Correctional officers work in a stressful environment and are regularly exposed to dangerous and emotionally charged situations. Researchers have detailed the potential negative outcomes of this occupation, yet little research has examined the extent to which correctional officers experience emotion while on their shifts, and how those emotions may translate into stress, divorce, substance abuse issues, domestic violence, and high mortality rates upon retirement. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to learn how correctional officers experience their felt and expressed emotions while at work. Data collection was done using a 15-item open ended questionnaire designed by the researcher and accessed via an online website. The 15-item questionnaire was prescreened by correctional officers not participating in the survey to assure for trustworthiness. Anonymous online survey data was collected from 23 correctional custody staff members working throughout California. The responses from the survey were coded and analyzed using NVivo and Survey Monkey software to account for reoccurring themes in the data. The findings of this study show a high percentage of respondent's report feelings of anxiety throughout a shift at work. Further, the findings show that the participants consistently report a disconnect between felt and expressed emotions while at work. These findings may be used to reform training programs for correctional officers to offer them better ways to process the emotions they experience throughout their career.

Empati är en särskilt viktig förmåga hos kriminalvårdaren och i interaktionen med kollegor samt med intagna på anstalt och häkte. Studien ämnade att undersöka kriminalvårdarnas empati i relation till arbetsrelaterad stress, samt olika demografiska variabler. I undersök- ningen deltog 76 kriminalvårdare som rekryterades via sociala medier, utspridda över Sve- rige. Resultaten visar att det inte fanns några könsskillnader gällande empati. Den arbetsre- laterade stressen är större hos kvinnor än hos män enligt studiens resultat, något som be- kräftar tidigare studier. Vidare visar studiens resultat att fantasi och personlig oro minskade med åldern. För anställningstid visar studiens resultat att empatin minskar med antal anställ- ningsår. Resultaten för utbildningsnivå visar att empatin minskade med högre utbildning, vil- ket motsäger tidigare forskning. Vidare forskning kan fokusera på att inkludera större urval och att undersöka personspecifika faktorer i studiet av relationen mellan empati, stress och demografisk information som ålder, kön och utbildningsnivå. / Empathy is a particularly important ability of the correctional officer and in the interaction with their colleagues, also with those in prison and detention centers. The study aimed to investi- gate empathy in prison correctional officers in relation to work-related stress and demo- graphic variables. In the study,76 participants were recruited through social media, with a spread across Sweden. The results showed that there were no difference in empathy re- garding gender. The work-related stress is greater in women than in men according to the study's results, which confirms previous studies. Furthermore, the results of the study show that imagination and personal distress decline with age. For years of employment the results showed a decline in empathy. The results for educational level shows that empathy declined with higher education, which contradicts previous research. Further research can focus on including larger samples and examining person-specific factors along with the variables and demographic information such as age, gender and educational level.

Kriminalvårdares attityd till intagna har betydelse för att den intagne ska kunna genomgå en positiv förändring under sin verkställighetstid i anstalt. Studiens syfte var därför att undersöka kriminalvårdares attityder gentemot intagna och om olika variabler som t.ex. kön och utbildning påverkade den. En självdeklarationsstudie med ATP-skalan gjordes på tre olika anstalter och ett häkte. Totalt svarade 28 kriminalvårdare på enkäten varav två tolkades som extremvärden och inte togs med i resultatet. Resultatet visade att svenska kriminalvårdare har en mer negativ attityd till intagna än vad som mätts upp i tidigare undersökningar i USA och Norge. Studien fann också att kvinnliga kriminalvårdare hade en mer positiv attityd än sina manliga medarbetare och att utbildning inte alltid är bra för attityden. / Correctional officers’ attitudes toward prisoners are of importance for prisoners to positively change during their sentence in prison. The purpose of this study was to review the attitudes of correctional officers toward prisoners and if different variables like gender and education had any effect on the attitude. A self-declaration survey was done with the ATP-scale at three different prisons and one custody facility. A total of 28 correctional officers responded to the survey, two of them was counted as outliers and was not included in the result. The result showed that Swedish correctional officers had more negative attitudes toward prisoners than found in earlier studies from USA and Norway. The study also found that female correctional officers had more positive attitudes than their male co-workers and that education not always led to a more positive attitude toward inmates.

