Evitar que o tempo atue como agente de corrosão de diretos durante o longo período de pendência do processo deve ser uma verdadeira obsessão do processualista moderno, consciencioso da finalidade e da existência da ciência processual que constitui o seu objeto de estudo. A visão teleológica do processo como instrumento de realização do direito material deve estar presente na interpretação de todas as regras processuais, sempre tendo em mente o sábio conselho de Chesterton, para quem o homem pode enxergar mais longe se subir aos ombros dos que vieram antes. Romper com velhos dogmas para proporcionar resposta aos novos problemas é fazer com que o direito processual seja dinâmico, conferindo-lhe a capacidade de superar crises de efetividade. A alteração dos fatos durante a longa travessia que é o processo constitui o objeto deste estudo, sobretudo no que se refere aos impactos sobre importantes figuras e institutos processuais como a causa de pedir, a estabilização da demanda, a rigidez do sistema preclusivo, a inércia da jurisdição e a interpretação destes, plasmada nos princípios constitucionais do contraditório e da duração razoável do processo, que integram o conceito amplo do devido processo legal. Para alcançar tais propósitos, esta dissertação está estruturada em cinco partes. O acesso à ordem jurídica justa é o tema inicial e o primeiro capítulo é destinado ao seu estudo. Acesso à justiça não se confunde com estar em juízo. O seu real significado está relacionado com a realização da promessa constitucional de entrega da tutela jurisdicional a quem efetivamente tem direito a ela, sempre lembrando que ela deve ser justa, igualitária e tempestiva. O capitulo dois, núcleo da abordagem teórica do objeto deste estudo, centra-se na identificação da demanda e de seus elementos objetivos, em que se busca demonstrar a existência de uma pluralidade de possibilidades para a investigação do mesmo problema. A concepção alemã do objeto do processo (ou objeto litigioso) enfoca o problema de modo absolutamente distinto daquele concebido pelo direito italiano (teoria dos três eadem). O tempero dado pelas teorias da substanciação e individualização para identificação do núcleo resistente da causa de pedir demonstram a necessidade da análise dos elementos que compõem a demanda, em atenção ao direito material que se busca fazer valer em juízo. Os direitos autodeterminados e heterodeterminados reclamam a utilização de métodos distintos para identificação da causa petendi, demonstrando que esta figura jurídica goza de certa elasticidade. O capítulo três desenvolve a conceituação do fato superveniente e do fato de conhecimento superveniente, bem como o impacto distinto destes na esfera jurídica do autor e do réu, analisando o último momento do procedimento em que é praticamente possível introduzir o fato novo e, sobretudo, o real alcance do art. 462 do Código de Processo Civil. A interpretação deste dispositivo processual revela um poderoso alcance de notável utilidade para aperfeiçoamento do processo como método estatal de solução de controvérsias. O quarto capítulo problematiza os limites da modificação da causa de pedir no curso do processo, com a superação do dogma da estabilização da demanda. A não-incidência ou não-aplicação de regras processuais meramente formais para dar efetividade aos princípios constitucionais informadores do devido processo legal é a pedra de toque para a conclusão a que se chega ao fim do trabalho. O capítulo cinco, conclusivo do percurso analítico empreendido, apresenta o estágio de compreensão do objeto alcançado neste estudo. Garantido o contraditório e a ampla defesa, deve ser prestigiado o princípio constitucional da duração razoável do processo, cuja correta interpretação é dele extrair uma garantia de resolução integral da crise de direito material com o menor grau de perturbação social possível, ou seja, com o menor dispêndio de energia e tempo, o que implica reconhecer a possibilidade de modificação da causa petendi. / Avoiding time to act as a corrosion agent of rights during the long period of a pending case must be a true obsession for the modern expert in civil procedure, conscious of the purpose and existence of procedural science that constitutes its object of study. The teleological vision of the judicial process as an instrument of realization of substantive law shall be present in the interpretation of all procedural rules, always keeping Chestertons wise advice in mind, to whom a man can see further if he climbs on the shoulders of those who came before. Breaking with old dogmas to provide solutions to new problems is to make procedural law dynamic, giving it the capability to overcome crises of effectiveness. The change of events during the long journey of the case is the object of this study, particularly with regard to the impacts on important procedural figures and institutions such as cause of action, stabilization of claim, rigidity of the preclusive system, inertia of jurisdiction and its interpretation, present in the constitutional principles of adversary system and reasonable time of