s’engager pour enrayer cette érosion écologique. L’objectif de la thèse est d’analyser, évaluer et faire évoluer la contribution potentielle des entreprises à la conservation de la biodiversité dans le cadre de leur responsabilité sociétale (RSE).Un cadre d’analyse est développé pour évaluer la prise en charge par une entreprise de ses responsabilités écologiques en termes de moyens – les initiatives RSE a priori favorables à la biodiversité mises en œuvre – et de résultats – la compatibilité des activités de l’entreprise avec la conservation de la biodiversité. Après avoir caractérisé les initiatives RSE à partir de l’étude d’engagements d’entreprises endossés comme contributions à la Stratégie nationale pour la biodiversité, une méthode est proposée pour détecter si les activités d’une entreprise sont écologiquement non-durables. Le postulat est que le respect des capacités de charge des écosystèmes est un prérequis à la conservation effective de la biodiversité. Cette méthode, adaptée de l’évaluation environnementale absolue de la durabilité, est appliquée, dans le cadre de deux projets de recherche-intervention, au portfolio alimentaire du Groupe Casino et au cycle de vie de deux installations de stockage de déchets dangereux de SARP Industries. Des orientations stratégiques visant à éviter-réduire-compenser les pressions non durables sont proposées. Soulignant l’importance de renforcer la prise en charge des pressions étendues, cette thèse ouvre plus largement des perspectives pour les secteurs d’activité et les politiques publiques. / As we are experiencing a major biological crisis, institutional actors and NGOs are calling on businesses to engage efforts aiming at halting biodiversity loss. The objective of the thesis is to analyze and evaluate the potential contribution of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to biodiversity conservation.A framework is developed to analyze to which extent a company takes in charge its ecological responsibilities. After characterizing CSR initiatives based on the case study of business commitments to contribute to the French National Biodiversity Strategy, a method is proposed to test whether business activities exert unsustainable pressures on ecosystems. It is assumed that compatibility with ecosystems’ carrying capacities is a prerequisite for effective biodiversity conservation. This method, adapted from the “absolute environmental sustainability assessment” (AESA) approach, is applied in the context of research-intervention projects to the food portfolio of the mass-market retailer Groupe Casino and to the life cycle of two facilities of SARP Industrie specialized in the disposal and storage of hazardous waste. The comparison of the company’s environmental footprints with the ecological constraints is used to draw a comprehensive strategy based on the mitigation hierarchy. As our results highlight the opportunity to strengthen the management of extended pressures through CSR, possible implications for sectors and public policies are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROOSEVELT_SANCHES_ADM.pdf: 1378079 bytes, checksum: fa37b3db39ed63f756ec0c1e4b9efbb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-09 / This is a descriptive study to verify if the strategic alliances generate sustainable competitive advantages in the sector of the civil construction, more specifically in the real estate companies and builders of residential property. To do this study, it was necessary to review the literature about the variable of the subject, and to develop the research in field by an application of quantitative approach utilizing a questionnaire for the information gathered on site. The sample was chosen by convenience consisting of 25 answers sheet sent by the executives of companies located within the metropolitan region of the city of São Paulo - SP, Brazil. The data collected were treated statistically by the model of the Exact Test of Fisher, for verifying the relationships between the variables of the problem: sustainable competitive advantages and strategic alliances. The objectives of this study, general, and specific, were achieved and was noted: that the companies researched indicated that they have made strategic alliances; that these strategic alliances were formally agreed with an apparent integration of activities between the partners; that the motivations and reasons of the companies researched, to have done the strategic alliances, are related by resources and complementary capacities; and that the sustainable competitive advantages achieved by the companies research should be related mainly with strategies for leadership of cost, for differentiation of products, and in the focus in market segments and product lines. The statistical analysis indicates a significant relationship between sustainable competitive advantages and strategic alliances. From an academic perspective, the study has its limitations of methodological and theoretical order and the results apply only to the company s components of the sample, and not with generalization or comparing to another company. / Este é um estudo descritivo para verificar se alianças estratégicas geram vantagens competitivas sustentáveis no setor da construção civil, mais especificamente das empresas incorporadoras e construtoras de imóveis residenciais. O estudo contou com o levantamento de referencial teórico sobre as variáveis do tema, e a pesquisa foi desenvolvida em campo pela aplicação de método quantitativo utilizando-se de um questionário para a coleta de dados. A amostra foi escolhida por conveniência constituindo-se de 25 respostas enviadas por executivos de empresas estabelecidas na região metropolitana da cidade de São Paulo SP. Os dados coletados foram tratados estatisticamente pelo modelo do Teste Exato de Fisher, para verificar os relacionamentos significativos entre as variáveis do problema: vantagens competitivas sustentáveis e alianças estratégicas. Os objetivos da pesquisa, geral, e específicos, foram alcançados constando-se: que as empresas pesquisadas indicam que têm feito alianças estratégicas; que estas alianças estratégicas têm sido formais e com aparente integração de atividades entre os parceiros; que os motivos das empresas pesquisadas para a constituição das alianças estratégicas parecem estar relacionados à obtenção de recursos e capacidades complementares; e que as vantagens competitivas sustentáveis decorrentes das alianças estratégicas feitas pelas empresas pesquisadas devem estar relacionadas principalmente com: estratégias para liderança de custo; para diferenciação de produtos; e no foco em segmentos de mercado e em linhas de produto. A análise estatística indica que pode haver relacionamento significativo entre vantagens competitivas sustentáveis e alianças estratégicas. O estudo apresenta limitações de ordem teórica e metodológica, ressaltando que seus resultados aplicam-se somente às empresas componentes da amostra, não podendo ser generalizados para nenhuma outra empresa.