This paper aims to investigate the understanding and approaches of correctional officers in building relationships with clients in a correctionalfacility and to understand how they negotiate the professional boundaries that are necessary to maintain in these relationships. This qualitative study wasconducted through semi-structured interviews with eight correctional officersworking in different correctional facilities with security level two. The findings indicate that the application of the value “personal but not private”in practice is an individual matter and a gray area. The study shows that correctional officers need to establish close relationships with clients whilemaintaining professional boundaries in order to avoid becoming too personal.Striking a balance between being personal and professional is crucial increating trusting relationships with clients.

Kriminalvården är en myndighet som på senare tid fått mycket uppmärksamhet i media. Myndigheten står inför stora utmaningar avseende plats- och resursbrist och behöver anställa 4 000 personer till år 2025. Det har genomförts flertalet studier kring vårdande och rättsliga myndigheter hur de agerar och verkar under press. Rättsvårdande myndigheter som Kriminalvården har inte studerats i samma omfattning. Myndigheten har en central funktion med ett samhällsviktigt uppdrag och kunskap inom området är högst relevant. Därför avser denna studie fylla en kunskapslucka som råder, genom att öka förståelse för den profession som arbetar klientnära inom en av rättsväsendets myndigheter. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka värden och handlingsmönster som framträder hos kriminalvårdare när de står inför utmaningar. Studien är genomförd via kvalitativ metod och Utförd inom några utav Kriminalvårdens häkten och anstalter, med fokus på kriminalvårdare som utför klientnära arbete. Studiens ansats är induktiv som innebär att utefter kriminalvårdarnas upplevelser har olika teman identifierats och analyserats. Som referensram användes Lipskys (2010) teori om närbyråkraten och etisk stress via Bengtsell, Thoursie och Åstrand Freidlitz (2021). Studien visar att säkerheten är ett överordnat värde inom Kriminalvården samt vikten av att inneha en humanistisk människosyn för klient påverkan. Det mest framträdande handlingsmönstret är sammanhållningen mellan kriminalvårdare för att hantera utmaningarna som de möter i sin vardag. Detta visar att kriminalvårdare innehar egenskaper både som närbyråkrat och byråkrat. En unik yrkesroll som inte förekommer inom andra närliggande områden. / The Correctional Service is an authority that has recently received a lot of attention in the media. The authority is facing major challenges regarding lack of space and resources and needs to employ 4,000 people by the year 2025. Several studies have been carried out about care and judicial authorities and how they act and operate under pressure. Law enforcement agencies such as the Correctional Service have not been studied to the same extent. The authority has a central function with an important mission in society, knowledge in the area is highly relevant. Therefore, this study intends to fill a gap of knowledge that exists, by increasing understanding of the profession that works close to clients within one of the judicial authorities. The purpose of the study was to investigate which values and action patterns that appears in the role of correctional officers when they are faced with challenges. The study was carried out via a qualitative method and carried out within some of the Correctional Service's prisons and institutions, with a focus on correctional officers who perform clientrelated work. The study's approach is inductive, which means that based on the experiences of the correctional officers, various themes have been identified and analyzed. Lipsky's (2010) theory of the street-level bureaucrat and ethical stress via Bengtsell, Thoursie and Åstrand Freidlitz (2021) was used as a frame of reference. The study shows that safety is an overriding value within the Correctional Service, as well as the importance of having a humanistic view of people when influencing clients. The most prominent pattern of action is the cohesion between correctional officers to deal with the challenges they face in their everyday lives. This shows that correctional officers possess characteristics both as street-level bureaucrat and bureaucrat. A unique professional role that does not occur in other related fields.