proceedings, which form the broad concept of due process of law. To achieve such aims, this dissertation is structured in five parts. The access to the fair legal system is the opening theme and the first chapter focuses on its study. Access to justice should not be confused with being at court. Its real meaning is related to the implementation of the constitutional promise of delivery of legal protection to those who are actually entitled to it, always remembering that it must be fair, equitable and timely. The second chapter, the core of the theoretical object of this study, focuses on the identification of the litigation and its objective elements and seeks to demonstrate the existence of a plurality of possibilities for the investigation of the same problem. The German conception of the subject matter (or litigious matter) analyzes the 194 problem in a completely different manner from that designed by the Italian Law (theory of the three eadem). The effect given by the theories of substantiation and individualization for the identification of the resistant core of the cause of action demonstrate the necessity of analyzing the elements of claim, in response to the substantive law that seeks to be enforced in court. The self-determined and heterodetermined rights claim the use of different methods to identify the causa petendi demostrating that this legal concept hás certain elasticity. The third chapter develops the concept of supervening fact and supervening knowledge of the fact as well as their different impact on the legal sphere of the plaintiff and the defendant; the last moment of the proceedings that permits the introduction of the new fact is analyzed and, especially, the actual scope of article 462 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The interpretation of this procedural provision reveals a remarkable range of powerful utility for improving the legal process as a state method of settlement. The fourth chapter discusses the limits to change the cause of action during the course of action overcoming the dogma of the stabilization of claim. The nonlevy or non-application of purely formal procedural rules to give effect to the constitutional principles which inform the due process of law is the cornerstone of the conclusion reached at the end of the work. The fifth chapter concludes the undertaken analytical path and presents the understanding stage of the object of this study. Being the adversary system and full defense guaranteed, the constitutional principle of reasonable time of proceedings must be considered. Its correct interpretation is to acquire a guarantee of full resolution of the crisis of substantive law with the lowest degree of social disruption as possible, i.e., the lowest expenditure of energy and time, which means recognizing the possibility of changing the causa petendi.

[pt] Esta tese versa sobre a problemática da importância de fundamentação das decisões no paradigma que se esboça atualmente no Direito. Como é notório, nos encontramos numa fase de abertura democrática e de transparência das decisões, de sorte que os argumentos que as alicerçam tornam-se fundamentais e legitimadores das mesmas para a sua aceitação por parte da sociedade. Para fazer frente a esta nova abordagem do Direito, Robert Alexy propõe uma teoria não positivista, na qual, o Direito para ser legítimo, além de positivado, necessita ser correto, atrelado a uma pretensão de correção. Este trabalho busca apresentar, de forma panorâmica, a obra de Robert Alexy, enfocando como o autor articula a moral ao Direito e como elaborou um dos mais sofisticado procedimentos de aplicação do Direito da atualidade. Mas surge uma questão: é este novo instrumental capaz de alcançar decisões mais justas? A teoria da argumentação jurídica, do modo como se apresenta hoje, nos parece insuficiente. Entendemos que a pretensão de correção deverá integrar explicitamente a teoria da argumentação jurídica através de uma terceira etapa, o critério da correção, propiciando assim, maior eficácia no alcance de decisões judiciais mais corretas. Neste sentido, faz-se uma pequena incursão em Jürgen Habermas, Klaus Günther e Ronald Dworkin, visando encontrar contribuições para a contrução deste critério. / [en] This thesis is about the importance to justify decisions in the paradigm that actually is being drawned in Law. This is a moment of democratic opening and judicial decisions transparence, so the reasoning in which they are foundated, are essential to legitimate them and to guarantee the society acceptance. Towards this new Law´s approach, Robert Alexy proposes a non positivist theory, in which, Law in order to be legitim, besides positivated, needs to be correct, connected to a claim to correcteness. This work presents, in a panoramic way, Robert Alexy´s theory, focusing how the author articulates morality and Law and how he elaborates one of the most nowadays sofisticaded law´s application procedure. But then arises an important issue: is this new procedure capable to reach fairness decisions? The theory of legal reasoning, in the way it is actually presented, does not seems enough. We understand that the claim to correcteness must explicitely be included in the theory of legal reasoning, by the form of a third step, the correcteness criteria. So it will enables better efficacy in reaching correct judicial decicions. After a presentation of an Alexy´s proposal to define this correcteness criteria, it is being done some little incursions on Jürgen Habermas, Klaus Günther e Ronald Dworkin, in order to find contributions to help elaborating this criteria.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Puppin Macedo.pdf: 606950 bytes, checksum: a747ea90e5a421179f51f3398b332cab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-10-04 / This paper aims at the theoretical and practical analysis of the Constitutional Claim in correlation with the Brazilian Federal Constitution itself, and besides its own function, concept, content, boundaries, efficacy and legitimacy One can verify that Constitutional Claim has three different purposes: at first, to preserve the competence of both the Supreme Federal Court and the Superior Court of Justice; at second, to Grant authority and accomplishment to their decisions; and, finally, to grant accomplishment to the so called obligating summula which means the definitive and forceable decision about some controversy which becomes pacified according to a range of similar jurisprudence from the Supreme Court. In this step, Constitutional Claim shows a huge importance in legal order, as a relevant means of granting the principle of the supremacy of the constitution and the principle of the legal safety . Before addressing the core of the matter, we will approach the control of constitutionality related to the Supreme Federal Court and its role as the Guardian of the Federal Constitution. The Constitutional Claim despite of being a Brazilian Supreme Court praetorian construction, explicitly inspired in North-American law institutes like the Implied Powers Theory is nowadays formally prescribed in the Constitutional Text. Beyond the research on the historic arise of the Constitutional Claim, at the Supreme Court, since no more than half a century, the modern Constitutional Claim is to be analyzed, about its application at the superior and the regular courts, and about its concept, legal nature, legitimacy, the permissive hypothesis and finally the knowledge related to its very procedure / O presente trabalho destina-se à análise teórica e prática do instituto da Reclamação Constitucional em conjunto com a própria função, o conceito, abrangência, eficácia e legitimidade da Constituição Federal. Verificar-se-á que a Reclamação Constitucional possui 03 (três) finalidades: a preservação da competência do Supremo Tribunal Federal ou do Superior Tribunal de Justiça; a garantia da autoridade e cumprimento das decisões proferidas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal ou pelo Superior Tribunal de Justiça; e o cumprimento de Súmula Vinculante. Assim, a Reclamação Constitucional se reveste de enorme importância no ordenamento jurídico, como instrumento para a garantia dos princípios da Supremacia da Constituição e da Segurança Jurídica. Antes de adentrar nas especificidades do tema, será objeto do estudo o controle de constitucionalidade afeto ao Supremo Tribunal Federal, bem como as suas funções como guardião da Constituição. A Reclamação Constitucional, a despeito de ser criada por construção pretoriana do Supremo Tribunal Federal, com explícita influência direito norte-americano, em especial pela Teoria dos Poderes Implícitos (Implied Powers), hodiernamente está prevista expressamente no texto constitucional. Além da pesquisa histórica do surgimento da Reclamação Constitucional no Supremo Tribunal Federal há pouco mais meio século, será analisada a atual Reclamação Constitucional no âmbito do Supremo Tribunal Federal, do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e dos outros tribunais, onde será debatido o seu conceito, natureza jurídica, legitimidade, hipóteses permissivas, além do procedimento relativo ao seu processamento

Multidimensional frequency models can be used for modeling number of claims from different branches which are somehow dependent on each other. As in the one-dimensional case Poisson distribution and negative binomial distribution are primarily used for modeling multidimensional claim counts data, only they are extended to higher dimensions. The generalization of multi- dimensional distributions is often done using so-called shock variables, where one random variable is included in all dimensions of a random vector which models claim counts. The more comprehensive approach to modeling dependence uses copulas. Comparison of these models is done on a simulated data of number of claims from two different car insurance guarantees.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe yra nagrinėjami du asmenų pasikeitimo prievolėje būdai – reikalavimo perleidimas (cesija) ir subrogacija. Pateikiama reikalavimo perleidimo ir subrogacijos institutų istorinio atsiradimo Senovės Romoje apžvalga, analizuojamos reikalavimo perleidimo ir subrogacijos sąvokos bei šių institutų teisinė prigimtis Lietuvos bei užsienio civilinės teisės sistemose. Autorė detaliai nagrinėja reikalavimo perleidimo (cesijos) bei subrogacijos institutus, atskleidžia esmines šių institutų sampratos problemas bei prievolės šalių teisinės padėties reglamentavimo ypatumus. Darbe taip pat skiriama nemažai dėmesio santykio tarp reikalavimo perleidimo (cesijos) ir subrogacijos nustatymui. 2000 m. Lietuvos Respublikos civiliniame kodekse įtvirtintas subrogacijos teisinis reglamentavimas suponuoja išvadą, jog subrogacija yra atskira reikalavimo perleidimo rūšis. Darbe autorė suformuluoja kriterijus, kurie padeda atskirti reikalavimo perleidimo ir subrogacijos institutus ir laikyti juos dviem savarankiškais asmenų pasikeitimo prievolėje būdais. Atsižvelgiant į tai, kad subrogacija 2000 m. Lietuvos Respublikos civiliniame kodekse yra reglamentuota kaip ypatinga regreso teisės rūšis, tačiau tuo pačiu tai yra atskiras asmenų pasikeitimo prievolėje būdas, todėl autorė pateikia kriterijus, kurių pagrindu yra atskiriama subrogacija bei regreso teisė. Darbe taip pat pateikiami praktiniai autorės pasiūlymai, skirti galiojančių teisės aktų tobulinimui, atsižvelgiant į darbe... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master‘s final thesis is devoted to the analysis of two different ways of change of persons in an obligation – assignment of claim (cession) and subrogation. The author puts through the review of the historical development of the institutes of cession and subrogation since the times of Roman law, analyses the conceptions of assignment of claim and subrogation and legal nature of these institutes in the legal system of Lithuania and other foreign countries. The author thoroughly researches the institutes of assignment of claim (cession) and subrogation, points out the main problems arising in the field of conception of these institutes and approaches to the pecularities of the legal position of persons in an obligation. This Thesis at large scale approaches to detection of the relation between assignment of claim (cession) and subrogation. The legal regulation of subrogation, provided in the Civil code of the Republic of Lithuania, supposes the conclusion that subrogation is a particular kind of assignment of claim. The Author formulates criteria which help to separate the institutes of assignment of claim and subrogation and allows to treat them as two separate ways of change of persons in an obligation. The legal regulation, provided in the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, treats subrogation as a particular kind of the right of regress but subrogation at the same time is a seperate way of change of persons in an obligation and due to this situation the author... [to full text]

La crise que traverse l'Algérie est mise à profit pour dépasser les contradictions et aplanir les difficultés de communication entre les pouvoirs publics et la population, via les zaouïas. De grands moyens sont mis à la disposition des zaouïas de manière à utiliser les réseaux d'alliances et d'obédiences des différentes zaouïas au service de l'Etat. Avec l'émergence de l'islamisme politique, on assiste, en Algérie, à la réhabilitation des zaouïas. Officiellement, ceci a été décidé pour répondre à un besoin culturel et politique visant à remplir le vide et couper la voie aux « modèles religieux extrémistes ». Les zaouïas sont réellement soutenues par le président de la république pour un projet politique fondé sur le « religieusement zaouïas ». Il s'agit du projet que j'intitule délibérément le « zaouisme ». Un paradigme qui traduit les rapport et liens entre le pouvoir et les zaouïas. Le « zaouïsme » se marie parfaitement avec la baraka et l'allégeance dans une relation d'échange avec le pouvoir dans les deux sens : « la réhabilitation » en échange de la « baraka » et vis-versa. Un projet politique non déclaré officiellement, mais déjà approuvé. Le choix du « zaouisme » comme modèle soutenu et encouragé par l'Etat a débuté par « la réhabilitation des zaouïas ». Sur le terrain son exécution se trouve à un degré très avancé. Le « zaouïsme » puise sa force de la faiblesse du régime qui a fait éclater différents projet (s) social (aux) à l'œuf, dont celui des islamistes, et profite des effets des différentes crises qu'a connu l'Algérie. / The Algerian crisis is exploited to overcome the contradictions and the difficulties of communication between the public authorities and the population through the zawiyas. Wide means are available for zawiyas in order to use the alliance and persuasion networks of different zawiyas in the service of State. With the emergence of political Islamism, we are witnessing, in Algeria, rehabilitation of zawiyas. Officially, it was decided to meet a cultural and policy needs in order to fill the gap and cut the path to « The Religious extremist models." The zawiyas are actually supported by the republic president for a political project based on the "religiously zawiyas." This is the project that I deliberately titled "zaouism." A paradigm that reflects the links between power and zawiyas. The "zaouism" blends perfectly with the baraka and allegiance in a relationship of exchange with power in both directions "rehabilitation" in exchange for "baraka" and vice-versa. A political project not formally declared, but already approved. The choice of "zaouism" as model supported and encouraged by the State began with "rehabilitation of the zawiyas." Its execution on the field is at a very advanced level. The "zaouism" draws its strength from the weakness of the regime who broke various social project (s) in the egg, including the Islamists one, but also the effects of various crises experienced by Algeria. The zawiyas are trying today, under the benevolent eye of the President A. Bouteflika to deploy great efforts to make their new project recognized and to accepted for society. In order to reach their goal, they organize themselves, claim and turn on all areas.

Evitar que o tempo atue como agente de corrosão de diretos durante o longo período de pendência do processo deve ser uma verdadeira obsessão do processualista moderno, consciencioso da finalidade e da existência da ciência processual que constitui o seu objeto de estudo. A visão teleológica do processo como instrumento de realização do direito material deve estar presente na interpretação de todas as regras processuais, sempre tendo em mente o sábio conselho de Chesterton, para quem o homem pode enxergar mais longe se subir aos ombros dos que vieram antes. Romper com velhos dogmas para proporcionar resposta aos novos problemas é fazer com que o direito processual seja dinâmico, conferindo-lhe a capacidade de superar crises de efetividade. A alteração dos fatos durante a longa travessia que é o processo constitui o objeto deste estudo, sobretudo no que se refere aos impactos sobre importantes figuras e institutos processuais como a causa de pedir, a estabilização da demanda, a rigidez do sistema preclusivo, a inércia da jurisdição e a interpretação destes, plasmada nos princípios constitucionais do contraditório e da duração razoável do processo, que integram o conceito amplo do devido processo legal. Para alcançar tais propósitos, esta dissertação está estruturada em cinco partes. O acesso à ordem jurídica justa é o tema inicial e o primeiro capítulo é destinado ao seu estudo. Acesso à justiça não se confunde com estar em juízo. O seu real significado está relacionado com a realização da promessa constitucional de entrega da tutela jurisdicional a quem efetivamente tem direito a ela, sempre lembrando que ela deve ser justa, igualitária e tempestiva. O capitulo dois, núcleo da abordagem teórica do objeto deste estudo, centra-se na identificação da demanda e de seus elementos objetivos, em que se busca demonstrar a existência de uma pluralidade de possibilidades para a investigação do mesmo problema. A concepção alemã do objeto do processo (ou objeto litigioso) enfoca o problema de modo absolutamente distinto daquele concebido pelo direito italiano (teoria dos três eadem). O tempero dado pelas teorias da substanciação e individualização para identificação do núcleo resistente da causa de pedir demonstram a necessidade da análise dos elementos que compõem a demanda, em atenção ao direito material que se busca fazer valer em juízo. Os direitos autodeterminados e heterodeterminados reclamam a utilização de métodos distintos para identificação da causa petendi, demonstrando que esta figura jurídica goza de certa elasticidade. O capítulo três desenvolve a conceituação do fato superveniente e do fato de conhecimento superveniente, bem como o impacto distinto destes na esfera jurídica do autor e do réu, analisando o último momento do procedimento em que é praticamente possível introduzir o fato novo e, sobretudo, o real alcance do art. 462 do Código de Processo Civil. A interpretação deste dispositivo processual revela um poderoso alcance de notável utilidade para aperfeiçoamento do processo como método estatal de solução de controvérsias. O quarto capítulo problematiza os limites da modificação da causa de pedir no curso do processo, com a superação do dogma da estabilização da demanda. A não-incidência ou não-aplicação de regras processuais meramente formais para dar efetividade aos princípios constitucionais informadores do devido processo legal é a pedra de toque para a conclusão a que se chega ao fim do trabalho. O capítulo cinco, conclusivo do percurso analítico empreendido, apresenta o estágio de compreensão do objeto alcançado neste estudo. Garantido o contraditório e a ampla defesa, deve ser prestigiado o princípio constitucional da duração razoável do processo, cuja correta interpretação é dele extrair uma garantia de resolução integral da crise de direito material com o menor grau de perturbação social possível, ou seja, com o menor dispêndio de energia e tempo, o que implica reconhecer a possibilidade de modificação da causa petendi. / Avoiding time to act as a corrosion agent of rights during the long period of a pending case must be a true obsession for the modern expert in civil procedure, conscious of the purpose and existence of procedural science that constitutes its object of study. The teleological vision of the judicial process as an instrument of realization of substantive law shall be present in the interpretation of all procedural rules, always keeping Chestertons wise advice in mind, to whom a man can see further if he climbs on the shoulders of those who came before. Breaking with old dogmas to provide solutions to new problems is to make procedural law dynamic, giving it the capability to overcome crises of effectiveness. The change of events during the long journey of the case is the object of this study, particularly with regard to the impacts on important procedural figures and institutions such as cause of action, stabilization of claim, rigidity of the preclusive system, inertia of jurisdiction and its interpretation, present in the constitutional principles of adversary system and reasonable time of proceedings, which form the broad concept of due process of law. To achieve such aims, this dissertation is structured in five parts. The access to the fair legal system is the opening theme and the first chapter focuses on its study. Access to justice should not be confused with being at court. Its real meaning is related to the implementation of the constitutional promise of delivery of legal protection to those who are actually entitled to it, always remembering that it must be fair, equitable and timely. The second chapter, the core of the theoretical object of this study, focuses on the identification of the litigation and its objective elements and seeks to demonstrate the existence of a plurality of possibilities for the investigation of the same problem. The German conception of the subject matter (or litigious matter) analyzes the 194 problem in a completely different manner from that designed by the Italian Law (theory of the three eadem). The effect given by the theories of substantiation and individualization for the identification of the resistant core of the cause of action demonstrate the necessity of analyzing the elements of claim, in response to the substantive law that seeks to be enforced in court. The self-determined and heterodetermined rights claim the use of different methods to identify the causa petendi demostrating that this legal concept hás certain elasticity. The third chapter develops the concept of supervening fact and supervening knowledge of the fact as well as their different impact on the legal sphere of the plaintiff and the defendant; the last moment of the proceedings that permits the introduction of the new fact is analyzed and, especially, the actual scope of article 462 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The interpretation of this procedural provision reveals a remarkable range of powerful utility for improving the legal process as a state method of settlement. The fourth chapter discusses the limits to change the cause of action during the course of action overcoming the dogma of the stabilization of claim. The nonlevy or non-application of purely formal procedural rules to give effect to the constitutional principles which inform the due process of law is the cornerstone of the conclusion reached at the end of the work. The fifth chapter concludes the undertaken analytical path and presents the understanding stage of the object of this study. Being the adversary system and full defense guaranteed, the constitutional principle of reasonable time of proceedings must be considered. Its correct interpretation is to acquire a guarantee of full resolution of the crisis of substantive law with the lowest degree of social disruption as possible, i.e., the lowest expenditure of energy and time, which means recognizing the possibility of changing the causa petendi.

The thesis analyses the legal concept of unjust enrichment in business law. General legal regulation of unjust enrichment itself has never been included in Commercial Code though it had to be interpreted according to the general regulation contained in the Civil Code. This conception remained unchanged even after the re-codification of civil law, which abolished the Commercial Code, thus we no longer need to differentiate between legal relationships which are of a commercial nature and those which are not. The conclusions reached by the Supreme Court in correlation with the previous legislation cannot be completely abandoned - based on the transitional provisions of the Civil Code - the preceding legislation, and therefore the conclusions of the case law relating thereto, remain applicable. The thesis analyses unjust enrichment, mainly from the perspective of civil law. The commercial aspect is provided in comparison to the previous legislation which focuses on the specifics or application problems in relation to unjust enrichment that have arisen in commercial law. For this purpose, the thesis deals with related legal concepts such as limitation of claims resulting from unjust enrichment, the invalidity of legal acts, etc. The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter analyses the...

RAISING CLAIMS IN INSOLVENCY PROCEEDING - ENGLISH ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive summary of institutes of an insolvency law related to the application of claims as well as defining the rights and obligations of creditors related to this topic with a closer focus on risk and problematic facts appearing in practice. All the text is based on the insolvency law effective at the time of its creation and besides the academic literature also often uses related practice of the courts. The introductory part presents an insolvency law in its historical and also contemporary context. It is listing the material sources and their brief characteristics needed to simplify the understanding of the substance of an insolvency law. For the same reason the initial chapters deal with the basic principles and terminology of an insolvency law, namely an insolvency proceeding, a bankruptcy and closely characterize particular ways of solving a debtor's bankruptcy. Another part of this thesis focuses on the actual debts. The legal analysis of the term debt and its types that are applied during insolvency proceedings is being carried out and it involves also the list of debts excluded. On the other hand this part includes the theory of debts with no need to be applied, since those are registered into...

La politique actuelle des transports répond à la nécessité de trouver une solution logistique, compétitive et durable à l’augmentation des échanges internationaux à travers l’élaboration du concept d’autoroutes de la mer. L’objectif de report modal associé aux autoroutes de la mer ne se retrouve pas au sein des Etats tiers méditerranéens. Dans cette région, les autoroutes de la mer se caractérisent par le développement d’infrastructures portuaires qui permettront d’aspirer les flux de marchandises de certains ports du Nord de l’Europe largement saturés. L’innovation réside dans l’approche systémique adoptée. La chaîne de transport est envisagée dans sa globalité pour un transport porte à porte. Compte tenu du contexte concurrentiel des transports qui a eu pour effet d’entraîner l’arrêt d’un certain nombre de lignes maritimes régulières, on peut être conduit à s’interroger sur les conditions de viabilité de ce concept. Face à cette situation, a priori, quelque peu défavorable, nous avons recherché, au cours de cette étude, quels sont les leviers juridiques qui pérennisent le concept. D’une part, nous avons insisté sur l’élaboration d’un régime juridique des entreprises de transport multimodal. D’autre part, l’étude montre que la viabilité économique du concept est subordonnée à l’existence d’instruments financiers incitatifs. Enfin, la promotion de transports durables tels que les services des autoroutes de la mer, sous la forme juridique d’une allégation environnementale, permettrait utilement d’informer les chargeurs et les professionnels sur les avantages énergétiques propres à ce concept, ce qui ne pourrait que lui être particulièrement favorable. / The current transport policy fulfills the need for a logistical, competitive and sustainable solution to the growth of international trade through the implementation of the Motorways of the sea concept. The Motorways of the sea aim to shift road freight to maritime traffic, and are characterized by their regularity, their frequency and integration into logistics chain. However, the modal shift goal linked to the Motorways of the sea is not the same within the third-Mediterranean States. In this region, the Motorways of the sea are determined by the development of port infrastructures which will allow to draw in the flow of freight from certain saturated northern european ports.The innovation rests in the adoption of a systemic approach. The economical reason driving the euro-mediterranean transport policies as well as the diagnosis of the mediterranean transport system, demonstrate the challenge faced by the mediterranean Motorways of the sea is considerable. Considering the competitive context surrounding the transport sector together with the difficulty to integrate the motorways of the sea within the transports chain, we intend to question the viability of this concept. In view of the situation slightly unfavorable, we have researched, in this study, what are the legal means perpetuating this concept in order to allow its integration to the competitive network of transports. On one hand, we have focused on the implementation of a legal system for a binding to international treaties.On the other hand, the study evidence that the economical viability of this concept is related to the existence of financial incentives which application, sometimes, requires financial engineering to obtain the funds potentially available. Finally, the motorways of the sea could benefit from a legal environmental information, like goods and services, informing loaders, and other professional on the advantages of this concept.