We show how the non-monotonic nature of common-sense reasoning can be formalised by circumscription. Various forms of circumscription are discussed. A new form of circumscription, namely naive circumscription, is introduced in order to facilitate the comparison of the various forms. Finally, some issues connected with the automation of circumscriptive reasoning are examined. / Computing / M. Sc. (Computer Science)

Introduction: Les études populationnelles sur le cancer nécessitent un recensement de référence fiable et exhaustif, en théorie possible à partir d'un recueil histologique. Méthode: Depuis 2005, toutes les structures d'anatomopathologie des Alpes-Maritimes adressent les codes ADICAP des tumeurs malignes et invasives et identifiants patients. L'exhaustivité pour les cancers du sein et colorectaux des 50-75 ans a été évalué par méthode de capture recapture en modélisation log-linéaire et en Bayesien à partir des cas communs ou non dépistés et vus en Réunion de Concertation Pluridisciplinaire. RésultatUn programme d'assurance qualité a permis de s'assurer de la fiabilité des données recueillies.L'estimation de l'exhaustivité était de plus de 90 % pour les cancers du sein et colorectaux des 50-75 ans. Les taux observés sur le département des Alpes-Maritimes, comparés aux taux estimés en France, se sont révélés cohérents.Enfin, la base a été utilisée pour déterminer l'existant les lésions prénéoplasiques du col de l'utérus avant la vaccination anti-HPV. ConclusionCe travail conclut à l'intérêt d'un recueil histologique des cas de cancers incidents. / Introduction Cancer population studies require reliable and complete baseline data, which should theoretically be available by collecting histopathology records.Method Since 2005, all histopathology laboratories from Alpes-Maritimes address ADICAP codes for invasive cancer and patient identifiers. The completeness of such a collection was evaluated using capture-recapture analysis based on three data sources concerning breast and colorectal cancers with the number of cases which were common or not between sources recording screened, diagnosed and treated cancers in the French Alpes Maritimes districtResult Data quality for the ADICAP code database may be considered satisfactoryThe estimated completeness of cancer records collected from histopathology laboratories was higher than 90%.Rates observed in the Alpes-Maritimes, compared with estimated rates in France have proven consistent. Rates of CIN for the entire female population of the Alpes-Maritimes in 2006 has been established.Conclusion A verified and validated histopathology data collection may be useful for cancer population studies.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:17:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raphael_ Souza.pdf: 3830005 bytes, checksum: 8aab9d4b9c3d0ee6dc21ba783113e9e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-17 / The Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) originated in the social movements during the twentieth century which had as horizon, better health care conditions for the population agenda on principles and guidelines that give uniqueness highlighting integrality. It has as general objective to analyze the formation of the Psychologist, for the work in the SUS, in undergraduate courses of higher education institutions in the state of Paraná. As specific objectives sought to: systematize the development of graduate programs in psychology in Paraná; identify the guiding documents of training in psychology indication for vocational training focused on activities in the SUS; and analyze the understanding of teachers of undergraduate psychology about training for SUS guided by the principle of integrality. Exploratory study whose data were collected through triangulation having as official data sources on psychology courses available online in Brazil; guiding documents of psychology college; Pedagogical Political Project of the courses and the questionnaire content answered online by active teachers in the State of Paraná s undergraduate courses in psychology. Quantitative data were systematized and analyzed descriptively. Qualitative data were subjected to content analysis in the form of thematic analysis taking as an analytical category the principle of integrality. The final text was systematized in four articles so entitled: undergraduate courses in psychology in Brazil: from implementation to the expansion in recent decades; The integrality in Pedagogical Political Projects for training psychologists; Health Unic System and integrality in shaping the vision of Psychology teachers; undergraduate courses in Psychology in the State of Paraná: the expansion in recent decades and the current training proposals. The synthesis of the study indicates that training in psychology in Brazil followed the privatization of higher education movement started from 1996 with the neoliberal investments for this level of training. The first courses in the state dating from the late 1960s, with significant expansion over the next decades, especially in the period from 2001 to 2010. It was identified 38 courses, mostly installed in private institutions of these 27 indicate the offer emphases in their curriculum proposals and 11 don t feature them. They offer isolated disciplines, focused on public health and Health Unic System, especially in specific emphases, not reflecting the principle of integrality and focused training for SUS. The surveyed teachers s understanding indicates alternatives to overcome that complaint that form for the SUS, in the perspective of integrality is a horizon in construction. In this direction it claim that the desired formation could be contemplated in specific subjects dealing with public health, the National Unified Health System, among others. It infers that the training in psychology in Paraná State has not being oriented to the training focused to the SUS principles. / O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) originário dos movimentos sociais ocorridos em meados do século XX os quais tinham como horizonte, melhores condições de assistência à saúde para a população pauta-se em princípios e diretrizes que lhe conferem singularidade destacando-se a integralidade. Tem-se como objetivo geral analisar a formação do psicólogo, para a atuação no SUS, em cursos de graduação de Instituições de Ensino Superior no Estado do Paraná. Como objetivos específicos buscou-se: sistematizar a evolução dos cursos de graduação em psicologia no Paraná; identificar nos documentos norteadores da formação em psicologia a indicação para a formação profissional voltada para a atuação no SUS; e analisar o entendimento de docentes da graduação em psicologia acerca da formação para o SUS pautada no princípio da integralidade. Estudo exploratório cujos dados foram coletados por meio de triangulação tendo como fontes dados oficiais sobre os cursos de psicologia no Brasil disponíveis online; documentos norteadores da formação em psicologia; Projetos Político Pedagógicos dos cursos e o conteúdo de questionário respondido online por docentes atuantes nos cursos de graduação em psicologia do Estado do Paraná. Os dados quantitativos foram sistematizados e analisados de forma descritiva. Os dados qualitativos foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo na modalidade de análise temática tendo como categoria analítica o princípio da integralidade. O texto final foi sistematizado em quatro artigos assim intitulados: Cursos de graduação em sicologia no Brasil: da implantação à expansão nas últimas décadas; O Sistema Único de Saúde e a Integralidade em Projetos Político Pedagógicos para a formação de psicólogos; Sistema Único de Saúde e Integralidade na formação na visão de docentes de psicologia; Cursos de graduação em psicologia no Estado do Paraná: a expansão nas últimas décadas e as atuais propostas de formação. A síntese do estudo indica que a formação em psicologia no Brasil acompanhou o movimento de privatização da educação superior iniciado a partir de 1996 com as investidas neoliberais para este nível de formação. Os primeiros cursos no Estado datam do final da década de 1960, com significativa expansão ao longo das décadas seguintes, em especial no período de 2001 a 2010. Identificou-se 38 cursos, em sua maioria instalados em instituições privadas sendo que 27 indicam a oferta de ênfases em suas propostas curriculares e 11 não as apresentam. Oferecem disciplinas isoladas, voltadas à saúde coletiva e Sistema Único de Saúde, especialmente nas ênfases específicas, não refletindo o princípio da integralidade e uma formação voltada para o SUS. O entendimento dos docentes pesquisados indica alternativas para superar o discurso que formar para o SUS, na perspectiva da integralidade é um horizonte em construção. Nesta direção afirmam que a formação desejada poderia estar contemplada em disciplinas específicas tratando da saúde coletiva, do Sistema Único de Saúde, entre outros. Infere-se que a formação em psicologia no Estado do Paraná não tem se orientado para uma formação voltada para os princípios do SUS.

