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This doctoral thesis explores the use of surveillance images and discourses of surveillance in the Swedish press. Questions concerning surveillance appear frequently in the news today. The ongoing »War on Terror« has generated numerous news reports informing their audiences how surveillance technologies will protect society, prevent terrorist attacks, and ensure security. The purpose of the study is to examine representations of surveillance in Swedish newspapers, more specifically, how they use surveillance- and amateur images in their reporting. In order to carry this out, the thesis sets up two areas of concern: news on terrorism and news on police violence. The questions that produce the field of inquiry relate to how discourses of surveillance are articulated in text and image. They also concern construction of social identities related to reproduction of power relations, normality, and deviance. Research material used in this study consists of journalistic texts and visual images published in mainly four major Swedish newspapers; Aftonbladet, Expressen, Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet. A qualitative research strategy was undertaken inspired by discourse analysis. The analysis focuses on four major issues: representations of terrorists, intensified surveillance, victims, and representations of police violence. The analysis concentrates on surveillance images that were used by news media to visually represent the terrorists involved in the so called »London bombings« in 2005. The thesis also highlights how politicians and other experts become the predominant subjects who proclaim the need for a more modern, efficient, and enhanced surveillance technology. A further issue ofinterest concerns media representations of victims and especially how the construction of victims reproduces normality, and further, how victimisation is related to surveillance. The newspapers used amateur footage from ‘the bomb scene’ in ways that represent the victims, not as objects, but as active agents participating in an act of surveillance. How the public become represented as victims of the surveillance society is examined. Dystopic stories about negative aspects of surveillance including islamophobia and fear of intrusion of privacy emerge as major themes. Finally, the study seeks to connect surveillance to resistance. Different media events on police violence are discussed in the light of events that have been filmed by amateur video or surveillance cameras. Surveillance in a mediated context is a complex field with many different and contradicting meanings and connotations. However, it is clear that surveillance links up with security, resistance, power and control, intrusion of privacy, and above all, to the reproduction of social differences between Us and Them. The news media seems to promote a public discourse of fear, which may contribute to legitimisation of both present and future demands for intensified surveillance. Nonetheless, mediated surveillance may also help to resist and challenge power hierarchies in society and promote social change.

Dans l’optique que la télésurveillance est devenue un outil indispensable en matière de sécurité, notre projet de recherche porte sur la manière dont elle est utilisée à des fins de gestion de l’ordre dans une propriété privée de masse (propriété privée que le public général est invité à visiter). Il s’agit de comprendre le rôle du centre de contrôle de télésurveillance dans la gestion d’un centre commercial. De façon plus spécifique, nous voulons décrire le fonctionnement et les objectifs des technologies de télésurveillance et les méthodes de contrôle utilisées dans un espace privé de masse. Nous voulons décrire les pratiques des agents affectés au centre de contrôle de télésurveillance ainsi que leur perception des notions de sécurité et d’ordre, avec une attention particulière accordée à la surveillance des lieux. Le site que nous avons sélectionné est un édifice situé en plein cœur du centre-ville de Montréal, où nous retrouvons des galeries commerciales abritant plusieurs restaurants et boutiques. Afin d’atteindre nos objectifs de recherche, nous avons fait plus de 150 heures d’observation participante dans le centre de contrôle de télésurveillance. Nos observations étaient complétées par des entretiens spontanés, afin de bien comprendre la dynamique et les interactions entre les agents, les autres employés et les visiteurs. Ainsi, notre matériel empirique est surtout de nature qualitative, mais nous avons complété ces données avec une grille d’analyse quantitative permettant une analyse minutieuse de l’emploi du temps des agents de sécurité à l’aide d’un fichier informatisé. Nous sommes en mesure d’établir que la surveillance dans une propriété privée de masse vise, à biens des égards, la gestion de l’image. La sécurité proprement dite est reléguée au second plan, derrière tout ce qui est relatif au marketing et à l’encouragement à la consommation. De plus, nous avons constaté que les agents de sécurité dans de tels lieux servent surtout à répondre à des besoins organisationnels ponctuels, leur quotidien n’étant guidé par aucune mission globale. Quant au centre de contrôle de vidéosurveillance, nous pouvons affirmer que son rôle est de s’assurer que toutes les activités au centre se déroulent comme convenu par les gestionnaires de l’établissement. / In the perspective that Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) has become an essential tool in the world of security, our research project attempts to understand the ways in which this tool is used to create order in a mass private property (a private property that the general public is invited to visit). It is a matter of understanding the role of a CCTV system, and of the command center, in the security management of the shopping center. More specifically, we wish to describe the inner functioning and the objectives of the surveillance technologies, as well as the control methods, used in a mass private property. Also, we want to describe the practices of the agents assigned to the control center and their perceptions on safety and order, with a particular attention given to the surveillance of the environment. The selected site for this study is a commercial building located in downtown Montreal, which houses several restaurants and shops. In order to achieve our research objectives, we completed more than 150 hours of active observation in a CCTV monitoring control center. Our observations were supplemented with spontaneous discussions in order to better understand the dynamics and interactions between agents, other employees and visitors. As such, our empirical material is mainly qualitative in nature; however, we complemented these data with a quantitative analysis grid allowing for a meticulous analysis of the security agents’ timetable using a computerized file. We are able to establish that monitoring in a mass private property aims primarily image management, and safety itself is considered less important than marketing and consumption encouragement. Moreover, we discovered that security agents’ day-to-day activities were not guided by a global mission, but rather serve the timely organizational needs. As for the CCTV monitoring control center, we claim that its main role is to help the establishment’s managers insure that all activities progress as planned.

