Change is a recurring element in society and for sports clubs. When there is a change in society, this change may have an impact and change the condition for sports clubs and its leaders. Changes can be degraded into trends. This study has been delimited to study four social trends that research shows may have an impact on sports club, which are; Increased commercialization, changing demographics, changing communication patterns and increased individualization. To help sports clubs in their development it is of value to find out how these changes are perceived. This study aimed to investigate the perceptions that sports club leaders have about social change and its impact on their leadership and their clubs development. More specifically the study examined which social trends that have impact, how leadership develop and change from social trends, opportunities and obstacles that social trends brings, and how changes in society are received. This was done by eight interviews with the chairman from eight different voluntary sports clubs. The results show that parts of all four trends has an impact. It also shows that leadership develops to some extent. There are both opportunities and obstacles with social trends for sports clubs and their leaders and certain trends in society have more barriers and obstacles for the sports clubs than others. When a change in society is perceived to have meaning and impact, it also causes some type of active receiving by the sports club.

In 1962, very few people within the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) had ever heard of Lei Feng, a young soldier who died in a tragic accident while driving a truck for the People's Liberation Army. The following year, his name was known throughout China as one of the finest young soldiers that the country had ever produced. In years to come, his diary was put in the hands of everyone from school children to soldiers to serve as a model for the ideal Chinese citizen. Furthermore, as Chinese culture evolved, so did the Lei Feng image, changing from citizen-soldier in 1963 to socialist entrepreneur after 1978. This study's focus is how Lei Feng has become not only a model Chinese citizen-soldier and entrepreneur, but a successful example to fellow nations of how they, too, could mold the ideals of their citizens for generations to come.

Internal auditing is the auditing performed by companies themselves. Previous research has put forth the idea that female chairmen in audit committees increase the internal auditing. In this study, we examine how levels of risk preference within internal auditing are influenced by the gender of the chairman in an audit committee. We also examine how the independence of a chairman affect internal auditing. We propose two hypothesizes, where the first one considers if the risk preference is affected by the gender of an audit committee chairman. The second hypothesis is stated to further question if the risk preference is affected by the independence of an audit committee chairman. The study is based on 697 observations retrieved from financial reports between the years of 2005-2013. Risk preference is measured as the proportion of audit fees that are under the direct control of an audit committee. Gender is measured through binary variables based on legal gender. Our moderating variable Independence is binary based on full independence. By using regression analysis, we find an association between gender and internal auditing, but we find a weak positive association between lower ratio of non-audit costs and independence. This act as an indication that an independent chairmen lead to an increased internal auditing.

This paper investigates  the factors  which influence  top management  turnover  in the Chinese real estate industry. The three main announced  reasons for top management turnover  are occupation  mobility 、 expiration  of the term and quit. In the empirical analysis, I find that three statistically  significant reasons for turnover are firm size 、 turnover  of first shareholder  and proportion  of independent  director.  Furthermore,  I study  how  firm performance  affect  top  management  turnover.  This  paper  uses  two different  firm  performance  indexes.  One  is financial  index-ROA  (Return  on  asset). The other is stock index-EPS  (Earnings per share). Significant  negative relations are found between total chairman turnover and earnings per share and lagged earnings per share.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Reinaldo Pessanha.pdf: 378565 bytes, checksum: 7e6b92dfc326074e05575bbeba5b10bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Analysts are essential to the functioning of capital markets as they make predictions and recommendations that support the investment decisions of both institutions and individual investors. Analysts study the fundamentals of public companies, their growth prospects, financial structure and cash flow, corporate governance, industry structure and the macroeconomic environment in which companies are inserted. In this context, business leaders play a major role, as they influence the directions of the corporation and their performance. The goal of this paper is to investigate the influence of the concentration of power in the hands of the major corporate leader on the accuracy of analyst earnings forecasts of Brazilian companies. The accuracy is measured in accordance with the international literature. The proxy for the concentration of power was constructed by Silveira and Barros (2011b) and takes into consideration the individual power of the main corporate leader the Chairman of the Board of Directors (Chairman) or the CEO (Chief Executive Officer) and also the degree of passivity and homogeneity of the Board of Directors. The sample contains 107 public companies listed in BM&FBOVESPA (Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo) in 2010. It only includes companies that had analyst coverage in the twelve months preceding the end of the fiscal year. The forecasts and financial information were collected from Thomson One Analytics® and Economática®. Information on the concentration of power was provided by Silveira and Barros (2011b), who collected the data in the websites of companies and in Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM). The analysis shows evidence that the concentration of power positively influences the accuracy of analyst forecasts. This idea is in line with a few prior studies on the concentration of power and volatility of results that argue that powerful business leaders tend to be more conservative. / Os analistas de mercado são importantes para o funcionamento do mercado de capitais à medida que fazem previsões e recomendações que fundamentam as decisões de investimentos de instituições e investidores individuais. Para isso, os analistas estudam os fundamentos de companhias abertas, sua capacidade de crescimento de receita, estrutura financeira e geração de caixa, governança corporativa, setor de atuação e a conjuntura macroeconômica na qual as empresas estão inseridas. Nesse contexto, os líderes corporativos exercem papel preponderante, pois determinam os rumos das corporações e exercem impacto importante sobre seus resultados. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é investigar a influência da concentração de poder nas empresas de capital aberto brasileiro sobre acurácia das previsões dos analistas de mercado. A acurácia é mensurada através de metodologias utilizadas na literatura internacional. Como proxy para a concentração de poder é utilizada a medida construída por Silveira e Barros (2011b) que considera o poder individual do principal líder corporativo Presidente do Conselho de Administração (Chairman) ou Diretor Presidente (Chief Executive Officer CEO), a passividade e a homogeneidade do Conselho. A amostra é composta por 107 companhias de capital aberto listadas na BM&FBOVESPA (Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo) no ano fiscal de 2010. A amostra do trabalho consiste em um conjunto de dados em corte transversal. Foram consideradas na amostra somente as empresas que apresentavam cobertura dos analistas nos doze meses anteriores ao final do ano fiscal. As previsões e informações financeiras foram coletadas junto à Thomson One Analytics® e Banco de Dados do Sistema Economática®. As informações sobre concentração de poder referem-se à base de dados de Silveira e Barros (2011b) coletadas a partir de websites das companhias e da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM). De acordo com os resultados encontrados há evidências de que a concentração de poder influencia positivamente a acurácia das previsões dos analistas. Essa ideia está alinhada com alguns estudos sobre concentração de poder e volatilidade dos resultados que argumentam que líderes corporativos poderosos podem assumir uma posição conservadora.

