This essay examines how energy security has influenced the EuropeanUnion's stand in the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2022. The study aims to provide a better knowledge of the current political atmosphere and the challenges to the European Union's energy needs in comparison to the other parties involved in the JCPOA (the United States, China, Russia, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom). This paper employed a single case study method to assess the European Union's position in the JCPOA using theories of energy security and balance of power. The findings revealed that sanctions imposed on Iran's oil and gas fields had a significant impact on its economy, and Iran used a variety of threats to the global energy market to balance the exporter-importer equation. One of the targets is the European Union, which is one of the world's top energy importers. Iran has increased the price of energy by disrupting the Strait of Hormuz and assaulting Saudi Arabia's oil facilities by supporting the Houthi rebels in Yemen. Furthermore, Russia has dreamed of a new rise following the collapse of the Soviet Union by controlling the European Union's energy market through its influence in Iran and attacking its neighbors such as Georgia and Ukraine, which are considered transit countries. One might conclude that among the parties involved in the JCPOA, China is benefiting from Iranian cheap oil, which Iran cannot sell in the global energy market, and Russia has a participant on the Iranian side known as the shadow government, the Revolutionary Guards Corps which seems -based on Leakedaudio of Zarif, former Iranian Foreign affairs minister- it acts according to the Russian interests rather the Iranian interests. Furthermore, Russia has been creating a new international order by soft balancing and constructing a hegemon on the European Union's energy market. Russia is doing this hegemon through oil and gas contracts with Central Asian countries that are landlocked and cannot easily bypass supplying energy sources to the European Union, as well as invading its former Soviet countries such as Georgia and Ukraine, which are considered transit countries. Energy producers among the West Bloc countries included in the JCPOA are theUnited States and the United Kingdom. France and Germany are two of the EU's founding nations that rely heavily on energy imports. It is crucial that the EU honours the JCPOA in order to ensure its energy security.

韓国の認知症政策の取り組みを総合的にまとめている「第3次痴呆管理総合計画(2016～2020)」を研究対象とし，認知症高齢者が生活するうえで抱えているニーズがどれだけ反映されているかと，計画によって実施されている取り組みの状況を，セオリー評価の理論枠組みを用いて検討した．計画の見直しのため，従来の実績測定中心の評価から脱却し，認知症者の視点からプログラムの妥当性を実証的に明らかにしたものである． / Research on the "Third Dementia Management Comprehensive Management Plan (2016 - 2020)" that comprehensively summarizes the efforts of Korean dementia policy and reflects the needs that elderly people with dementia have in their lives and the situation of the efforts being implemented by the plan was examined by using the theory framework of theory evaluation. In order to revise the plan, I excluded the evaluation centered the conventional performance measurement and empirically clarified the validity of the program from the perspective of elderly people with dementia. / 博士(社会福祉学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

I en tid av digitalisering kan det vara svårt att hitta rätt. Den sittande regeringen bedriver en digitaliseringspolitik med det övergripande målet att Sverige ska vara bäst i världen på att använda digitaliseringens möjligheter. I förlängningen innebär detta en ökad statlig styrning och kommunerna tvingas navigera bland styrsignalerna. I februari 2023 beslutade regeringen om en ändring i plan- och byggförordningen som innebär att alla nya översikts- och regionplaner som påbörjas från och med 1 januari 2027 måste vara digitala. Till följd av detta arbetar Boverket med att precisera kraven för att stötta kommuner i omställningen till digitala planer. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur omställningen till digitala översiktsplaner påverkar kommuner samt de potentiella konsekvenser Boverkets förslag på föreskrifter kan innebära. Den valda metoden består av två kvalitativa metoder; dokumentstudier samt intervjuer. Vidare användes tre teoretiska angrepp för att analysera resultatet. Dessa är ‘statlig styrning över kommuner’, ‘urban norm’ och ‘översiktsplanens roll som strategiskt dokument’. I resultatet samlas studiens innehåll i fem teman som exemplifieras med hjälp av de kommuner som intervjuats. Dessa teman är ‘allmän syn på digitalisering’, ‘resurssvaga kommuner och ekonomiska utmaningar’, ‘skynda långsamt’, ‘föreskrifterna inte anpassade för alla’ samt ‘översiktsplanens syfte kan urholkas’. Vidare i analysen identifieras utmaningar som kan uppstå hos mindre kommuner när den statliga styrningen ökar. Boverkets förslag på föreskrifter för översiktsplan är svårt att applicera i många av landets kommuner och det finns även åsikter kring tidsplanen, att ‘skynda långsamt’ benämns som ett alternativ. Föreskrifterna bedöms även utgå från ett urbant perspektiv vilket kan skapa onödigt stora hinder för redan resurssvaga kommuner i rurala miljöer. Det framgår också att föreskrifternas nuvarande form riskerar att förändra översiktsplaneringen i sig. Syftet riskeras att urholkas till följd av att Boverket tycks lägga fokus på kartläggning, när kommunerna vill använda översiktsplanen som ett verktyg för framtida planering. Studien sammanfattas i att översiktsplanerna kommer att behöva ha ett digitalt format, men det är ännu oklart hur omställningen kommer att ske. Om Boverkets förslag fastställs i sin exakta form väntar troligtvis stora konsekvenser, men med tanke på den kritik som föreligger är den preliminära bedömningen att föreskrifterna får en ny utformning. / In a time of digitalization it can be hard to find the right way forward. The now ruling government in Sweden is running a digitalization policy with the overall goal that Sweden should be the best in the world to use the possibilities of digitalization. By extension, this means an increased state governance and that the municipalities of Sweden have to navigate amongst the governing signals. In February 2023 the government ruled for a change in the Planning and Building Ordinance which means that all of the new comprehensive and regional plans that are started as of 1st of January 2027 must be digital. Following this, the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning is currently working on specifying the demands in order to support the municipalities in the adaptation to digital plans.  The purpose of the study is to investigate how this adaptation into digital comprehensive plans affects municipalities and also the potential consequences the proposal for regulations made by the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning might have. The chosen method is two qualitative methods; document studies and interviews. Onward three theoretical approaches were used in order to analyze the result. These are ‘state governance over municipalities’, ‘urban norm’, and ‘the comprehensive plan’s role as a strategic document’. In the result the content from the study is gathered into five discourses that are exemplified with the help of the municipalities that were interviewed. The discourses used are ‘the general view of digitalization’, ‘resourcefully weak municipalities and economic challenges’, ‘rush slowly’, ‘the regulations not adapted to everyone’ and ‘the purpose of the comprehensive plan can hollow out’.  Furthermore in the analysis potential challenges that can arise with smaller municipalities when the state governance increases. The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning’s proposal for regulations for comprehensive plans are hard to apply in many of the country's municipalities and there are also opinions regarding the time plan for implementing the said regulations, where ‘rush slowly’ is mentioned as an alternative. The regulations are also deemed to proceed from an urban perspective which can create unnecessary large obstacles for already resourcefully weak municipalities in rural environments. It also appears that the regulations in its currently proposed form are at risk of changing comprehensive planning in itself, into a completely other form of planning process. The purpose of this type of planning is at risk of hollowing out following the fact that the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning seems to be putting a lot of focus on mapping, when the municipalities want to use the comprehensive plan as a tool for future planning.  The study summarizes that future comprehensive plans will have to take on a digital format, but it is still unclear regarding how this adaptation will happen. If the proposal from the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning is determined in its current form, large consequences are probably to be expected. With regards to the critique at hand, the preliminary assessment is that the regulations will take on another shape.

Ön is an island in central Ume River. Today Ön is a rural, green place with key habitats and historical values. In 2008 the municipality took the decision to exploit it by building city there. The decision was preceded by the emerging growth target, for Umeå, to become 200,000 inhabitants in 2050.               The research material for this paper consists of legal documents, reports, literature, interviews, and own observations. It can be divided into three main parts. The first part, which is the ‘growth discourse’, is investigated through documents concerning political strategies and influences from within the field in relation to Umeå as a city. The second part consists of research around the ‘image’ of Norrland and the third part focus on questions involving well-being through nature and the concept of Ecosystem Services, in relation to Ön.               In this paper, I advocate for an alternative plan concerning Ön and its unique set of qualities: the rural, historical, and nature dominated atmosphere adjacent to the city of Umeå. I argue that the value of this land is greater in its natural vesture, than it would be with added asphalt and concrete. The values of concern are non-monetary, but might as well become monetary in the more long-term scenario. There is mounting evidence of benefits derived from nature, when it comes to human well-being, and further that ecosystems provide services of major importance to us. Ecosystem Services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems. Ön possesses many of these services today. It holds potential for further cultivation and capacity to become amplified as a recreation area in central Umeå.               The objective of this master thesis is to define and validate the qualities of Ön; and further, to develop a programme of possible interventions, in order to preserve and intensify the present atmosphere. This is conducted by identifying Ecosystem Services in the current context; and ways to enhance them, in order to propose an alternative plan for Ön.