中文摘要 近年來治安問題日益受到重視，錄影監視系統之設置也成為改善治安的重要策略之一，臺北市里長以裝設錄影監視系統作為預防犯罪的重要政見，致里鄰監視器大幅成長甚至達全國之冠。里長無公權力且缺乏維管監視系統之專業力，為解決里辦公處設置之錄影監視系統大幅成長衍生纜線附掛凌亂、維修經費不足及隱私權等問題，臺北市政府決定整合並移轉警察局專業管理。 本研究以網絡政策治理的觀點分析臺北市錄影監視系統建置政策決策，探討里鄰錄影監視系統產生治安與資訊隱私難以兼顧之政策弔詭。個案聚焦於臺北市錄影監視系統之整合過程相關利害關係人意見，期能回顧建置過程相關問題並針對現況缺失提出改進之策。 本研究以立意抽樣的方式選定臺北市錄影監視系統整合期間實務運作者進行深度訪談，並蒐集官方機構有關臺北市錄影監視系統建置相關資料，兼採文獻分析法及個案研究法以取得描述性資料。研究主要目的包含：(1)探討臺北市里長建置管理錄影監視系統產生的問題；(2)探討臺北市錄影監視系統整合政策決策過程；(3)依據研究結果提供建置錄影監視系統相關建議及公部門如何與民力合作改善治安之未來方向。 研究結果如下：(1)人民重視治安甚於隱私；(2)里長沒有公權力不適合管理監視器；(3)里長建置之錄影監視系統機器老舊廠牌規格各異，警察局無法以接收方式整合；(4)新系統設置點位經警察局以治安專業評估，移轉過程難以配合里長一支換一支的期待；(5)利害關係人意見往往沒有那麼客觀；(6)警力有限民力無窮，以中長期而言整合社區資源結合民力協助警力為重要的未來方向。 而針對上述的研究發現，本研究提出三點建議：第一、維護治安應凝聚社區認同；第二、應加強風險管理及危機處理能力；第三、落實民間設置錄影監視系統之管理。 / Abstract Recently, the public security is a significant issue concerned by government. Setting the closed-circuit television (CCTV) system is one of the strategies for improving the public security. Village chiefs in Taipei have an important political view: To set neighborhood CCTV for crime prevention. As the result of that, the number of neighborhood CCTV in Taipei is the top in Taiwan. However, the village chiefs have neither public right nor the specialty for maintain the CCTV system. In order to conquer the problems: messy cables, lack of funds and privacy issues caused from the neighborhood CCTV, the Taipei City Government make a decision to shift the management rights to the police department. From my studies, I analyze the policy of Taipei CCTV and search for the community safety and privacy issues caused by the neighborhood CCTV. My research cases focused on the related-stakeholders’ opinions to the processing of Taipei CCTV integration. As we focus on that, we can propose better policies to improve the problems we have now. I chose purposive sampling as the way to select the workers in Taipei CCTV integration processing to have in-depth interviews. Moreover, I collected some information of Taipei CCTV from government resources and used literature review methodology with case review to have a descriptive research. The main propose of my studies including (1) To investigate the problems from the setting of CCTV by village chiefs. (2) To verify the processing of making Taipei CCTV integration policy. (3) To give some suggestions about how government and citizens work together to improve the community security in the future. Result as below: (1) Citizens thought security is more important than privacy. (2) Village chiefs aren’t suitable to manage the CCTV because they have no public right to do that. (3) It is difficult for police department to integrate the CCTV system because the monitors were old and the brands of CCTV were different. (4) The new CCTV system from police department is difficult to meet the every requirement from village chiefs. (5) The Opinions from related-stakeholders are not quite objective. (6) The number of police is limited. Thus, it is important to combine the citizen and police together to improve the public security. As follows, I have three recommendations. First, we need to agglomerate social identity to maintain the public security. Second, we need to improve the abilities on risk management and crisis handling. Third, we need to manage the setting of CCTV system.

