This qualitative study is based on interviews about womens experiences of mental pain due to violence in close relationships. Men’s violence against women in close partner relationships is a major societal problem today not only in Sweden but also worldwide. The most common violence that occurs are the ones at home which makes it a hidden problem. Therefore the lack of knowledge about the subject makes it difficult to prevent it from happening. The purpose of this essay was to study women's experiences of violence in close relationships and how they feel that they have been affected by the psychological pain that has arisen as a result of violence in close relationships or harassment that they have experienced. The violence can be psychological, physical and sexual and the abuser successively takes control over the women and her life. A qualitative study was conducted with a thematic analysis and interview guide where women had been in contact with different women’s shelter. The results showed that we need to work further with violence and include preventioned work

Bakgrund: Våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer orsakar stora samhällskostnader, samt skador hos offren vilket leder till behov av akutsjukvård. Därav krävs rätt beredskap hos de sjuksköterskor som arbetar på akutmottagningar. Syfte: Beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser och erfarenheter av att på akutmottagningar bemöta kvinnor som misstänks vara utsatta för våld i nära relationer. Metod: Studien bestod av en kvalitativ metod med ett urval på sexton sjuksköterskor som arbetade på akutmottagningar i Västra Götaland och som haft kontakt med en kvinna där misstanke om våld i nära relationer funnits. Vid insamlingsmetoden besvarade informanterna nio frågor i ett digitalt frågeformulär som analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Fyra huvudkategorier identifierades: misstanke att allt inte står rätt till, viktigt att skapa trygghet, hinder för skapandet av en trygg miljö och förekomst av rutiner. Resultatet pekade på avvikande beteende hos de våldsutsatta kvinnorna och anhöriga, samt förekomsten av suicidförsök eller intoxikationer orsakade av en rädsla för närstående. Behov av kontinuitet i vården, skapandet av tillit, användning av utbildade tolkar, utbildning och mer personal uttrycktes. Konklusion: Resultatet tyder på ett behov av gemensamma rutiner, mer utbildning, mer personal och tid till samtal. Det är även viktigt att alltid ställa frågor om våld i nära relationer. / Background: Violence against women in close relationships causes high societal costs and injuries, leading to the victims needing emergency care. Therefore, the nurses who work at the Emergency department require proper preparedness.  Purpose: Describing nurses’ experiences of encountering violence against women in close relationships at the Emergency department. Method: The study consisted of a qualitative method with a selection of sixteen nurses who worked at Emergency departments in Västra Götaland and who had contact with women with a suspicion of violence in close relationships. During the collection, the informants answered nine questions in a digital questionnaire analyzed with qualitative content analysis.  Results: Four main categories were identified: the suspicion that not everything is as it should be, the importance of creating security, barriers to creating a safe environment and prevalence of routine. The result pointed at deviating behaviors, the occurrence of suicidal attempts or intoxication caused by fear of a relative. A need for care continuity, creating trust, using educated interpreters and educated healthcare staff was presented.  Conclusion: There is a need for a standard routine, educated staff and time for conversation. Also, it is essential to ask about violence in close relationships.

With the introduction of technology, our existence became different. Today we use technology for every aspect of our lives. We can study, work, communicate, and entertain ourselves. We find it very convenient to communicate via e-mail, text messaging, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Myspace, and Snapchat to connect with people in work, school, social and familial networks. Mark Zuckerberg proclaimed that Facebook's new mission is to "bring the world closer together" (Zuckerberg, 2017). The means of accomplishing that is through technological communication. According to research on close relationships and the use of technology as a way of communication, "mobile phone-based channels had stronger associations with friendship closeness" (Liu & Yang, 2016). However, it is also possible that something essential is lost in these electronic interactions. It is possible that both the value and meaning of the interaction changes when using technology rather than human communication. The primary purpose of this research was a) to examine whether technology use makes people feel more connected to others or lonelier, b) to discover how relationships are affected by online communication, particularly as it relates to satisfaction or closeness, and c) to see if people's personalities play a role in their technology use. It is essential to continue to expand and explore this research. Technology continues to develop and change at an increasingly fast rate. The impact of how we use and interact with this dynamic product can only be fully understood through continued examination and research.

Bakgrund: Våld i nära relation är ett globalt hälsoproblem som påverkar miljontals kvinnor. Våldet förekommer i flera olika former, exempelvis fysiskt, psykiskt och sexuellt, och kan ha dödliga konsekvenser. Sjukvården behöver utveckla och säkra kvaliteten i arbetet med att identifiera och hjälpa kvinnor som är utsatta för våld i nära relation. Sjuksköterskor har en viktig roll i detta arbete.  Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av det initiala samtalet med kvinnor som utsatts för våld i nära relation. Metod: En litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats baserad på nio kvalitativa studier. Datasökningen gjordes på Cinahl och PubMed. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskas med hjälp av Olsson & Sörensens granskningsmall. Analysen av artiklarna gjordes med inspiration av Fribergs analysmodell.  Resultat: Analysen resulterade i två huvudteman och sju underteman. De två huvudteman är: Försvårande och underlättande faktorer för att initiera samtal om våld i nära relation och Försvårande och underlättande faktorer för att genomföra bra samtal om våld i nära relation. Konklusion: Ämnet våld i nära relation väcker känslor hos patienter likaväl som hos sjuksköterskor. Det finns osäkerheter hos sjuksköterskor om hur man ska hålla det initiala samtalet om våld i nära relation och vad man ska göra med svaret. Tidsbrist och underbemanning är faktorer som bidrar till att samtal om våld i nära relation utelämnas av sjuksköterskor i deras arbete. Rutinmässiga frågor till alla kvinnliga patienter kan hjälpa sjuksköterskor att uppmärksamma våld i nära relation. / Background: Domestic violence is a global health problem affecting millions of women. Violence takes many forms, including physical, psychological and sexual, and can have fatal consequences. The health care system needs safe procedures to develop and ensure the quality of work with women who are exposed to domestic violence. Nurses play an important role in this work. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe nurses' experiences of the initial conversation with women who have been subjected to domestic violence. Methods: A literature study based on nine qualitative studies. The data search was done on Cinahl and PubMed. With help from Olsson & Sörensen's review template, the articles were quality reviewed. The analysis of the articles was done with inspiration from Friberg's analysis model. Results: The analysis resulted in two main themes and seven sub-themes. The two main themes are: Difficulty and facilitating factors for initiating conversations about domestic violence and Difficulty and facilitating factors for conducting good conversations about domestic violence. Conclusion:  The topic of domestic violence raises emotions in patients as well as in nurses. There are uncertainties among nurses about how to have the initial conversation about domestic violence and what to do with the response. Lack of time and understaffing are factors contributing to the omission of domestic violence conversations by nurses in their work. Routine questions to all female patients can help nurses to recognize intimate partner violence.

Syftet med undersökningen var att utifrån beskrivningar från professionella socialarbetare, som arbetat med kvinnor som varit utsatta för mäns partnervåld, analysera vilka konstruktioner dessa professionella socialarbetare hade av den här klientgruppens situation. Frågeställningen var vilka konstruktioner ett urval av professionella socialarbetare, som arbetat med kvinnor som varit utsatta för mäns partnervåld, hade. Frågeställningen var fokuserad på följande teman: kvinnans livsvärld, förhållandet till mannen, våldet i relationen och faktorer för att stanna kvar i- respektive faktorer för att lämna förhållandet. Metoden var semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer. Fem professionella socialarbetare från olika kvinnojourer och socialtjänster intervjuades. Resultaten analyserades utifrån ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv samt med stöd från tidigare forskning. Undersökningens viktigaste resultat och slutsats var att de professionella socialarbetarnas konstruktion av den misshandlade kvinnans situation var att hela kvinnans livsvärld påverkades negativt av mannens misshandel. Kvinnan var ambivalent i sitt förhållningssätt till mannen och hon levde hela tiden på hoppet om att mannen skulle förändra sig. Kvinnan upplevde inte våldet som något normalt och hon gjorde alltid på något sätt motstånd mot våldet. / The aim of this study was to analyze the social constructions social workers formed as result of working with women who had been victims of male partner violence. The social constructions analyzed came from the social workers descriptions of the client group’s situation. The question addressed was what social constructions a selection of social workers had that had worked with women who experienced violent abuse from men that they lived in a relationship with. The question was focused on the following themes: the women´s life conditions, the relationship to the man, the violence in the relationship, and what the factors affected whether the woman stayed or left the abusive relationship. The method used was semi-structured qualitative interviews. Five professional social workers from different shelters and social services institutions were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed from a social constructionist perspective with support from earlier research in the area. The most important finding from the study, and conclusion, was that the social constructions the professional social workers made from working with the abused woman was that the entire life situation of the abused women was negatively affected by the abuse from the man. The abused women were ambivalent in their approach to the abusive man, and they lived on the hope that the abusive man would change his abusive ways. The women did not experience the violence as something normal and they always resisted the violence in some way.

This study examine the interrelationship between the attachment in relationship and in marriage and relationship satisfaction. Based on theoretical models of attachment the study works empirically with a 2-factor concept of adult attachment. It deals with selected components of the relationship aspects of adult attachment. Another important issue is the relationship satisfaction. The work proposes a Czech translation of questionnaires Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised and the Couples Satisfaction Index and uses them in a research. Quantitative research was conducted on a sample of 258 respondents. 49 of them were clients of marriage counselling or psychotherapy practice. Statistical analysis showed significant correlation between the factors of attachment (Anxiety and Avoidance) and relationship satisfaction. The strongest correlation was found between satisfaction and anxiety. The results confirm the theory of attachment, according to which more securely attached individuals are more satisfied in a relationship than those less securely attached. The factors of attachment have proved to be better predictors of relationship satisfaction than age, gender or type of relationship (couple relationship / marriage). Key words: adult attachment, couple relationship, marriage, marital satisfaction,...

The overall purpose of this interview-study is to increase the knowledge and understanding of persons with Asperger syndrome. For each participant has common and unique aspects been described. The ambition has been to illuminate their perspective of their situation in life and develop the understanding of their quality of life. The participants’ experiences of their diagnosis, and its consequences in their life has been studied. Several aspects of their everyday life have been reported, i.e. schooling, occupational problems, spare time and interests. The results show that the participants may experience their life as hard, as seemingly uncomplicated chores prove to be exhausting. Not fitting with the norms they believe other people in society have, is one aspect of experienced difference. The diagnostic process has proved to be an important event in the life of the participants. It has been described as a way of taking control over one’s life. Their experienced difference may be acceptable to them, if it is in the form of an Asperger diagnosis. Experiences of chock, denial and ambivalence after receiving their Asperger diagnosis were also reported. However, all participants have accepted their diagnosis. The participants’ biologically different way of being has given them consequences. Both psychological and social consequences have been illustrated, as well as interpersonal and societal. Disability research theory (Danermark, 2005; Rönnberg & Melinder, 2007) and Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory (1979) have been used to illustrate the outcome of a diagnosis like Asperger syndrome. The study shows the participants’ experiences of their different way of being. / Den här avhandlingen är en intervjustudie, med det övergripande syftet att öka kunskapen om individer med Asperger syndrom. Gemensamma och unika synsätt hos varje deltagare med diagnosen Asperger syndrom har undersökts. Ambitionen har varit att fånga deras perspektiv på sin livssituation och utveckla förståelsen för deras syn på livskvalitet. Avhandlingen har undersökt hur deltagarna uppfattar sitt funktionshinder och hur diagnosen har påverkat deras liv. Deltagarna har beskrivit sina vardagsliv utifrån flera infallsvinklar, där skolgång, försörjningsmöjligheter, sysselsättning och fritid har skildrats. Resultaten visar att flera beskriver sin vardag som arbetsam, exempelvis kan ett till synes enkelt moment upplevas som ansträngande. Att inte passa in i de normer som de uppfattar att andra i samhället har är en aspekt av upplevt annorlundaskap. Diagnostiseringen har i visat sig vara en betydelsefull händelse i deltagarnas liv. Den har beskrivits som ett sätt att ta kontroll över sin livssituation. Genom att få diagnosen blir avvikelsen legitim. Deltagarna beskriver den som ett acceptabelt sätt att skilja sig från mängden. Det finns även skildringar av chock, förnekande och ambivalens när de har fått diagnosen om sitt funktionshinder. Samtliga av studiens deltagare säger sig dock acceptera sin aspergerdiagnos. Deras annorlunda sätt att vara biologiskt har visat sig ge konsekvenser i hela deras livsvärld. Både psykologiska och sociala konsekvenser har illustrerats, liksom interpersonella och samhälleliga. Handikappvetenskaplig- och ekologisk systemteori har använts för att visa på vidden av de konsekvenser som Asperger syndrom kan ge. Studien visar på deltagarnas upplevelser av sitt annorlunda sätt att vara.

Submitted by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-03T17:27:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_com_ficha_catalografica (1).doc.pdf: 1147180 bytes, checksum: e666ba9c6f99df77bc47cae176d7d32a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-03T17:35:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_com_ficha_catalografica (1).doc.pdf: 1147180 bytes, checksum: e666ba9c6f99df77bc47cae176d7d32a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-03T17:35:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_com_ficha_catalografica (1).doc.pdf: 1147180 bytes, checksum: e666ba9c6f99df77bc47cae176d7d32a (MD5) / Esta pesquisa tem como foco a construção do humor na interação em encontros sociais de um grupo de amigos. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de explorar a complexidade e ambivalência do humor em relações marcadas pela proximidade e afeto. Partindo-se do pressuposto de que o humor conversacional é um fenômeno relacional e colaborativo que depende do conhecimento de normas do grupo e é gerado pela possível quebra de expectativa com relação a esquemas de conhecimento, buscou-se descrever como são organizadas as sequências humorísticas e identificar que tipos de humor emergem na conversa e que funções esse humor exerce no contexto em estudo. Através de uma abordagem interacional da comunicação humorística e das contribuições da Análise da Conversa, verificamos que as sequências humorísticas se constituem de outras sequências envolvendo quem caça ou deixa um gatilho para o humor e, em alguns casos, outros participantes que alimentam o que disparou o humor. Em termos de tipos de humor, foram identificados a ironia, o humor fantasioso (Hay, 2001), a zombaria jocosa (Haugh, 2010; Haugh e Bousfield, 2012) e o abuso jocoso (Hay, 1994; Haugh, 2010; Haugh e Bousfield, 2012). Com relação ao humor fantasioso, propusemos duas categorias: o humor fantasioso exagerado e o humor fantasioso absurdo. Ambos envolvem o estabelecimento conjunto de um mundo imaginário com sua própria lógica, com regras irracionais e absurdas que não se aplicam ao mundo real (Hay, 2001), mas o primeiro categoriza-se pela construção conjunta de um mundo conhecido pelos participantes, e o segundo de um mundo nonsense. Evidenciamos que as zombarias jocosas podem ser direcionadas ao self de um dos participantes do grupo ou podem ser híbridas, tendo como alvo o self, uma terceira pessoa, ou um objeto. Quanto às funções, destacamos o entretenimento como função principal do humor no grupo. Como funções secundárias, estão: i) a de guardião das relações interpessoais em momentos de potencial conflito, e ii) a função de ameaça às relações quando algum aspecto do self é considerado sagrado, isto é, inegociável como objeto de humor. Como conclusão, salientamos o papel do humor no reforço das relações pessoais, dos valores do grupo e na sacralização da amizade. / This research focuses on the construction of humor in interaction, in social meetings of a group of friends. The aim of this study is to explore the complexity and ambivalence of humor in relationships marked by proximity and affection. Assuming that conversational humor is a relational and collaborative phenomenon that depends on knowledge of group norms and is generated by a possible breach of expectation with respect to knowledge schemes, we sought to describe how humorous sequences are organized, identify what types of humor emerge in conversation and what functions humor plays in the context under study. Through an interactional approach to humorous communication and with contributions from Conversation Analysis, we find that humorous sequences are constituted by other sequences involving participants who ‘hunt’ or who leave triggers for humor and, in some cases, other participants who feed the one who started the humorous sequence. In terms of types of humor, we identified irony, fantasy humor (Hay, 2001), jocular mockery (Haugh, 2010; Haugh and Bousfield, 2012) and jocular abuse (Hay, 1994; Haugh, 2010; and Haugh Bousfield, 2012). Regarding fantasy humor, we proposed two categories: an exaggerated fantasy humor and an absurd fantasy humor. Both involve the joint construction of an imaginary world with its own logic, with irrational and absurd rules that do not apply to the real world (Hay, 2001), but the first one is categorized by the joint construction of a world known by the participants, and the second one, a nonsense world. We show that jocular mockery may be directed at the self of one of the group members or may be hybrid, targeting the self, a third person or an object. As for the functions of humor, we highlight entertainment as the main function of humor in the group. As secondary functions are: i) humor as the guardian of interpersonal relationships in moments of potential conflict, and ii) humor as threat to relations when some aspect of the self is considered sacred, that is, non-negotiable as an object of humor. In conclusion, we emphasize the role of humor in strengthening personal relationships, the values of the group and sanctity of friendship.