Dans cette thèse, nous considérons plusieurs paramètres des hypergraphes et nous étudions si les restrictions aux sous-classes des hypergraphes permettent d’obtenir des propriétés combinatoires et algorithmiques souhaitables. La plupart des paramètres que nous prenons en compte sont des instances spéciales des packings et transversals des hypergraphes.Dans la première partie, nous allons nous concentrer sur les line graphs des graphes subcubiques sans triangle et nous allons démontrer que pour tous ces graphes il y a un independent set de taille au moins 3|V(G)|/10 et cette borne est optimale. Conséquence immédiate: nous obtenons une borne inférieure optimale pour la taille d’un couplage maximum dans les graphes subcubiques sans triangle. De plus, nous montrons plusieurs résultats algorithmiques liés au FEEDBACK VERTEX SET, HAMILTONIAN CYCLE et HAMILTONIAN PATH quand restreints aux line graphs des graphes subcubiques sans triangle.Puis nous examinons trois hypergraphes ayant la propriété d’Erdős-Pósa et nous cherchons à déterminer les fonctions limites optimales. Tout d’abord, nous apportons une fonction theta-bounding pour la classe des graphes subcubiques et nous étudions CLIQUE COVER: en répondant à une question de Cerioli et al., nous montrons qu’il admet un PTAS pour les graphes planaires. Par la suite, nous nous intéressons à la Conjecture de Tuza et nous montrons que la constante 2 peut être améliorée pour les graphes avec arêtes contenues dans au maximum quatre triangles et pour les graphes sans certains odd-wheels. Enfin, nous nous concentrons sur la Conjecture de Jones: nous la démontrons dans le cas des graphes sans griffes avec degré maximal 4 et nous faisons quelques observations dans le cas des graphes subcubiques.Nous étudions ensuite la VC-dimension de certains hypergraphes résultants des graphes. En particulier, nous considérons l’hypergraphe sur l’ensemble des sommets d’un certain graphe qui est induit par la famille de ses sous-graphes k-connexes. En généralisant les résultats de Kranakis et al., nous fournissons des bornes supérieures et inférieures optimales pour la VC-dimension et nous montrons que son calcul est NP-complet, pour chacun k > 0. Enfin, nous démontrons que ce problème (dans le cas k = 1) et le problème étroitement lié CONNECTED DOMINATING SET sont soit solvables en temps polynomial ou NP-complet, quand restreints aux classes de graphes obtenues en interdisant un seul sous-graphe induit.Dans la partie finale de cette thèse, nous nous attaquons aux meta-questions suivantes: Quand est-ce qu’un certain problème “difficile” de graphe devient “facile”?; Existe-t-il des frontières séparant des instances “faciles” et “difficiles”? Afin de répondre à ces questions, dans le cas des classes héréditaires, Alekseev a introduit la notion de boundary class pour un problème NP-difficile et a montré qu’un problème Pi est NP-difficile pour une classe héréditaire X finiment défini si et seulement si X contient un boundary class pour Pi. Nouscontinuons la recherche des boundary classes pour les problèmes suivants: HAMILTONIAN CYCLE THROUGH SPECIFIED EDGE, HAMILTONIAN PATH, FEEDBACK VERTEX SET, CONNECTED DOMINATING SET and CONNECTED VERTEX COVER. / In this thesis, we consider several hypergraph parameters and study whether restrictions to subclasses of hypergraphs allow to obtain desirable combinatorial or algorithmic properties. Most of the parameters we consider are special instances of packings and transversals of hypergraphs.In the first part, we focus on line graphs of subcubic triangle-free graphs and show that any such graph G has an independent set of size at least 3|V(G)|/10, the bound being sharp. As an immediate consequence, we obtain a tight lower bound for the matching number of subcubic triangle-free graphs. Moreover, we prove several algorithmic results related to FEEDBACK VERTEX SET, HAMILTONIAN CYCLE and HAMILTONIAN PATH when restricted to line graphs of subcubic triangle-free graphs.Then we consider three hypergraphs having the Erdős-Pósa Property and we seek to determine the optimal bounding functions. First, we provide an optimal theta-bounding function for the class of subcubic graphs and we study CLIQUE COVER: answering a question by Cerioli et al., we show it admits a PTAS for planar graphs. Then we focus on Tuza’s Conjecture and show that the constant 2 in the statement can be improved for graphs whose edges are contained in at most four triangles and graphs obtained by forbidding certain odd-wheels. Finally, we concentrate on Jones’ Conjecture: we prove it in the case of claw-free graphs with maximum degree at most 4 and we make some observations in the case of subcubic graphs.Then we study the VC-dimension of certain set systems arising from graphs. In particular, we consider the set system on the vertex set of some graph which is induced by the family of its k-connected subgraphs. Generalizing results by Kranakis et al., we provide tight upper and lower bounds for the VC-dimension and we show that its computation is NP-complete, for each k > 0. Finally, we show that this problem (in the case k = 1) and the closely related CONNECTED DOMINATING SET are either NP-complete or polynomial-time solvable when restricted to classes of graphs obtained by forbidding a single induced subgraph.In the final part of the thesis, we consider the following meta-questions: When does a certain “hard” graph problem become “easy”?; Is there any “boundary” separating “easy” and “hard” instances? In order to answer these questions in the case of hereditary classes, Alekseev introduced the notion of a boundary class for an NP-hard problem and showed that a problem Pi is NP-hard for a finitely defined (hereditary) class X if and only if X contains a boundary class for Pi. We continue the search of boundary classes for the following problems: HAMILTONIAN CYCLE THROUGH SPECIFIED EDGE, HAMILTONIAN PATH, FEEDBACK VERTEX SET, CONNECTED DOMINATING SET and CONNECTED VERTEX COVER.

p. 1-212 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-02T19:38:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 111111yy.pdf: 968616 bytes, checksum: 2cd73071ddb6c3e55fa1425d561b960b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-04T17:42:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 111111yy.pdf: 968616 bytes, checksum: 2cd73071ddb6c3e55fa1425d561b960b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-04T17:42:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 111111yy.pdf: 968616 bytes, checksum: 2cd73071ddb6c3e55fa1425d561b960b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / O presente estudo apresenta uma contribuição às investigações sobre construção de significações no encontro entre atores em situação de diálogo e as discussões sobre juventude na sociedade contemporânea. Problematizam-se conceitos do campo das ciências humanas ? integralidade, inserção social, ato infracional, família ? entendendo-os como relevantes para a análise da saúde do adolescente. A perspectiva teórico-metodológica do self dialógico fundamenta-se na concepção da interdependência entre subjetividade e cultura, segundo a qual a pessoa constrói significações no encontro com o outro. Neste processo, a memória narrativa atualiza vozes que, nos seus múltiplos posicionamentos, realizam trocas dialógicas análogas à assimetria das relações sociais. Enquanto gênero discursivo, o modelo de proteção integral incorpora concepções sobre o adolescente, fundadas no reconhecimento da igualdade e defesa da dignidade humana, o que sinaliza ruptura com a doutrina da situação irregular. Para o adolescente autor de ato infracional estão previstas medidas de caráter protecional e pedagógico, aplicadas ?erga omnes?, no curso do devido processo legal, no qual operadores judiciais dialogam com a família em reconhecimento de suas funções sociais e simbólicas. Com o objetivo de investigar o diálogo entre atores da família, sociedade e poder público em um âmbito de construção discursiva acerca da integralidade à saúde, foram selecionadas setenta e oito peças processuais que registram narrativas sobre vínculo familiar de adolescentes da instância judicial de responsabilidade juvenil por ato infracional em Salvador, entre 1996 e 2002. Propõe-se, como unidade de análise, o encontro entre atores judiciais e familiares, em face do objetivo específico de analisar a construção de significações em torno do eixo relacional pertencimento-desterro considerando a continuidade, a ruptura dos vínculos familiares e a construção de significados acerca do pertencimento. No primeiro artigo, as significações maternas acerca de vias de sociabilidade, risco e prática infracional de adolescentes, revelam a busca por minimizar as conseqüências da infração, mediante trocas significativas entre pessoas e contextos, a fim de restituir, em algum sentido, a ruptura gerada pela infração. Sobressai a busca, junto ao poder público, de contextos que ofereçam proteção ao adolescente. A fim de alcançar ainda o objetivo mais amplo, a análise do segundo artigo tem como objeto a construção da cultura pessoal e trata de trajetórias de adolescentes em conflito com a lei, discutindo processos que implicam em continuidade e na desistência da prática infracional. A partir da abordagem do self dialógico, os atores posicionam-se frente à participação do jovem em 8 contextos de sociabilidade que, na sua perspectiva, os aproximam da prática infracional. O terceiro artigo tem como objeto as tensões e paradoxos suscitados no encontro entre adolescente e genitor no contexto da justiça de responsabilidade juvenil. As narrativas paternas remetem à construção de sentidos relativos aos seguintes eixos: a. prática infracional; b. intervenções na medida socioeducativa; c. conflitos intergeracionais. As demandas do adolescente ultrapassam as condições familiares de resposta, o que requer ação planejada em nível de políticas públicas para oferta de suporte sistemático das relações familiares na constituição de sentidos subjetivos para a convivência social. A investigação aponta posicionamentos e vozes parentais diversas em relação à integralidade e família, bem como do lugar social da família e do adolescente em face da prática infracional que evoca limites da continuidade de vínculos. Os posicionamentos de figuras de cuidado demarcam padrões de trajetórias e propiciam demandas para o sistema de garantias. Nas conclusões, discutem-se relações dialógicas entre várias idéias ou vozes em conflito acerca da prática infracional, da trajetória do adolescente e dos recursos da família para inserção social. O estudo foi realizado com observância das exigências éticas. / Salvador

We show how the non-monotonic nature of common-sense reasoning can be formalised by circumscription. Various forms of circumscription are discussed. A new form of circumscription, namely naive circumscription, is introduced in order to facilitate the comparison of the various forms. Finally, some issues connected with the automation of circumscriptive reasoning are examined. / Computing / M. Sc. (Computer Science)

Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-18T13:12:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016 / As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do curso de Fisioterapia referem-se às competências e habilidades gerais e específicas a serem desenvolvidas durante a graduação. Preveem que a formação deve contemplar as necessidades sociais da saúde, com ênfase no Sistema Único de Saúde estimulando o pensamento crítico e produtivo, com base nos problemas da população assistida e valorizando o conhecimento que é cotidianamente produzido nas unidades de saúde e articulando-o com o que é produzido na universidade. Em 2010 a Organização Mundial da Saúde reconhece que o trabalho em equipe e a prática colaborativa podem fortalecer os sistemas de saúde e promover melhor resolutividade e qualidade dos serviços em saúde. O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar a percepção de fisioterapeutas sobre sua formação profissional para o trabalho em equipe e a prática colaborativa através de uma pesquisa exploratória com abordagem quali-quantitativa. O instrumento, hospedado no GoogleForms, foi respondido por 67 fisioterapeutas atuantes em serviços públicos e privados de atenção e recuperação à saúde, contendo dados de identificação, características sobre a formação profissional, 27 assertivas em Escala “tipo Likert” e questões abertas sobre a prática profissional, competências para o trabalho em equipe e sugestões para implementar/aprimorar o trabalho em equipe no ambiente de prática. Todos os participantes possuem tempo de experiência profissional superior a um ano e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. De posse dos dados coletados foi realizada a análise estatística exploratória em busca de indicadores para demonstrar a percepção dos fisioterapeutas em relação às competências desenvolvidas durante sua formação em preparação para o trabalho em equipe e a prática colaborativa. Os resultados indicaram que ainda há dificuldades enfrentadas nos cenários de prática quanto ao trabalho em equipe e prática colaborativa, principalmente no que diz respeito à atenção centrada no paciente, observando-se que ainda vigora o modelo biomédico centrado na doença e na figura do médico. No que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades para o trabalho em equipe parece que, mesmo estando presentes em momentos da formação profissional, isso não garante a efetividade do trabalho e das práticas colaborativas nos cenários de prática. / The “Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais” for Physical Therapy Graduation Course is a curriculum guideline that lists general and specific skills and abilities to be developed by students during graduation. The document is substantiated on the perspective of social and healthcare needs, comprised by the Brazilian Public Health System “Sistema Único de Saúde” (SUS) and aims to encourage critical thinking and productive reasoning based on the main public health issues, valuing practical knowledge regularly produced in health facilities that ought to be linked with the information produced at the University. In 2010 the World Health Organization recognizes that teamwork and collaborative practice can encourage better resolution, improve quality and strengthen health services. The present study aimed to identify physical therapists’ perception about their training for teamwork and collaborative practice through an exploratory research with qualitative and quantitative approaches. An assessment questionnaire, hosted on GoogleForms, was answered by 67 physical therapists’ active in public and private health care services and includes identification data, information on vocational training, 27 assertions in Likert type scale, open-ended questions regarding professional practice skills for teamwork and suggestions to implement and enhance teamwork in the clinical environment. All participants of this study have more than one year of professional practice and signed the consent form. Using the collected data, an exploratory statistical analysis was carried out searching for indicators to demonstrate the physical therapists’ perception concerning the skills developed during their training regarding teamwork and collaborative practice. The outcomes of the research indicated that there are still some difficulties perceived in clinical scenarios regarding teamwork and collaborative practice, especially underlining the patient as the main focus of attention, instead of the still prevailing biomedical model focused on the disease and the doctor. Regarding the development of skills and abilities for teamwork, it seems that even being present during training, this does not guarantee the effectiveness collaborative work practices in clinical scenarios.

abstract: We live in a networked world with a multitude of networks, such as communication networks, electric power grid, transportation networks and water distribution networks, all around us. In addition to such physical (infrastructure) networks, recent years have seen tremendous proliferation of social networks, such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, Google+ and others. These powerful social networks are not only used for harnessing revenue from the infrastructure networks, but are also increasingly being used as “non-conventional sensors” for monitoring the infrastructure networks. Accordingly, nowadays, analyses of social and infrastructure networks go hand-in-hand. This dissertation studies resource allocation problems encountered in this set of diverse, heterogeneous, and interdependent networks. Three problems studied in this dissertation are encountered in the physical network domain while the three other problems studied are encountered in the social network domain. The first problem from the infrastructure network domain relates to distributed files storage scheme with a goal of enhancing robustness of data storage by making it tolerant against large scale geographically-correlated failures. The second problem relates to placement of relay nodes in a deployment area with multiple sensor nodes with a goal of augmenting connectivity of the resulting network, while staying within the budget specifying the maximum number of relay nodes that can be deployed. The third problem studied in this dissertation relates to complex interdependencies that exist between infrastructure networks, such as power grid and communication network. The progressive recovery problem in an interdependent network is studied whose goal is to maximize system utility over the time when recovery process of failed entities takes place in a sequential manner. The three problems studied from the social network domain relate to influence propagation in adversarial environment and political sentiment assessment in various states in a country with a goal of creation of a “political heat map” of the country. In the first problem of the influence propagation domain, the goal of the second player is to restrict the influence of the first player, while in the second problem the goal of the second player is to have a larger market share with least amount of initial investment. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Science 2016

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research presents a study about the emergence of the National Policy on Integrative and Complementary (PNPIC), approved by Order Nº 971 of May 3, 2006. This Politics was created to be developed and carried out by the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS), in order to bring guidelines and actions to promote insertion of services and products related to Traditional Chinese Medicine / Acupuncture, Homeopathy, Herbal Medicine and Medicinal Plants in the service of health assistance, and creates health observatories for Social Thermalism and Anthroposophical Medicine. It still contemplates the responsibilities of federal entities, state and local, and seeks to expand the population's access in front of the complementary and integrative practices and to contribute to solvability of the SUS. Through the analysis of this Politics and based on the same, we tried to know events, documents, and other elements that contributed to its emergence and institutionalization process. Thus, we can also identify some actors involved in this process and follow the evolution of integrative practices within the scope of public health policies. The methodology is qualitative, especially based on content analysis of documents and other sources that refer to the emergence of politics. This research assumes that the area of formation of public policies is a field of disputes between different kinds of knowledge and political and ideological interests. The research justifies its relevance due to the fact that integrative and complementary practices in healthcare are reaching an increasing visibility among users of care and maintenance of health in society today; in this sense monitoring its unfolding and institutionalization becomes an issue of diversity and citizenship, since the integrative practices proposed a completeness in health care and, the completeness one of the basic principles of SUS, Politics comes to reinforce this principle. The proposal is part of the Research Line Gender, Body and Healthcare, with the guidance of Professor Dr. Borges Zulmira Newlands. / Esta pesquisa apresenta um estudo sobre o surgimento da Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares (PNPIC), aprovada pela Portaria nº 971 de 03 de maio de 2006. A Política foi criada para ser desenvolvida e efetivada junto ao Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro (SUS), com o intuito de trazer diretrizes e fomentar ações para inserção de serviços e produtos relacionados à Medicina Tradicional Chinesa/Acupuntura, Homeopatia, Plantas Medicinais e Fitoterapia no serviço de assistência à saúde, bem como cria os observatórios de saúde para o Termalismo Social e para a Medicina Antroposófica. Ainda, contempla responsabilidades dos entes federais, estaduais e municipais, objetivando ampliar o acesso da população frente às práticas integrativas e complementares e contribuir com a resolubilidade do SUS. A metodologia foi qualitativa, exploratória descritiva. Através do modelo conhecido por ciclo de políticas públicas procurou-se conhecer eventos, documentos e outros elementos que contribuíram para o seu surgimento e seu processo de institucionalização; dessa forma, pudemos também identificar alguns atores envolvidos nesse processo e acompanhar a evolução das práticas integrativas no âmbito das políticas públicas de saúde e aprofundar a análise a partir de alguns núcleos de sentido (utilizando a análise de conteúdo). Esta pesquisa partiu do pressuposto de que a área de formação de políticas públicas é um campo de disputas entre diversos saberes e interesses políticos e ideológicos. A pesquisa justificou sua relevância devido ao fato de práticas integrativas e complementares em saúde estarem atingindo uma visibilidade cada vez maior entre os usuários de cuidados e manutenção da saúde na sociedade atual; desta forma, acompanhar seus desdobramentos e institucionalização torna-se questão de diversidade e cidadania, uma vez que as práticas integrativas propõem integralidade no cuidado à saúde e, sendo a integralidade um dos princípios basilares do SUS, a Política vem para reforçar este princípio. A proposta se insere na Linha de Pesquisa Gênero, Corpo e Saúde, com a orientação da professora Doutora Zulmira Newlands Borges.

Un code identifiant est un ensemble de sommets d'un graphe tel que, d'une part, chaque sommet hors du code a un voisin dans le code (propriété de domination) et, d'autre part, tous les sommets ont un voisinage distinct à l'intérieur du code (propriété de séparation). Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à des aspects combinatoires et algorithmiques relatifs aux codes identifiants.Pour la partie combinatoire, nous étudions tout d'abord des questions extrémales en donnant une caractérisation complète des graphes non-orientés finis ayant comme taille minimum de code identifiant leur ordre moins un. Nous caractérisons également les graphes dirigés finis, les graphes non-orientés infinis et les graphes orientés infinis ayant pour seul code identifiant leur ensemble de sommets. Ces résultats répondent à des questions ouvertes précédemment étudiées dans la littérature.Puis, nous étudions la relation entre la taille minimum d'un code identifiant et le degré maximum d'un graphe, en particulier en donnant divers majorants pour ce paramètre en fonction de l'ordre et du degré maximum. Ces majorants sont obtenus via deux techniques. L'une est basée sur la construction d'ensembles indépendants satisfaisant certaines propriétés, et l'autre utilise la combinaison de deux outils de la méthode probabiliste : le lemme local de Lovasz et une borne de Chernoff. Nous donnons également des constructions de familles de graphes en relation avec ce type de majorants, et nous conjecturons que ces constructions sont optimales à une constante additive près.Nous présentons également de nouveaux minorants et majorants pour la cardinalité minimum d'un code identifiant dans des classes de graphes particulières. Nous étudions les graphes de maille au moins 5 et de degré minimum donné en montrant que la combinaison de ces deux paramètres influe fortement sur la taille minimum d'un code identifiant. Nous appliquons ensuite ces résultats aux graphes réguliers aléatoires. Puis, nous donnons des minorants pour la taille d'un code identifiant des graphes d'intervalles et des graphes d'intervalles unitaires. Enfin, nous donnons divers minorants et majorants pour cette quantité lorsque l'on se restreint aux graphes adjoints. Cette dernière question est abordée via la notion nouvelle de codes arête-identifiants.Pour la partie algorithmique, il est connu que le problème de décision associés à la notion de code identifiant est NP-complet même pour des classes de graphes restreintes. Nous étendons ces résultats à d'autres classes de graphes telles que celles des graphes split, des co-bipartis, des adjoints ou d'intervalles. Pour cela nous proposons des réductions polynomiales depuis divers problèmes algorithmiques classiques. Ces résultats montrent que dans beaucoup de classes de graphes, le problème des codes identifiants est algorithmiquement plus difficile que des problèms liés (tel que le problème des ensembles dominants).Par ailleurs, nous complétons les connaissances relatives à l'approximabilité du problème d'optimisation associé aux codes identifiants. Nous étendons le résultat connu de NP-difficulté pour l'approximation de ce problème avec un facteur sous-logarithmique (en fonction de la taille du graphe instance) aux graphes bipartis, split et co-bipartis, respectivement. Nous étendons également le résultat connu d'APX-complétude pour les graphes de degré maximum donné à une sous-classe des graphes split, aux graphes bipartis de degré maximum 4 et aux graphes adjoints. Enfin, nous montrons l'existence d'un algorithme de type PTAS pour les graphes d'intervalles unitaires. / An identifying code is a set of vertices of a graph such that, on the one hand, each vertex out of the code has a neighbour in the code (domination property), and, on the other hand, all vertices have a distinct neighbourhood within the code (separation property). In this thesis, we investigate combinatorial and algorithmic aspects of identifying codes.For the combinatorial part, we first study extremal questions by giving a complete characterization of all finite undirected graphs having their order minus one as minimum size of an identifying code. We also characterize finite directed graphs, infinite undirected graphs and infinite oriented graphs having their whole vertex set as unique identifying code. These results answer open questions that were previously studied in the literature.We then study the relationship between the minimum size of an identifying code and the maximum degree of a graph. In particular, we give several upper bounds for this parameter as a function of the order and the maximum degree. These bounds are obtained using two techniques. The first one consists in the construction of independent sets satisfying certain properties, and the second one is the combination of two tools from the probabilistic method: the Lovasz local lemma and a Chernoff bound. We also provide constructions of graph families related to this type of upper bounds, and we conjecture that they are optimal up to an additive constant.We also present new lower and upper bounds for the minimum cardinality of an identifying code in specific graph classes. We study graphs of girth at least 5 and of given minimum degree by showing that the combination of these two parameters has a strong influence on the minimum size of an identifying code. We apply these results to random regular graphs. Then, we give lower bounds on the size of a minimum identifying code of interval and unit interval graphs. Finally, we prove several lower and upper bounds for this parameter when considering line graphs. The latter question is tackled using the new notion of an edge-identifying code.For the algorithmic part, it is known that the decision problem associated to the notion of an identifying code is NP-complete, even for restricted graph classes. We extend the known results to other classes such as split graphs, co-bipartite graphs, line graphs or interval graphs. To this end, we propose polynomial-time reductions from several classical hard algorithmic problems. These results show that in many graph classes, the identifying code problem is computationally more difficult than related problems (such as the dominating set problem).Furthermore, we extend the knowledge of the approximability of the optimization problem associated to identifying codes. We extend the known result of NP-hardness of approximating this problem within a sub-logarithmic factor (as a function of the instance graph) to bipartite, split and co-bipartite graphs, respectively. We also extendthe known result of its APX-hardness for graphs of given maximum degree to a subclass of split graphs, bipartite graphs of maximum degree 4 and line graphs. Finally, we show the existence of a PTAS algorithm for unit interval graphs.