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本研究之對象為立法院委員會的召集委員，利用文獻分析法、深入訪談法及內容分析法，深入探討召集委員設定委員會議程的過程及其挑戰與限制。同時分析影響召集委員議程設定之因素為何？ 研究結果發現制度因素、政黨因素、委員會因素、選區因素和個人因素皆會影響召集委員設定委員會議程的偏好，其中政黨因素更是最重要的影響因素。透過統計模型檢證後可知執政黨召集委員較傾向設定立法議程，反之在野黨召集委員則傾向設定監督議程。此外，不論任何政黨的召集委員都傾向設定本身政黨的立法議程。執政黨和在野黨召集委員設定監督議程的偏好也有所不同。同時召集委員的議程設定存在著政黨聯盟的可能性，以藍綠為分野的政黨聯盟較個別政黨更具解釋力。 而且召集委員也會因為所處的委員會性質不同而產生不同的議程設定偏好。如在法案供給量較高的委員會，召集委員會較傾向設定立法議程特別是的本黨立法議程和定期性業務報告此類的監督議程。 在選區因素上，相較於區域召集委員，不分區召集委員較傾向設定立法議程，同時也會因個人理念與其他同聯盟的召集委員進行合作，而非純粹從政黨標籤去考量。但是執政黨的不分區召集委員仍然較傾向設定所屬政黨或聯盟的立法議程。而在監督議程上則較偏好業務報告和專題報告。 在個人因素上，相對於女性，男性召集委員較傾向設定監督議程，對於本身政黨的立法議程較不忠誠。而新任召集委員為求提升知名度對於引起媒體注意的監督議程如業務報告和專題報告較為熱衷。最後相對於低教育程度召集委員，高教育程度召集委員不僅較傾向設定立法議程，還會與其他同聯盟的召集委員進行合作。

In Sweden all limited liability companies are required to have a board of directors. The board of directors’ task is to manage the business of the firm, but in recent years boards have been subjected to critical review in the media, questioning the tasks and structure of the board. Further, there are differences in the regulations regarding limited liability companies, depending on whether they are private or public companies. Moreover, a majority of the research within the area of corporate governance has been conducted on public companies. However, corporate governance in small and medium sized enterprises (SME) has in the last 30 years become a field of interest. Several scholars and doctorates have used different board roles to explain e.g. the tasks, demographics, and financial performance. The board roles are mainly derived from the agency-, resource dependence-, and stewardship theory. Many papers have come to the conclusion that a board of directors who performs their task, and/or have a certain board demography is beneficial to the firm. Hence, the board and its activity is of importance, however, a general image is conveyed that boards in SMEs rarely are active, but rather are seen as a necessary mean in order to have a firm. Due to this, the research question in this thesis is: What motivates small and medium sized firms to have an active board and are boards in Norr- and Västerbotten active? The criteria for having an active board has been derived from antecedent research and are further recommendations from StyrelseAkademien. Three different board roles have been used with the purpose of explaining the motivation behind having an active board. Further, this thesis has had a quantitative method, and in order to gather data a survey was sent out to board members in Norr- and Västerbotten. The results show that the motivation behind having an active board cannot be explained through the roles network and service of the board. The control role could partly explain the motivation behind having an active board of directors in SMEs in Norr- and Västerbotten, having a negative relationship to board activity. Moreover, due to the opposing results in terms of whether or not boards are active, an unambiguous answer could not be found. However, 49.1 percent of the sample is considered to be active. Lastly, the finding support that in order to have an active board, the firm must recognize a need to include outside directors.