L’éthyl tert-butyl éther (ETBE) et le méthyl tert-butyl éther (MTBE) sont des éthers carburants utilisés comme additifs dans les essences sans plomb. Du fait de leur utilisation massive, de nombreux cas de pollutions d’aquifères ont été répertoriés, en particulier pour le MTBE, et ces composés représentent donc un risque sanitaire potentiel. Des travaux récents ont permis de mettre en évidence différents micro-organismes capables de dégrader ces composés malgré leur faible biodégradabilité dans l'environnement. Néanmoins, une meilleure compréhension de l'écologie et de la régulation de ces capacités de dégradation permettrait une meilleure gestion de la bioremédiation de sites contaminés par l'ETBE ou le MTBE.L’objectif de la thèse, réalisée dans le cadre d'un projet ANR Blanc (MiOxyFun), est de mieux comprendre l'écologie des communautés microbiennes impliquées dans la dégradation de ces éthers et leur relation avec la régulation ainsi qu'avec les cinétiques de dégradation de ces composés par des membres spécifiques de ces communautés. Ainsi, à partir de différents échantillons environnementaux venant de sites pollués par l'ETBE ou le MTBE, des enrichissements ont pu être réalisés en laboratoire afin d'étudier leurs microflores. Ces enrichissements ont été étudiés notamment pour leurs cinétiques de dégradation, la composition de leurs communautés bactériennes, et pour l'isolement de souches bactériennes directement impliquées dans la dégradation de ces composés. L'étude des cinétiques de dégradation de l'ETBE ou du MTBE par différents enrichissements obtenus sur ETBE (cinq) et sur MTBE (six) a permis de montrer des profils de dégradation très différents. La dégradation était généralement lente et s'accompagnait d'un faible rendement en biomasse avec parfois accumulation transitoire de tert-butanol (TBA). Les capacités de dégradation d'autres composés des essences (BTEXs et n-alcanes) étaient aussi différentes d'un enrichissement à l'autre, le benzène, entre autres, étant dégradé par 10/11 enrichissements. Des techniques d'empreinte moléculaire (RISA, DGGE) ont permis de constater que les communautés bactériennes présentes dans les cinq enrichissements sur ETBE étaient différentes de celles sur les enrichissements sur MTBE. Les enrichissements sur ETBE ont fait spécifiquement l'objet d'une étude par analyse de banques de clones réalisées à partir des gènes codant l'ARNr 16S de ces enrichissements. Cette étude a montré la prédominance des Proteobacteria dans trois enrichissements, la prédominance des Acidobacteria dans un autre ainsi qu'une composition plus héterogène dans le cinquième. De plus, des Actinobacteria ont été détectées dans les 5 enrichissements.En parallèle, plusieurs souches possédant des capacités de dégradation ont été isolées des enrichissements: Rhodococcus sp. IFP 2040, IFP 2041, IFP 2042, IFP 2043 (dégradant l'ETBE jusqu'au TBA), une Betaproteobacteria IFP 2047 (dégradant l'ETBE), Bradyrhizobium sp. IFP 2049 (dégradant le TBA), Pseudonocardia sp. IFP 2050 (dégradant l'ETBE et le MTBE), Pseudoxanthomonas sp. IFP 2051 et une Proteobacteria IFP 2052 (dégradant le MTBE). Une étude par qPCR sur les gènes codant l'ARNr 16S a montré la prédominance de certaines souches isolées dans les enrichissements ETBE. Enfin, plusieurs gènes connus comme étant impliqués dans la dégradation des éthers carburants ont pu être mis en évidence dans les enrichissements et dans certaines des souches isolées. / ETBE and MTBE are fuel oxygenates added to unleaded gasoline to improve combustion. Due to their extensive use, numerous aquifers have been contaminated, particularly by MTBE. The use of ETBE and MTBE is considered to represent an environmental risk. Recent research has uncovered a range of microorganisms capable of degrading these compounds, even though their environmental half-lives are long. Improved understanding of the ecology and regulation of this degradative ability could improve the management of the ETBE and MTBE contaminated site remediation. The aim of this work, taking place in the framework of the ANR project MiOxyFun was to investigate the ecology of ETBE- and MTBE-degrading microbial communities and their relationship to the regulation and