Ce mémoire décrit mes travaux de thèse menés au sein de l'équipe ComSee (Computers that See) rattachée à l'axe ISPR (Image, Systèmes de Perception et Robotique) de l'Institut Pascal. Celle-ci a été financée par la société Vesalis par le biais d'une convention CIFRE avec l'Institut Pascal, subventionnée par l'ANRT (Association Nationale de la Recherche et de la Technologie). Les travaux de thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre de l'automatisation de la fouille d'archives vidéo intervenant lors d'enquêtes policières. L'application rattachée à cette thèse concerne la création automatique d'un album photo des individus apparaissant sur une séquence de vidéosurveillance. En s'appuyant sur un détecteur de visages, l'objectif est de regrouper par identité les visages détectés sur l'ensemble d'une séquence vidéo. Comme la reconnaissance faciale en environnement non-contrôlé reste difficilement exploitable, les travaux se sont orientés vers le suivi visuel multi-cibles global basé détections. Ce type de suivi est relativement récent. Il fait intervenir un détecteur d'objets et traite la vidéo dans son ensemble (en opposition au traitement séquentiel couramment utilisé). Cette problématique a été représentée par un modèle probabiliste de type Maximum A Posteriori. La recherche de ce maximum fait intervenir un algorithme de circulation de flot sur un graphe, issu de travaux antérieurs. Ceci permet l'obtention d'une solution optimale au problème (défini par l'a posteriori) du regroupement des détections pour le suivi. L'accent a particulièrement été mis sur la représentation de la similarité entre les détections qui s'intègre dans le terme de vraisemblance du modèle. Plusieurs mesures de similarités s'appuyant sur différents indices (temps, position dans l'image, apparence et mouvement local) ont été testées. Une méthode originale d'estimation de ces similarités entre les visages détectés a été développée pour fusionner les différentes informations et s'adapter à la situation rencontrée. Plusieurs expérimentations ont été menées sur des situations complexes, mais réalistes, de scènes de vidéosurveillance. Même si les qualités des albums construits ne satisfont pas encore à une utilisation pratique, le système de regroupement de détections mis en œuvre au cours de cette thèse donne déjà une première solution. Grâce au point de vue partitionnement de données adopté au cours de cette thèse, le suivi multi-cibles développé permet une extension simple à du suivi autre que celui des visages. / This report describes my thesis work conducted within the ComSee (Computers That See) team related to the ISPR axis (ImageS, Perception Systems and Robotics) of Institut Pascal. It was financed by the Vesalis company via a CIFRE (Research Training in Industry Convention) agreement with Institut Pascal and publicly funded by ANRT (National Association of Research and Technology). The thesis was motivated by issues related to automation of video analysis encountered during police investigations. The theoretical research carried out in this thesis is applied to the automatic creation of a photo album summarizing people appearing in a CCTV sequence. Using a face detector, the aim is to group by identity all the faces detected throughout the whole video sequence. As the use of facial recognition techniques in unconstrained environments remains unreliable, we have focused instead on global multi-target tracking based on detections. This type of tracking is relatively recent. It involves an object detector and global processing of the video (as opposed to sequential processing commonly used). This issue has been represented by a Maximum A Posteriori probabilistic model. To find an optimal solution of Maximum A Posteriori formulation, we use a graph-based network flow approach, built upon third-party research. The study concentrates on the definition of inter-detections similarities related to the likelihood term of the model. Multiple similarity metrics based on different clues (time, position in the image, appearance and local movement) were tested. An original method to estimate these similarities was developed to merge these various clues and adjust to the encountered situation. Several experiments were done on challenging but real-world situations which may be gathered from CCTVs. Although the quality of generated albums do not yet satisfy practical use, the detections clustering system developed in this thesis provides a good initial solution. Thanks to the data clustering point of view adopted in this thesis, the proposed detection-based multi-target tracking allows easy transfer to other tracking domains.