The relationship between disclosure about sustainability, financial performance, andcorporate governance deserves more attention in the modern business environment. Thisthesis investigates the complex variations in this relationship in the case of Swedish listedcompanies. This study intends to provide insight on the mechanisms by which governancestructures influence the financial consequences of sustainability initiatives byinvestigating how corporate governance functions as a mediator between sustainabilitydisclosure and financial performance. Utilizing data from the NASDAQ Stockholm via the REFINITIV EIKON Database, thestudy investigates the implicit impact of corporate governance components such as boardgender diversity and CEO-Chairman duality on determining the relationship betweensustainability practices and financial performance. The study's systematic search strategyand methodical analysis aim to provide significant insights for companies, investors, andregulators on how to use governance frameworks to generate sustainable andadvantageous business models. This study contributes to the broader conversation on corporate sustainability andgovernance practices by addressing a knowledge gap about how governance structuresregulate the relationship between sustainability disclosure and financial performance. Thefindings are meant to inspire stakeholders about the crucial role that governance plays inpromoting sustainable business practices in the Swedish corporate landscape, as well as tohave practical implications for companies looking to enhance their financial performanceand sustainability strategies.

Vi vill med denna studie ta reda på vilka mekanismer, som bidrar till den låga andelen kvinnor bland VD:ar i svenska privata företag och om situationen har förändrats de senaste tio åren. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka glastaket från ett ovanifrån-perspektiv. Fokus i studien ligger därför på de styrelseordförande, som arbetar med rekrytering, och inte på de kvinnor, som strävar efter att nå toppen. I referensramen ingår feministiska begrepp som genuskunskap, intersektionalitet, hegemonisk maskulinitet, och homosocialitet men den behandlar även rekrytering, kvotering och positiv särbehandling.Studien är kvalitativ och genomfördes med hjälp av semi-strukturerade intervjuer. En serie intervjuer utfördes, med två projektledare på en jämställdhetsorganisation, sex styrelseordförande och två rekryterare. Intervjuerna gav studien både förkunskaper och empiri, när det gäller den låga andelen kvinnliga VD:ar i svenska privata medelstora företag. Båda könen representerades med fem män och fem kvinnor. Konferensen Jämställt på toppen ägde rum på Rosenbad i Stockholm, där vi utöver intervjuerna studerade goda exempel från företag, som kommit längre i utvecklingen i strävan att tillsätta fler kvinnor på höga positioner. Empirin analyseras utifrån de båda begreppen homosocialitet och hegemonisk maskulinitet.Vår slutsats blir att det är viktigt för företagen att tala ett “nytt språk”, som i första hand poängterar och belyser lönsamheten mer än jämställdheten. Jämställdhet är en självklar grund. Lönsamhet är något som driver utvecklingen i företag framåt. Att börja tala ett nytt språk är väsentligt, om privata företag själva skall lyckas förändra sin nuvarande situation med idag 40 procent rent manliga styrelser, 12-15 procent kvinnliga VD:ar och en utveckling, som går tvärs emot en förändringsprocess i statliga företag och mot samhällets syn på jämlikhet. Det är företagarens ansvar att utifrån grundläggande värderingar och samhällets krav göra företag lönsamma.Vi anser också att den i Sverige lagliga metoden positiv särbehandling bör tillämpas i större utsträckning i privata företag för att påskynda utvecklingen. En lag om kvotering av kvinnor i styrelserna, tror vi också kommer att införas. Eventuella farhågor att kvinnor skulle komma i majoritet i styrelserna med denna metod kan avfärdas, eftersom kvotering av en underrepresenterad grupp upphör av sig själv, när målet är uppnått. Sammanfattningsvis redovisar vi åtgärder, som bidrar till en livskraftig, tillförlitlig och bestående förändring, när det gäller målet att få fler kvinnliga verkställande direktörer. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet