Beaucoup de patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson (MP) peuvent souffrir de troubles cognitifs dès les étapes initiales de la maladie et jusqu’à 80% d’entre eux vont développer une démence. Des altérations fonctionnelles au niveau du cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral (CPFDL), possiblement en relation avec le noyau caudé, seraient à l’origine de certains de ces déficits cognitifs. Des résultats antérieurs de notre groupe ont montré une augmentation de l’activité et de la connectivité dans la boucle cortico-striatale cognitive suite à la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (SMT) utilisant des paramètres « theta burst » intermittent (iTBS) sur le CPFDL gauche. Pour cette étude, 24 patients atteints de la MP avec des troubles cognitifs ont été séparées en 2 groupes : le groupe iTBS active (N=15) et le groupe sham (stimulation simulée, N=9). Une batterie neuropsychologique détaillée évaluant cinq domaines cognitifs (attention, fonctions exécutives, langage, mémoire et habiletés visuo-spatiales) a été administrée lors des jours 1, 8, 17 et 37. Le protocole iTBS a été appliqué sur le CPFDL gauche durant les jours 2, 4 et 7. Les scores z ont été calculés pour chaque domaine cognitif et pour la cognition globale. Les résultats ont montré une augmentation significative de la cognition globale jusqu’à 10 jours suivant l’iTBS active, particulièrement au niveau de l’attention, des fonctions exécutives et des habiletés visuo-spatiales. Cet effet sur la cognition globale n’est pas répliqué dans le groupe sham. Ces résultats suggèrent donc que l’iTBS peut moduler la performance cognitive chez les patients atteints de MP avec des déficits cognitifs. / Cognitive impairment affects many patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the early phase of the disease and up to 80% of them will eventually develop dementia. Many studies suggests that these cognitive deficits are mediated by functional alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), possibly in relation with the caudate nucleus. Previous results from our group showed an increase in activity and connectivity within the cognitive cortico-striatal loop when applying transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) using intermittent « theta burst » (iTBS) parameters over left DLPFC. For this study, 24 idiopathic PD patients with cognitive impairment were recruited and divided into two groups : active iTBS group (N=15) and sham group (simulated stimulation, N=9). Detailed neuropsychological assessment of five cognitive domains (attention, executive functions, language, memory, visuospatial abilities) was performed on day 1, 8, 17 and 37. iTBS protocol over left DLPFC was performed on day 2, 4 and 7. Z scores were calculated for each domain and for the overall cognition performance. Our results showed a significant increase in overall cognition up to 10 days after receiving active iTBS, improving mainly attention, executive functions and visuospatial abilities. This effect was not replicated in the sham group. Therefore, our results suggest that iTBS can modulate cognitive performance in PD patients with cognitive deficits.

Introduction : La prise de décision (PD), les fonctions exécutives et l’apathie ont des processusneuropsychologiques et des substrats neuro-anatomiques communs. Tous trois sont altérés dans lamaladie d’Alzheimer (MA) mais aussi dans le Trouble Léger de la Cognition (TLC). Par ailleurs, ladéficience décisionnelle peut affecter l’autonomie.Méthode : Afin d’évaluer les corrélats exécutifs cognitifs et comportementaux de la PD, nous avonscomparé 20 sujets contrôles (CT), 20 patients ayant un TLC et 20 patients MA.Outre le MMSE et l’échelle de Beck (dépression), tous ont complété 3 épreuves exécutives liées aumodèle de Miyake (évaluant la flexibilité, l’inhibition et la mémoire de travail), 2 échelles d’apathie,une échelle de compétence (autonomie) et 2 tâches décisionnelles (sous ambiguïté et sous risque).3 études ont été finalisées : (1) Fonctions exécutives et PD, (2) Apathie et PD, (3) PD et autonomie.Résultats : Il existe une relative comparabilité des patients TLC et MA, inférieurs aux sujets CT, dupoint de vue de la PD, des fonctions exécutives, de l’apathie et de l’autonomie. La PD sous risqueimplique directement les fonctions exécutives et est associée à la composante cognitive de l’apathie,alors que celle sous ambiguïté les implique indirectement et est associée à la composantecomportementale de l’apathie. Il y a un effet équivalent de chacune des modalités décisionnelles surl’autonomie.Conclusion : La PD dans la MA et le TLC semble d’abord altérée par des facteurs exécutifs cognitifs,dont l’expression varie suivant la modalité décisionnelle. Les implications théoriques, cliniques et lavalidité écologique de ces outils d’évaluation sont discutées. / Introduction : Decision making (DM), executive functions and apathy have commonneuropsychological processes and neuroanatomical substrates. The three of them are impaired in theAlzheimer disease (AD) but also in the Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Besides, decision deficitcan impair autonomy.Method : In order to estimate the behavioral and cognitive executive correlates of DM, we havecompared 20 Control subjects (CT), 20 patients with MCI and 20 patients with AD.In addition with the MMSE and the Beck Inventory (depression), all have performed 3 executive testslinked to the Miyake model (estimating flexibility, inhibition and working memory), two apathyscales, one competency scale (autonomy) and two decision tasks (under ambiguity and under risk).Three studies have been completed : (1) Executive functions and DM, (2) Apathy and DM, (3) DMand autonomy.Results : there is a relative comparability between MCI and AD patients, below CT subjects,regarding DM, executive functions, apathy and autonomy.DM under risk directly implies the executive functions and is associated with the cognitive componentof apathy, whereas DM under ambiguity implies them indirectly and is associated with the behavioralcomponent of apathy. There is a similar impact of both decision modes on autonomy.Conclusion : DM in AD and MCI seems first to be impaired by cognitive executive factors, whoseform varies according to the decision model. The theoretical, clinical involvements and the ecologicalvalidity of these evaluation tools are challenged.

This diploma thesis deals with the topic of Subjective memory complaints (SMC) in elderly population in relation to early diagnostics of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The term of SMC describes patients with subjective perception of cognitive impairment which is not objectivized during a complex neuropsychological assessment. The character of their subjective complaints has not been thoroughly examined, despite their increased risk to develop cognitive impairment, most likely due to AD (Reisberg, et al., 2008). The aim of this cross-sectional study was to verify the clinical significance of the concept of SMC and to characterize subjective complaints in SMC in comparison to patients with cognitive deficit at the stage of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and in comparison to cognitively healthy elderly (HE). SMC and aMCI patients did not differ in the amount of subjective complaints, but SMC patients reported significantly more complaints compared to HE. The difference in the amount of complaints reported by the patients themselves and by their informants was found neither in aMCI, nor in SMC patients. There were identified questions which may distinguish between SMC and aMCI patients, and questions which may distinguish between SMC patients and HE; that means questions able to distinguish...

Patients with amnestic type of mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) are diagnosed mainly on the basis of performance in verbal memory tests. This thesis deals with the use of a nonverbal test called the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This research compared the performance of patients with clinical diagnosis of MCI (N=79) using the BVMT-R with the performance of these patients using the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), the AVLT being a validated instrument for differentiating aMCI patients from healthy control patients. Both tests follow a similar design paradigm, but they differ in the type of stimuli measured: the BVMT-R tests memory for nonverbal material and the AVLT tests for verbal material. Results showed that there is a moderate correlation between scores (total score, delayed recall score) of the BVMT-R and equivalent scores of the AVLT. Further analyses of performance of MCI patients in both tests (in total scores and delayed recall scores) identified that there was a proportion of patients tested using the BVMT-R with memory impairment that did not show any memory impairment using the AVLT. Our findings indicate a favorable diagnostic potential of BVMT-R in the diagnostics of mild cognitive impairment. Keywords:...

La médecine de l’Antiquité voit l’individu malade et ne reconnaît pas le handicap. Les classifications C.I.H. et C.I.F. de l’O.M.S. ont modifié notre manière de voir le handicap. La loi du 11 février 2005 utilise les termes de limitation d’activité et de restriction de participation issus de la C.I.F. La grille G-MAP évalue les limitations d’activité et la restriction de participation par la mesure de l’interaction entre les dimensions individuelles et environnementales (facilitatrices / obstacles) et rend compte ainsi de la situation de handicap. Le type de travail, de formation, le fait de côtoyer au quotidien les personnes handicapées, sont les facteurs principaux modifiant les attitudes des professionnels ou des étudiants. L’évolution et la modification de l’organisation du travail limitent parfois négativement la participation des travailleurs handicapés à la vie de l’entreprise. Une ergonomie logicielle adaptée semble être une voie prometteuse pour faciliter l’insertion. L’accompagnement des professionnels d’un ESAT portant sur la compréhension des troubles cognitifs et comportementaux facilite la vie relationnelle au sein de l’entreprise adaptée. La vision socialisée et politique du handicap impulsée par la loi du 11 février 2005 a considérablement amélioré l’image de celui-ci dans l’ensemble de la population. Nous sommes peut-être, en 2012, dans la phase du balancier de l’histoire qui pointe surtout vers l’aspect social du handicap. Ce changement mérite d’être accompagné, mais il ne doit pas se faire au détriment de la prise en compte des problèmes de santé sous-jacents et plus particulièrement de ce qui concerne le handicap cognitif ou psychique. / The traditional medical model views patients as ‘illnesses’ and does not recognize disability. The WHO’s classifications of handicap (ICH) and function (ICF) have changed our understanding of disability. The Disability Discrimination law of 11th February 2005 introduced the concepts of activity and participation. G-MAP is an assessment tool that looks at the limitations of activity and participation by measuring the interaction between individual and environmental dimensions (facilitators/obstacles) that contribute to the handicap. The main factors that help modify the attitudes of professionals and students, are the nature of their work, training and being around people with disabilities in their daily lives. The evolution and development of an organisation sometimes negatively impacts on the participation of employees with a disability. Adapted software ergonomics seems to be a promising way forward, appearing to change the attitudes towards disabled employees. The use of specific work supporting activities for the professionals of an establishment that employs disabled people (ESAT) to develop an understanding of cognitive and behavioural disorders facilitates good employee relationships within the company. The socialised and political vision of disability engendered by the law of February 2005 has considerably improved the image of disabled people in the general population. This change has to be facilitated, but it should not be detrimental to the awareness of underlying health problems. In 2012 we are the point where the pendulum is starting to swing towards the social aspect of disability.

The thesis discusses screening psychodiagnostics with special attention given to amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. The theoretical part describes the concepts of healthy aging and the disorders of cognitive functions. It provides an overview of the screening methods most frequently used in the Czech Republic and the description of MoCA test. It also briefly outlines the issues of retesting in psychodiagnostics. The objective of the empirical part of the work was to verify the psychometric characteristics of the Czech alternative version MoCA-CZ and to evaluate whether it is possible to use this test in practice. The evaluation also includes a comparison of the new version with the already established standard version of MoCA-CZ test. We assigned standard and alternative versions of MoCA-CZ in a 2-month interval to 59 healthy volunteers, 35 patients with mild cognitive impairment and 41 patients with dementia resulting from Alzheimer's disease. We found a strong correlation between alternative and standard version of MoCA-CZ test. We confirmed statistically significant differences in the average scores between individual research groups in both versions of the test. We proved that the alternative version MoCA-CZ 2 is reliable. And we demonstrated that the administration and...

Les nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) pourraient contribuer à la prévention de l’isolement et au développement du sentiment de bien-être des adultes âgés, ainsi qu’à l’amélioration de la qualité de vie et de prise en charge des patients souffrant de maladie de type Alzheimer. La technologie tactile possiblement plus simple d’utilisation que l’ordinateur, y compris pour des personnes présentant des troubles neurocognitifs, constituerait une solution facilitatrice d’accès aux TIC. La formation reste toutefois l’un des déterminants majeurs de l’utilisation des technologies par des adultes âgés. Un accompagnement efficace nécessite la prise en compte des besoins des aînés et donc une évaluation fine de la nature des difficultés rencontrées et des aides à fournir. En conséquence, nous avons souhaité étudier les difficultés particulières des personnes âgées à utiliser ces technologies, mais aussi les conditions de l’aide dont ils peuvent bénéficier. Notre recherche s’est en particulier intéressée au téléphone (fixe et mobile) et à la tablette tactile, qui paraissent offrir l’avantage d’une plus grande simplicité d’utilisation que les ordinateurs et ainsi présenter un intérêt particulier pour les personnes âgées, y compris pour des personnes présentant des troubles neurocognitifs. L’objectif de ce travail était de déterminer s’il était possible d’expliquer des difficultés à utiliser les nouvelles TIC, propres aux personnes âgées, dans le but de leur proposer un accompagnement adapté. Une évaluation en situation et la comparaison des capacités d’utilisation des TIC d’adultes jeunes et âgés a montré que les adultes âgés se caractérisent par un plus grand nombre d’erreurs d’exécution et un besoin en aides plus précises et explicites, notamment pour l’utilisation des technologies mobiles. L’exploration du lien entre la nature des erreurs produites lors de l’utilisation des TIC et les compétences cognitives indiquait le caractère déterminent de la préservation des capacités d’inhibition ainsi que de la mémoire épisodique, en particulier du processus de récupération spontanée. Ces capacités étaient liées aux erreurs d’exécution et non aux omissions. La recherche d’une structuration de l’environnement informatif et d’une automatisation de certaines procédures de base indispensables à l’utilisation des TIC apparait donc comme une très probable orientation permettant de pallier les difficultés des personnes âgées. Enfin, la participation à un programme d’initiation à l’utilisation des tablettes tactiles, intégrant les principes de l’apprentissage sans erreur et de la récupération espacée, permettait d’améliorer les attitudes à l’égard des technologies ainsi que les performances lors de leur utilisation. / In modern society, use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is critical in order to avoid exclusion from many common modern day activities. Furthermore, longer life expectancy presents a major challenge to support dependent seniors, or those at risk of losing their independence but wish to continue living in their own home. ICTs seem particularly relevant in this context. Indeed, they promote social engagement, facilitate access to social networks, and provide a gateway to a wide range of information. Of particular interest in the present study are landline or mobile phones, and tablet computers, which are more readily portable, offer simpler functionality than most computers, and therefore are potentially very useful for aging people, included people with neurocognitive disorders. Broadly, such ICTs help to maintain and improve autonomy. Despite these potential benefits, seniors do not commonly use ICTs. Age-related physical and cognitive decline may affect the ability of older people to use ICTs. Therefore, it is essential to promote education and learning. However, an adapted and effective support could not exist without a fine evaluation of the nature of the difficulties and of the efficient cues. Consequently, we wanted to study the particular difficulties of older people in using these technologies, but also the conditions of the assistance they can benefit from. The objectif of this thesis project was to determine whether elderly encountered specific difficulties in using new ICT, in order to offert them an adapted support. A performance-based assessment and a comparison of the capacity of ICT ise of young and old adults has shown that older adults are characterized by a greater number of commission errors and a need for more precise and explicit cues, especially for the use of mobile technologies. Exploring the link between the nature of errors produced in the use of ICTs and cognitive skills indicated the determinent factor of inhibition abilities as well as episodic memory, in particular the spontaneous recovery process. These abilities were related to commission errors and not to omissions. Structuring the informative environment and automation of some basic procedures essential to the use of ICTs therefore appear as a very probable orientation to alleviate the difficulties of the elderly. Finally, participation in a tablet computer training program using the errorless learning and spaced-retrieval techniques, allowed to improve attitudes towards technologies as well as the performance when they are used.

O processo de envelhecimento é universal, contínuo, heterogêneo, de caráter lento e complexo. Dentre os possíveis danos do processo de envelhecimento destaca-se o comprometimento cognitivo e a síndrome da fragilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi sintetizar o conhecimento sobre a associação entre a síndrome da fragilidade e o comprometimento cognitivo do idoso. Para este estudo, foi adotado o referencial do The Joanna Briggs Institute (2017) e dentre os modelos propostos por este Instituto e considerando os objetivos deste estudo, optou-se pela revisão sistemática de etiologia e fatores de risco, que se desenvolveu em nove passos. O primeiro é a elaboração do protocolo. O segundo foi a formulação da questão de estudo e teve como referência a estratégia PEO. No terceiro foram definidos os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Posteriormente, no quarto passo, foi realizada a busca dos artigos com a utilização das seguintes bases de dados: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/PubMed), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Latin-American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (LILACS) e a Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), além da busca manual, tendo como resultado uma amostra inicial de 3024 estudos. A seguir, no quinto passo, foi realizada a seleção dos artigos, após serem excluídos os duplicados, houve a seleção por título e resumo e leitura na íntegra dos artigos selecionados. Tais ações foram realizadas por três revisores, sendo incluído um total de 10 artigos no estudo e posteriormente a avaliação crítica. O sétimo passo se refere à extração dos dados, seguida de síntese e análise e, por último a apresentação dos resultados. Os estudos incluídos apresentaram diferentes definições operacionais sobre a síndrome da fragilidade. A definição mais utilizada foi o Fenótipo da Fragilidade, utilizada em nove estudos. Já a avaliação do comprometimento cognitivo foi realizada por instrumentos validados para cada população de estudo, dos quais destaca-se o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MMSE), uma vez que esteve presente em cinco estudos. Sobre as associações entre a síndrome da fragilidade e o comprometimento cognitivo, três estudos identificaram a associação por meio da medida de Odds Ratio (OR) e de quatro estudos foi possível estabelecer a relação pela análise do Relative Risk (RR). Assim, foram realizadas duas meta-análises entre a síndrome da fragilidade e o comprometimento cognitivo. Na primeira, pela comparação do OR, demonstrou-se que os idosos frágeis apresentam 1,24 mais chance de apresentarem comprometimento cognitivo em relação aos não frágeis. Já, na segunda metaanálise, realizada através do RR, os resultados encontrados não foram estatisticamente significantes. Assim, os resultados sugerem que a ausência da uniformidade entre os estudos para avaliar a síndrome da fragilidade e o comprometimento cognitivo, compromete a comparação entre os resultados. Tornase evidente a necessidade de desenvolver outras pesquisas na área que unifiquem a avaliação dessas duas condições de saúde, tendo em vista sua relevância para a prevenção de desfechos adversos de saúde / The aging process is universal, continuous, heterogeneous, with a slow and complex character. Possible and noteworthy damages of the aging process include cognitive impairment and the frailty syndrome. The objective of this study was to synthesize knowledge about the association between the frailty syndrome and cognitive impairment in older adults. In this study, the authors adopted the framework of the Joanna Briggs Institute (2017) and among the models proposed by this institute, and considering the objectives of this study, a systematic review of etiology and risk factors was chosen and developed in nine steps. The first step was the protocol creation. The second step was the formulation of the study question, which was based on the PEO strategy. At a third moment, inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined. Next, at the fourth step, articles were searched in the following databases: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/PubMed), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Latin-American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (LILACS) and the Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), in addition to a manual search as well, which resulted in an initial sample of 3,024 studies. At the fifth step, the articles were selected, once duplicates were removed, and later there was a second selection by title, abstract, and reading of the full texts selected. These actions were conducted by three reviewers, who reached a total of 10 articles to be included in the study. The seventh stage consisted of the data extraction, followed by its synthesis and analysis, and, at last, the presentation of the results. The included studies presented different operational definitions regarding the frailty syndrome. The most commonly used definition was the Frailty Phenotype, which was used in nine studies. The cognitive impairment evaluation was conducted by means of tools previously validated to each study population, among which the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) stood out, for being present in five studies. Regarding the associations between the frailty syndrome and cognitive impairment, three studies identified an association by means of the Odds Ratio (OR) measurement, and in four studies it was possible to establish a relationship by the Relative Risk (RR) analysis. Thus, two meta-analyses were conducted between the frailty syndrome and cognitive impairment. The first, by comparison of the OR, showed that frail older people had 1.24 higher chances of presenting cognitive impairment in relation to non-frail individuals. In the second meta-analysis, performed through the RR analysis, the results found were not statistically significant. Therefore, the results suggest that the absence of uniformity among the studies to assess the frailty syndrome and cognitive impairment compromises their comparison. Hence, there is a clear need for developing further research in the area to consolidate the assessment of these two health conditions, considering their relevance to preventing adverse health outcomes

Aumento das concentrações de cortisol em idosos com Doença de Alzheimer (DA) tem sido relatado como resultado da ausência de inibição do eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal (HPA) em decorrência da disfunção hipocampal observada nestes indivíduos. Além disso, associação entre concentrações elevadas de cortisol e comprometimento da memória tem sido evidenciada em idosos saudáveis. Entretanto, pouco se sabe a respeito do envolvimento do estresse nas concentrações de cortisol, no desempenho cognitivo e nas estratégias de coping tanto em idosos saudáveis como naqueles com comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) e DA. Assim, este estudo teve o objetivo de investigar a associação entre intensidade de estresse, concentrações de cortisol, estratégias de coping e desempenho cognitivo em idosos saudáveis, com CCL e DA. Para isto, concentrações basais de cortisol salivar foram analisadas em uma amostra composta por 40 idosos saudáveis, 31 idosos com CCL amnéstico e 40 indivíduos com DA leve. O desempenho cognitivo global foi avaliado a partir do mini-exame do estado mental (MEEM), o desempenho da memória através da Bateria Breve de Avaliação Cognitiva (BBAC) e pelo teste de extensão de dígitos na ordem inversa. A intensidade do estresse foi avaliada a partir da Lista de Sintomas de Stress (LSS) e as estratégias de coping através da Escala de Coping de Jalowiec (ECJ). Desta forma, foram observadas concentrações de cortisol marginalmente mais elevadas nos idosos com DA do que nos idosos saudáveis (p = 0.062). Além disso, verificou-se associação positiva entre cortisol e desempenho da memória nos idosos saudáveis (p = 0.008), enquanto correlação negativa entre estas variáveis foi observada no grupo CCL (p = 0.011). Não foi verificada associação significativa nos idosos com DA (p > 0.05). Ademais, observou-se correlação positiva entre as concentrações de cortisol e a intensidade de estresse somente nos idosos com CCL (p = 0.056). Com relação às estratégias de enfrentamento, observou-se que os idosos com CCL que elegem o coping focado no problema apresentam intensidade de estresse menor que os idosos que utilizam o coping focado na emoção (p = 0.048). Estes resultados sugerem que a associação entre concentrações de cortisol, desempenho da memória, intensidade de estresse e coping varia em função da presença ou ausência de comprometimento cognitivo e da percepção das limitações cognitivas / Increased cortisol levels have been reported in elderly with Alzheimers disease (AD) as a result of the lack in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis inhibition as a function of hipocampal atrophy observed in those subjects. Moreover, association between high cortisol levels and memory impairment has been demonstrated in healthy elderly subjects. However, little is known about the stress involvement in the cortisol levels, in the cognitive performance and in the coping strategies in both elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and with AD. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between stress intensity, cortisol levels, coping strategies and cognitive performance in healthy elderly, subjects with CCL and with DA. Basal salivary cortisol was measured in a sample composed of 40 healthy elderly subjects, 31 individuals with amnestic MCI and 40 subjects with mild AD. Global cognitive performance was evaluated with the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) and memory performance was assessed with the Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB) and the backward digit span test. Stress intensity was evaluated with the Stress Symptoms List (SSL) and coping strategies with the Jalowiec Coping Scale (JCS). Marginally higher cortisol levels were observed in the subjects with AD group in comparison with healthy elderly (p = 0.062). Furthermore, positive association between cortisol levels and memory performance was observed in the healthy elderly (p = 0.008) while negative correlation was observed between these variables in the MCI group (p = 0.011). No significant association was exhibited in the AD group (p > 0.05). Moreover, positive correlation between cortisol levels and stress intensity was observed only in the MCI group (p = 0.056). Regarding the coping strategies, it was observed that those MCI subjects who elect problem focused coping exhibit higher stress intensity than those MCI who use emotion focused coping (p = 0.048). These results suggest the association between cortisol levels, memory performance, stress intensity and coping strategies may vary as a function of the presence or absence of cognitive impairment and as a function of the cognitive deficits awareness

Doentes que apresentam comprometimento cognitivo, como a doença de Alzheimer (DA), podem apresentar maior prevalência de infecções bucais. Entre elas, a periodontite crônica é uma infecção frequente associada ao aumento do nível sérico de marcadores inflamatórios, e recentemente tem sido apontada como um fator que pode relacionar-se à progressão da DA através de seus mecanismos sistêmicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a prevalência de infecções bucais e os níveis séricos de IL-1beta, TNF- alfa e IL-6 em doentes com DA, comprometimento cognitivo leve (CCL) e idosos não-demenciados. Foram avaliados 65 idosos (25 com DA, 19 com CCL e 21 saudáveis). A avaliação incluiu o Mini Exame do Estado Mental, Questionário de Atividades Funcionais (Pfeffer), Avaliação Periodontal, índice CPOD, Questionário de Avaliação Clínica Orofacial (EDOF-HC) e avaliação de concentração sérica de IL-1beta, TNF-alfa e IL-6. Os doentes com DA e CCL apresentaram maior quantidade de dentes ausentes e por um período maior de tempo do que os idosos saudáveis (P= 0.038) e a doença periodontal (DP) foi a causa principal das perdas dentárias (P= 0.035). Os doentes apresentaram maior prevalência de candidose do que os controles (P= 0.05). As análises de correlação demonstraram que quanto maior a concentração de IL-6, pior a funcionalidade pelo índice de Pfeffer (P < 0,001; Pearson) e pior o índice cognitivo (P=0,018; Pearson). Por outro lado, quanto maior a concentração de TNF-alfa, piores os índices IS, PCS média e máxima e PCI média e máxima (P < 0,001; Pearson), maior o tempo de uso de próteses (P=0,010; Pearson) e pior o índice de placa O´Leary (P=0,008; Pearson). IL-6 e TNF-alfa se correlacionaram positivamente (P < 0,001; Pearson). Conclui-se que há um aumento sérico de citocinas associado ao comprometimento cognitivo e à doença periodontal. Estudos futuros poderão esclarecer os mecanismos que determinam aumento de IL-6 nas demências e aumento de TNF-alfa nas infecções periodontais e elucidar possíveis associações entre eles / Patients that present cognitive impairment, as Alzheimer´s Disease (AD), may have high prevalence of oral infections. Among them, chronic periodontitis is often associated to the increase of seric inflammatory biomarkers, and it recently has been referred as a factor than can change the progression of AD by its systemic mechanisms. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of oral infections and seric levels of IL-1alfa, TNF-alfa and IL-6 in patients with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and non demented elderly. Sixty-five elderly were evaluated (21 with AD, 8 with MCI and 15 healthy). The evaluation included the Mini Mental State Exam, Questionnaire of Functional Activities (Pfeffer), periodontal evaluation, DMFT, Clinical Orofacial Questionnaire (EDOF-HC) and seric concentrations of IL-1beta, TNF-alfa and IL-6. The patients with AD and MCI had more absent teeth and for a longer period of time than the healthy elderly (P= 0.038) and periodontal disease (PD) was the main cause of teeth losses (P= 0.035). The patients had higher prevalence of candidiasis than the controls (P= 0.05). The serum level of IL-6 was higher in the patients that showed bad performance in the MMSE (P=0.018; Pearson) and daily life activities - Pfeffer (P < 0.001; Pearson). The TNF-alfa serum level was more elevated when patients had PPD, CAL, BI (P < 0.001; Pearson) and O\'Leary plaque index (P=0.008; Pearson). IL-6 e TNF-alfa were positively correlated (P < 0.001; Pearson). In conclusion, there is a seric increase of cytokines associated with the cognitive impairment and periodontal disease. Future studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms that underlie the increase of IL-6 in dementias and the increase of TNF-alfa in periodontal infections and possible associations between them