This master thesis deals with the design of complex security system for company area with using PZTS and CCTV system. The thesis is divided into three separate parts, first part is focused on analysis the company and the current physical security state. Second part of thesis deals with theoretical bases. And the final part covers the concept of the PZTS and CCTV system solution. Here are all the chosen elements which will be used for realization

Aging sewer infrastructure is posing greater and greater risk to the health and well-being of City residents. Issues can range from pipe blockages in sewer laterals to Sanitary Sewer Overflows. This thesis develops a risk analysis method that can be used by municipalities to maintain and rehabilitate sewer assets. Risk combines the effect of Likelihood of Failure (LOF) and Consequence of Failure (COF) to perform a complete two-dimensional analysis that allows for relative comparison between different pipes in the system. The LOF rating has been equated to pipe integrity while the COF rating was related to the environmental, economic, and social consequences to pipe failure. In order to estimate pipe integrity Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) scores from the City of Santa Barbara were used in combination with spatial and physical properties associated with each pipe. The CCTV scores were simply integer values between 0 and 5 based on the National Association of Sewer Services Company’s (NASSCO) Pipeline Assessment Certification Program (PACP) results. The quantitative parameters included pipe material and age, distance from restaurants, distance from any above ground water source, pipe depth below the ground surface, pipe length, and vehicular traffic volumes. The sensitivity analysis compared the given structural integrity scores with the predicted scores based on the weighted scoring method. It isolated four out of six of the parameters tested that affected the structural integrity of sewer pipes: material and age (45%), pipe depth (20%), Vehicular Traffic (10%), and distance from an above-ground water source (25%). A program was created in the C programming language that iteratively determined the percentage for each factor. These percentage factors are used to obtain the predicted structural integrity score for all the pipes. Like the LOF rating, the COF rating consisted of scores between 0 and 5. The COF rating used pipe diameter, distance from commercial zones, distance from critical infrastructure, and vehicular traffic volume as parameters for quantifying the environmental, economic, and social consequences. These factors were determined from review of past literature and given approximately equal weighting when determining the COF rating values. The environmental factor, pipe diameter, was given a percentage factor of 30%; the economic factor, distance to commercial zones, was given a percentage factor of 30%; and the social concerns, distance to critical infrastructure and vehicular traffic volume, were given percentage factors of 20% each. Finally, the risk for each pipe was determined in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) by combining the predicted structural integrity score or LOF rating and COF rating value for each pipe. This generated color-coded maps that showed distinct pipes that had the most critical predicted structural integrity scores, highest consequence, and the pipes with the most risk. This process could be used by any City to create a maintenance and rehabilitation schedule and plan for future CCTV inspections.

Combating crime is a complex task with cultural, political, and legal dimensions. In technologically advanced societies, surveillance technology can be used to aid law enforcement. A few examples of such tools are drones, cameras, and wiretaps to mention a few. As such tools become more commonplace, the need to address associated issues increase which relate to cultural, political, and legal dimensions and different stakeholders. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to discern the impact of informatics research on surveillance technology and map out similarities and discrepancies between views of social media users, researchers, and professionals within law enforcement. The thesis impose a heuristic perspective and stem from both positivist and interpretivist tradition. The Panopticon metaphor and Panopticism are used as a theoretical lens, mainly to discuss and contextualize the findings. Data was from Twitter and Scopus by using scripts and by conducting an interview with law enforcement staff in Sweden. A total of 88 989 tweets and 4 874 research papers were retrieved. These were analyzed using topic modeling which assigned a dominant topic to each tweet and research paper. The interview was thematized using both the literature review and the topic modeling findings for guiding framework. The findings showed that there were seven topics found within the Scopus dataset and four topics within the Twitter dataset. It was found that privacy was one of the least mentioned aspects in all three datasets and that law enforcement personnel see it as closely related with efficiency. Military applications and usage were found in both research papers and tweets and law enforcement staff use a variety of ICT in their daily work. Based on the findings, it seems as though surveillance technology today can suitably be characterized as being bi-directional, both in the form of sousveillance and surveillance which relates to the Deleuzian perspectives on Panopticon. It was concluded that concrete implementations of surveillance technology attracted the most attention compared to more abstract themes such as ethics and privacy. But in all both datasets, specific ICT was addressed from a critical perspective. Similarly, law enforcement personnel viewed privacy and integrity from the organization’s perspective and highlighted rules and regulation. For future work, sentiment analysis is suggested to supplement topic modeling as well as imposing a longitudinal approach or adding additional social media sources.

Создание модели компьютерного зрения на основе алгоритмов глубокого обучения для повышения эффективности автоматического распознавания правонарушений в реальном времени на записях охранных камер видеонаблюдения. / Computer vision model creation based on deep learning algorithms to improve the efficiency of real time automatic crime detection on CCTV records.

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