Violence in close relationships is a big society problem both in Sweden and around the world. Most of the violence happens in the home, which results in that the violence remains a hidden problem. The purpose with this study was to increase knowledge of women's experiences of relationship violence and to see if there is a relation, between societies support and the desire to return to a destructive relationship. The study has had its starting point in a qualitative research method, where the collected empirical evidence was carried out through six qualitative interviews, to get closer to women's experiences of violence in close relationships. The collected empirical evidence was analyzed based on the sociological theoretics Cooley, Goffman, Connell and Homans. Earlier research shows that crime in close relationships is a society problem that has to be more enlightened to reduce vulnerability. Furthermore, you can see that women do not feel prioritized by the Justice system, which is one of the factors why they choose to go back to the relationship. The result shows that violence in close relationships occurs in all different ages, social classes and ethnicities. The violence can be both sexual, economical, material and physical where the perpetrator gradually is trying to take control over women's lives. The result shows that these specified women have a habit to return to relationships that involves domestic violence. They fall back into a relationship constituted by physical, psychological and finical violence. The research also proves that certain factors such as kids, lack of support, finical difficulties such as debts, guilt and shameful emotions holds a crucial role in the women’s decision-making process.

This thesis has been carried out as there has been a need to expand research in men's violence against women in close relationships. This by a historical comparison to discover causal explanation and conceptions with a focus on change and continuity over time. Men's violence against women needs more research, although new interventions such as laws have been put into place, the problem still remains in society. The thesis will focus on finding change and continuity over time. Analyzing the area through a historical perspective can further contribute to a greater insight into the problem today, to reduce the risk of repetition of the past, regarding conceptions on gender and violence and not make the problem invisible. The material that has been used in the thesis is based on news articles from Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet, based on four selected time periods during the 1900–2020s. The analysis focus on the public's perceptions and causal explanations of men's violence against women in close relationships. The result of the analysis concluded, among other things, that research and news articles do not always correspond and that society's perceptions and causal explanations have both altered and continued. A finding  in the thesis is that jealousy and men's feelings are two relatively unexplored areas.