Syftet med denna allmänna litteraturöversikt är att undersöka hur kvinnor som har blivit diagnostiserade med bröstcancer beskriver sin upplevelse. Vidare är syftet att beskriva kvinnornas situation och det faktum att en bröstcancerdiagnos inte enbart påverkar den fysiska hälsan, utan även kan resultera i psykiska och sociala konsekvenser. Målet med denna litteraturöversikt är att erbjuda en överblick av kunskapsområdet. Det teoretiska ramverket för den här studien är biografiskt avbrott, liminalitet och posttraumatic growth. Studien är baserad på fjorton artiklar av kvalitativ karaktär.  Resultatet tyder på att sjukdomen initierar ett biografiskt avbrott i kvinnornas liv. Till följd av detta avbrott upplever kvinnorna en ovisshet i relation till rädsla för återfall, fertilitet och framtiden. Kvinnorna upplever även svårigheter relaterade till kropp, identitet och sexualitet. Vidare visar resultatet även att kvinnorna upplever utmaningar i samband med övergången från patient till överlevare. Övergångar mellan sjukdomsfaser kan resultera i att kvinnorna hamnar i ett tillstånd av liminalitet. Resultatet tyder även på att en del kvinnor upplever positiva psykologiska effekter till följd av bröstcancerdiagnosen. / The aim of this general literature review is to investigate how women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer describe their experience. Furthermore, the purpose is to describe their situation and the fact that a breast cancer diagnosis does not only affect physical health, but potentially also comes with psychological and social consequences. The objective of this study is to offer an overview of the field of knowledge. The theoretical framework for this study is biographical disruption, liminality, and posttraumatic growth. The study is based on fourteen qualitative articles. The results indicate that the disease initiate a biographical disruption in the women’s life. As a result of this disruption the women experience uncertainty in relation to fear of recurrence, fertility, and the future. Furthermore, the results also indicate that women experience challenges when transitioning from patient to survivor. Transitions between stages of disease can result in a state of liminality. The results also indicate that some women experience positive effects from the breast cancer diagnosis.

In recent years, deficiencies in construction documents has become a common problem in the construction industry. In most cases this leads to financial consequences, both for clients and building contractors. The risk of financial consequences can be minimized if the deficiencies and errors are eliminated before the construction phase or if it’s detected in an early stage of a project. Within Peab Skellefteå, a lot of time, energy and money are spent to investigate the deficiencies and errors in construction documents. This mostly occur in the construction phase, since that is where the deficiencies and errors usually are discovered. Previous studies concerning the same area indicate that financial consequences is a result of inadequate construction documents and alteration and additional works, but none of the studies includes further investigation concerning how it practically appears in projects and in what way it affects the client’s and building contractor’s economy. Based on this, the purpose of the report has been formulated: The purpose of the master thesis is to investigate and understand how inadequate construction documents affects individual construction projects in terms of economy. Based on the results from the interviews, recommendations will be proposed regarding how the risk of financial consequences can be reduced to help entrepreneurs avoid these types of situations. The content of this report is essentially based on interviews with nine participants, either site managers, construction engineers or purchasers from Peab Skellefteå. Theory from previous studies is also used and the report is limited to traditional contracts. The results of the interview study revealed that both the building contractor and the client have been negatively affected in terms of economy in project 1–6. It is hard to report accurate numbers, since inadequate construction documents might affect the next work stage, contract rate, time that should have been spent doing something else and the time spent to investigate deficiencies and errors, which can be difficult to prove. Some costs could be deduced to the discovered deficiencies and errors, see Table 1. Generally, it’s stated that deficiencies in construction documents entails financial consequences for both entrepreneurs and clients. The respondents explain that the drawings are the most problematic construction document and that’s where most errors are discovered. The parts of the drawings that’s usually inadequate is piercings, fittings, inner walls, details, attachments and contradictory information. Deficiencies typically connected to financial consequences for the building contractor is piercings, reinforcement, fire sealing and time spent investigating the deficiencies. For the client, typical deficiencies connected to financial consequences are lack of foundation- and ground investigation, quantifying errors, when incorrect dying times leads to extra costs and additional work. The respondents’ suggestions for improvement in collaboration with the author’s own thoughts is the basis of the given recommendation. The main potential improvements for designers are to review construction documents more accurate, increase their knowledge about production and materials, work with BIM-coordination and be receptive to feedback. Clients should check the coordination, increase their knowledge about work steps and materials and have consistent solutions through the project. Building contractors should have coordination meetings with designers, clients and installers, make an appropriate number of tender calculations, provide feedback to designers and clients, use the question/answer-method, design a useful contract administration and increase the review of contract documents for the often-deficient parts.