kinetics of ETBE- and MTBE-degradation by specific members of these communities. Several ETBE- and MTBE-degrading microbial communities were enriched in the laboratory from environmental samples from contaminated sites throughout the world. These enrichments were examined for their degradation kinetics, microbial community structure, and used to isolate specific community members actively degrading ETBE and/or MTBE. The ETBE or MTBE biodegradation kinetics of the five ETBE- and six MTBE- degrading enrichments demonstrated a diversity of biodegradation rates. Overall, biodegradation was generally slow and associated to a low biomass yield. Tert-butanol (TBA) was transiently produced in several cases. Biodegradation of other gasoline compounds (BTEXs and n-alkanes) was tested and varied among the enrichments studied. Benzene, however, was degraded in 10 out of the 11 enrichments. DNA fingerprinting techniques (RISA, DGGE) showed that the microflora present in the five ETBE enrichments were different from those of the MTBE enrichments. The ETBE enrichments were studied further by sequencing the 16S rRNA genes extracted, amplified and cloned from these enrichments. Proteobacteria dominated three of the ETBE enrichments, Acidobacteria in another one, and a more heterogeneous composition was found in the fifth ETBE enrichment. Actinobacteria were detected in all five enrichments. Several strains with ETBE or MTBE degradation capacities were isolated: Rhodococcus sp. IFP 2040, IFP 2041, IFP 2042, IFP 2043 (degrading ETBE to TBA),a Betaproteobacteria IFP 2047 (degrading ETBE), Bradyrhizobium sp. IFP 2047 (degrading TBA), Pseudonocardia sp. IFP 2050 (degrading ETBE and MTBE), Pseudoxanthomonas sp. IFP 2051 and a Proteobacteria IFP 2052 (degrading MTBE). Quantification of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed the relatively high number of these isolates in some of the ETBE enrichments. Several genes involved in ETBE and/or MTBE biodegradation were detected in some of the enrichments and in some of the isolated strains.

Abstract The main purpose of this study has been to examine the working life correspondence of education both theoretically and empirically. In this study, three different conceptual interpretations have been used to define working life correspondence: interpretation emphasizing the know-how needs of the working life, interpretation emphasizing the educational expectations of the working life and the interpretation emphasizing the career development of the individual. This phenomenon has been studied from the point of view of computer science education in particular. The interpretations emphasizing know-how needs and educational expectations are examined using gap analysis. The correspondence between the know-how capacities and the educational expectations is significantly different from that between the know-how capacities and the know-how needs. The gaps between the individual’s know-how capacities and the educational expectations are clearly more positive, less dependent upon external factors closely related to the respondent and there was considerably less variation among them than between the know-how capacities and the know-how needs. The results showed that the know-how needs of working life are very heterogeneous and strongly dependent on the external factors relating closely to the individual. The educational expectations were shown to be very homogeneous. Therefore it seems natural that the development of the contents of instructions and the structure of the education – particularly in the case of the compulsory core contents – should be based on the very homogeneous and independent educational expectations of the working life. In the light of the results, the educational expectations point of view brings a completely new and significant perspective to the examination of the working life correspondence and the effectiveness of the education, as well as the development of the contents of instruction. In terms of explaining and anticipating student satisfaction, the results turned out to be interesting. The results showed that learning results, the age of the respondent and the satisfaction in studying are significantly interconnected. The most significant external factor anticipating satisfaction in the field of computer science was the career development of an individual, which refers to the long-term effects of the education. In terms of method, this study was conducted as field research with the help of a questionnaire. The target group were students who had graduated from the department of Information Processing Science of the University of Oulu from 1976 through 2006. The questionnaire was sent to a total of 680 persons, 210 of whom replied. This was 31.3 % of the entire target group. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen pääasiallisena tarkoituksena on ollut tutkia sekä teoreettisesti että empiirisesti ilmiötä ”koulutuksen työelämävastaavuus”. Tutkimuksessa koulutuksen työelämävastaavuudelle on määritelty kolme erilaista käsitteellistä tulkintaa: työelämän osaamistarpeita korostava tulkinta, työelämän koulutusodotuksia korostava tulkinta sekä yksilön urakehitystä korostava tulkinta. Ilmiötä on tarkasteltu erityisesti tietojenkäsittelytieteiden koulutuksen näkökulmasta. Osaamistarpeita korostavassa tulkinnassa työelämävastaavuutta voidaan tarkastella osaamistarpeiden ja koulutuksen tuottamien osaamisvalmiuksien vastaavuutena. Koulutusodotuksia korostavassa tulkinnassa työelämävastaavuutta voidaan vastaavasti tarkastella koulutusodotusten ja koulutuksen tuottamien osaamisvalmiuksien vastaavuutena. Urakehitystä korostava tulkinta tarkoittaa sitä, kuinka hyvin koulutuksen tuottamat osaamisvalmiudet tukevat yksilön urakehitystä. Osaamistarpeita ja koulutusodotuksia korostavia työelämävastaavuuden tulkintoja on tarkastelu kuiluanalyysin avulla. Osaamisvalmiuksien ja koulutusodotusten keskinäinen vastaavuus poikkeaa merkittävästi osaamisvalmiuksien ja osaamistarpeiden vastaavuudesta. Osaamisvalmiuksien ja koulutusodotusten väliset kuilut ovat selvästi positiivisempia, riippumattomia vastaajaan kiinteästi liittyvistä ulkoisista tekijöistä ja niiden vaihtelu huomattavasti vähäisempää kuin osaamisvalmiuksien ja osaamistarpeiden välisten kuilujen tapauksessa. Koulutuksen vaikutuksia yksilön urakehitykseen ei ollut mahdollisuuksia tutkia, joskin ammattiryhmäkohtaiset kuiluanalyysien tulokset osoittivat, että muodollinen koulutus ei kykene tuottamaan yksilön urakehityksen myötä laajenevia ja kasvavia osaamistarpeita. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että työelämän osaamistarpeet ovat hyvin heterogeenisia ja ne ovat vahvasti riippuvaisia yksilöön kiinteästi liittyvistä ulkoisista tekijöistä. Tämä osaamistarpeiden heterogeenisuus muodostuu ongelmaksi tarvelähtöisen koulutuksen työelämävastaavuuden kehittämisessä. Sen sijaan koulutusodotukset osoittautuivat hyvin homogeenisiksi. Todella merkittävä havainto on nimenomaan se, että koulutusodotukset eivät ole yksilön osaamistarpeiden johdannaisia eivätkä lainkaan riippuvaisia vastaajien taustatekijöistä, vaan ne perustuvat mitä ilmeisimmin vastaajien näkemyksiin tietojenkäsittelytieteiden ydinalueista ja sisällöistä. Siksi tuntuu luonnolliselta, että opetussisältöjen ja rakenteen kehittäminen – etenkin pakollisten ydinsisältöjen osalta – tulisi perustua työelämän hyvin homogeenisiin ja riippumattomiin koulutusodotuksiin. Tulosten valossa koulutusodotusnäkökulma tuo täysin uuden ja merkittävän näkökulman koulutuksen työelämävastaavuuden ja vaikuttavuuden tarkasteluun sekä opintosisältöjen kehittämiseen. Opiskelijatyytyväisyyden selittämisen ja ennustamisen osalta tulokset osoittautuivat mielenkiintoisiksi. Tutkimuksessa opiskelijatyytyväisyys jakaantui kahteen osaan: opiskelutyytyväisyyteen ja koulutusalatyytyväisyyteen. Tulokset osoittivat, että oppimistuloksilla, vastaajan iällä ja opiskelutyytyväisyydellä on merkittävä keskinäinen yhteys. Ulkoisista tekijöistä merkittävimmäksi koulutusalatyytyväisyyttä ennustavaksi tekijäksi nousi yksilön urakehitys, joka viittaa koulutuksen pitkäaikaisiin vaikutuksiin. Menetelmällisesti tutkimus oli kyselymetodiin perustuva kenttätutkimus, jossa kohdejoukon muodostivat Oulun yliopiston tietojenkäsittelytieteiden laitokselta vuosina 1973–2006 valmistuneet opiskelijat. Kyselyt lähetettiin 680 henkilölle ja niihin vastasi 210 henkilöä, mikä on 31,3 % koko kohdejoukosta.