Human disruption of climate, habitat, and ignition has altered the behavior of wildland fire at local to continental scales. In many regions, novel fire regimes are emerging that threaten to exceed the capacity for local management to protect human wellbeing and ecosystem function. Simultaneous changes in climate, species composition, and fire management have resulted in extreme fire behavior in many regions. For the Western United States, the emerging novel fire regime consists of more frequent, severe, and intense wildfires, with annual area burned by wildfire having doubled and high-severity wildfire area having increased 8-fold since the 1980s. The impacts of these increasing stresses in the Great Basin is especially pressing when combined with the many years of historically poor resource management. Here we complete a literature review of changing wildfire regimes globally (chapter 1) and a study of how the abiotic and biotic aspects of aquatic ecosystems stabilize after a megafire in the western United States (chapter 2).

OBJECTIVE: An alcohol-drinking culture exists among first-time-in-college students, where many of these students come to their university relatively inexperienced with alcohol, which may increase alcohol-related consequences. Several interventions exist to combat this campus problem. The current study investigates the use of a Deviance Regulation Theory (DRT) intervention, presented in a web-based manner, to increase alcohol Protective Behavioral Strategies (PBS), such as monitoring drinks, using a designated driver, and drinking water in between alcoholic beverages, among college freshmen. METHOD: College freshmen participants (N = 157) completed web-based surveys examining alcohol behaviors once a week for six weeks. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a positive frame about individuals who used PBS, a negative frame about individuals who did not use PBS, or a control group that did not receive a DRT intervention. Participants also reported their perception of PBS use among UCF students and friend. Data was analyzed in each PBS subtype: Manner of Drinking, Stop/Limiting Drinking, and Serious Harm Reduction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Results indicate a negatively framed message with high perceived norm levels results in increased PBS use, which may suggest college freshmen have a strong drive to "fit in", or avoid standing out in negative ways. Further, there seems to be little desire to standout in positive ways among first-year students. This may be indicative of individuals who modify their behavior in order to assimilate to a new and unfamiliar environment. Furthermore, some PBS strategies were associated with decreases in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Results suggest a DRT intervention may be beneficial to first-time-in-college students.

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Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga förekomsten och formerna av diskriminering på socionomprogrammet vid Linnéuniversitetet samt hur socionomstudenter erfar och hanterar detta. Diskriminering är en del av många människors vardag och där utbildningsarenan är en del för många. Diskriminering inom utbildningsarenan är en ökande trend som kan medföra allvarliga konsekvenser, som exempelvis psykisk ohälsa, ångest och PTSD.  Det framkommer att det finns en kunskapslucka i att fylla i hur stor utsträckning diskriminering förekommer inom socionomutbildningen och hur diskriminering hanteras av studenter när de själva är utsatta för diskriminering. Materialet som använts i studien är vetenskapliga artiklar, Internetkällor, litteratur, lagar och statliga dokument. Den teoretiska grunden är ett intersektionellt perspektiv. För att besvara studiens frågeställningar så genomfördes en kvantitativ enkätstudie. Denna uppsats pekar på att diskriminering sker på socionomutbildningen vid Linnéuniversitetet trots att det finns en policy mot diskriminering som väldigt få studenter har kännedom om. Studiens resultat visar hur grupptillhörigheterna skapar utsatthet och hur det skapar en multiplicerad utsatthet att tillhöra flera grupper. För att få en större inblick i detta ämne så skulle en framtida studie kunna vara en kombination mellan kvantitativ och kvalitativ. / The aim of this study is to map the prevalence and forms of discrimination in the Social Work Study Programme at Linnaeus University and how its students experience and handle this. Discrimination is part of many people's everyday lives, and the educational arena is one of many. Discrimination in the educational arena is an increasing trend that can have serious consequences, such as mental illness, anxiety and PTSD. There is a major lack of information about the extent to which discrimination occurs in Social Work Study Programme and how discrimination is handled by students when they are exposed to discrimination. The study draws from scientific articles, internet sources, literature, laws and government documents. The theoretical basis is an intersectional perspective, which helps us understand that there is a complex system of oppression that leads to discrimination. To answer the study's research questions, a quantitative survey study was conducted. The results indicates that discrimination is experienced by the social work students despite the fact that there is a policy against discrimination. A policy very few students are aware of. The results of the study show how group belongings (gender, ethnicity, and disability) create vulnerability and how it creates a multiplied vulnerability to belong to several groups. In order to gain a greater insight into this topic, it is proposed to combine in future studies both quantitative and qualitative methods to create a deeper understanding.

I arbetet studerades vad som kan orsaka hög detaljeringsgrad i detaljplaner. Samt vilka konsekvenser som hög detaljeringsgrad kan resultera i. Litteraturstudien visade att hög detaljeringsgrad sannolikt inte berodde enbart på lagstiftning, utan även på mänskligt beteende och vanor. Därför nyttjades teorin Institutional theory för att bidra med en ram och skapa förståelse för hur och varför det ser ut som det gör och hur detaljplanerna har blivit som de är idag. Utöver det användes även fjärilseffekten och kaosteorin för att bidra med en förståelse för det alternativa amplifierande av effekter och hur sammanlagda små handlingar och effekter kan resultera i konsekvenser. Studien utfördes genom en djupdykande litteraturstudie och 9 semi-strukturerade intervjuer från ett brett utbud av respondenter från såväl den offentliga som privata sidan. På grund av det kunde en helhetsbild skapas av situationen och inte enbart en synvinkel på marknaden. Eftersom ämnet är något postmodernistiskt fick respondenterna frågor som stimulerade diskussion med dem själva och de kunde därför komma med förklaringar, förslag och insikter. För att kunna tolka materialet från intervjuerna och exkludera partiskhet och irrationella tankar så kategoriserades respondenterna och deras svar analyserades efter vardera gruppering. Initialt identifierades de alternativa orsakerna bakom hög detaljeringsgrad och de utvärderades därefter med hjälp av en modell över hur vi människor fungerar och arbetar enligt Institutional theory. Varav det visade sig att det framstår mycket sannolikt att detaljplanen ser ut som den gör idag på grund av kulturella normer, beteendemönster med mera. Vilket i det här fallet fokuserades mest på hur detaljplanerna generellt påverkas och inte hur lagstiftningen har påverkats. Alternativa konsekvenser och effekter identifierades därefter genom respondenternas alternativa fördelar och nackdelar med situationen. Dessa effekter analyserades efter vilka effekter de kan resultera i vad gäller exempelvis tid, kostnader samt påverkan på sociala och ekologiska faktorer. Därefter kunde dessa fyllas i en modell av fjärilseffekten för att bidra med en visuell översikt över situationen.  Baserat på modellen framstår det kunna innebära större konsekvenser om detaljplaner har hög detaljeringsgrad i stor utsträckning. Enligt modellen kan det exempelvis potentiellt ha en påverkan på byggtakten. Varav om så är fallet, så kan det även ha en påverkan på landets ekonomiska tillväxt. / In this work it was studied what can cause a high level of detail in detailed plans. As well as what consequences a high level of detail can result in.The literature study showed that a high level of detail probably was due not only to legislation, but also to human behavior and habits. Therefore, the Institutional theory was used to contribute with a framework and create an understanding of how and why it is the way it is and how the detailed plans have become what they are today.In addition, the butterfly effect and chaos theory were also used to contribute with an understanding of the alternative amplification of effects and how small actions and effects combined can result in consequences.The study was conducted through an in-depth literature study and 9 semi-structured interviews from a wide range of respondents from both the public and private sectors. Due to this, an overall picture could be created of the situation and not just a single point of view from the market. Since the subject is somewhat postmodern, the respondents were asked questions that stimulated discussion with themselves and they could therefore provide explanations, suggestions and insights.In order to be able to interpret the material from the interviews and exclude bias and irrational thoughts, the respondents were categorized and their answers were analyzed according to each grouping. Initially, the alternative causes behind a high level of detail were identified and they were then evaluated using a model of how us humans function and work according to institutional theory. From which it turned out that it seems very likely that the detailed plan is what it is today due to cultural norms, behavioral patterns and more. Which in this case was mostly focused on how the detailed plans are generally affected, and not how the legislation has been affected. Alternative consequences and effects were then identified through the respondents' alternative advantages and disadvantages of the situation. These effects were analyzed according to the effects they can result in in terms of, for example, time, costs and the impact on social and ecological factors. Then these could be inserted into a model of the butterfly effect to contribute with a visual overview of the situation. Based on the model, it appears that this could have major consequences if detailed plans have a high level of detail to a great extent. According to the model for example, it can potentially have an impact on the rate of construction. Of which if this is the case, it can also have an impact on the country's economic growth.

Within the last decade, scholars and practitioners alike have noted a surge in the use of legal financial obligations (LFOs) in criminal justice processing. These include fines, fees, and costs that are applied to defendants’ cases from “upstream” agencies such as police departments to “downstream” agencies including jails, prisons, probation and parole agencies, and treatment centers. Legal financial obligations can be large, and the result is that outstanding balances often accumulate into unwieldy amounts of criminal justice debt. Recently, a small handful of qualitative studies have shown that these LFOs and debts can have adverse impacts on returning prisoners and their families, including increased stress, strained family relationships, worsened depression, and longer periods spent under criminal justice surveillance for those too poor to pay off outstanding balances. In addition, some of this work suggests that these financial obligations can increase the likelihood of returning to crime. This dissertation expands on the major contributions of these recent qualitative works by addressing the lack of quantitative research in this area. Toward this end, longitudinal data from the Returning Home Study (n=740) and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques are used to test whether LFOs and debt indeed have adverse impacts on key outcomes of interest in reentry research, including family relationships, depression, justice involvement/entanglement, and recidivism. Findings reveal partial support for past research and theory. Legal financial obligations do not appear to have impacts on depression, family conflict, and several measures of recidivism on average. However, outstanding debt owed to community supervision agencies (i.e., probation/parole/mandatory community supervision) significantly increases the likelihood of remaining under supervision, which, in turn, increases the likelihood of returning to prison. Implications for decision-making bodies from state legislatures to corrections agencies are discussed. / Criminal Justice