Text in English with abstracts in English, Afrikaans and isiZulu. Translated titles in Afrikaans and isiZulu supplied / Alarming global crime levels lead to increased incarcerations, resulting in changes in the dynamics of the offender population. Developments that call for urgent progressive reforms of corrections, thereby fast-tracking the employment of female officers. A qualitative study was conducted to explore the lived work experiences of 17 female correctional officers, at Kgoši Mampuru II Management Area in Pretoria, South Africa, to determine how they shape their work identity in this male-dominated sector. An interpretive phenomenological analysis methodology is applied, informed by the Social Identity Theory (SIT) to conceptualise the factors that shape these officers’ work identity. Themes identified include the role of the corrections environment as a social institution, corrections operating as separate communities, and how being different contributes to the distinct attributes of female correctional officers. Emotional labour, vigilance and their uniform also proved significant tools these female officers applied as a means to cope and assert their rightful place in this harsh, strained environment. / Ubugebengu obuphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni sebuholele ekutheni sikhule isibalo seziboshwa emajele, okwenza ukuthi silokhu sidlondlobale njalo isibalo seziboshwa nakuba amajele esegcwele ngokweqile. Izinguquko esimweni sesibalo seziboshwa esikhulayo sezibeke ingcindezi engeziwe phezu kwamahlombe ojele nakuba sebevele bethwele kanzima. Lokhu sekudale isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthi kwenziwe izinguquko ezinohlonze okuhloswe ngazo ukuphucula nokuthuthukisa isimo, ngokuthi kusheshiwe ukuqashwa kojele besifazane. Lolu cwaningo lwenziwe ngaphansi kwalesi simo-ke ngenhloso yokuhlola nokucubungula impilo ephilwa ngojele besifazane uma besemsebenzini nezigameko zansukuzonke abahlangabezana nazo ukuze kubhekwe ukuthi basibumba futhi basibonakalise kanjani isimo-bunjalo sabo njengabantu ukuze bathathe indawo yabo ngeqholo kulo mkhakha okukhonya kuwona kakhulu abantu besilisa. Ulwazi locwaningo lwaqoqwa ngokusebenzisa izingxoxo zokubonana ubuso nobuso ezingama-semi-structured interviews ezabanjwa nojele besifazane abayi-17 e-Kgoši Mampuru II Management Area ePitoli, eNingizimu Afrika. Izindlela zocwaningo ezasetshenziswa kwaba yindlela yocwaningo olukhwalithethivu kanye nohlaziyo olubizwa nge-interpretive phenomenological analysis. Ithiyori yokuzihlonza komuntu isimo sakhe emphakathini nokuthi ungubani iveza umbono wokuthi umuntu wakha izimo-bunjalo ezihlukahlukene okuyizimo-bunjalo zakhe uqobo ngaphakathi kanye nezimo-bunjalo afuna ukuziveza ngazo futhi azibonakalise ngazo emphakathini ukuze akwazi ukwenza izinto kahle futhi ngendlela efanele endaweni ethile azithola ekuyona. Izingqikithi eziyinhloko ezahlozwa ngenhloso yokweseka lo mgomo zibandakanya indima yesikhungo okwenzelwa kusona umsebenzi wokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo njengesikhungo zomphakathi, isikhungo sokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo uma sisebenza njengesikhungo somphakathi oseceleni noma ohlukile, kanye nokuthi ukwehluka kwaso kusifaka kanjani isandla ekuvezeni izimo-binjalo ezicacile futhi ezihlukile zojele besifazane. Ikhono labo lokulawula imizwa yabo ukuze bakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wabo ngendlela efanele kanye nokucophelela kwabo kwahlonzwa njengamathuluzi asetshenziswa ngojele besifazane ukuze bakwazi ukumelana nesimo esilukhuni, esishubile futhi esimazonzo abasebenza ngaphansi kwaso. Indima edlalwa ngumfaniswano ekubumbeni isimo-bunjalo sabo emsebenzini nayo yabonisa ingqikithi encikile esemqoka eyahlonzwa ngenkathi kwenziwa uhlaziyo. / Toenemende misdaadsyfers lei globaal tot al hoër getalle oortreders in gevangenskap, wat onvermydelik die dinamiek van dié groeiende populasie verander. Die tendens noodsaak die transformasie van korrektiewe dienste, wat gevolglik die indiensneming van vroulike korrektiewe beamptes bespoedig het. ‘n Kwalitatiewe studie is onderneem met 17 vroulike beamptes te Kgoši Mampuru II Korrektiewe Bestuursarea, Pretoria, Suid-Afrika. ‘n Interpretiewe fenomenologiese analisemetode is toegepas, met die beginsels van die Sosiale Identitieitsteorie as grondslag, om die faktore te konseptualiseer wat bydra tot werksidentiteitvorming van vroue in hierdie manlik gedomineerde sektor. Temas geidentifiseer behels die rol van die korrektiewe omgewing as sosiale instelling, korrektiewe dienste wat funksioneer as afsonderlike gemeenskap, en die besondere bydraes wat die vroulike beampte, juis deur haar uniekheid lewer. Emosionele arbeid, voortdurende waaksaamheid, asook die rol van haar uniform, is verder aangedui as betekenisvolle meganismes wat dié beamptes aanwend in ‘n uitdagende omgewing en so hul regmatige plek inneem in hierdie onkonvensionele werksmilieu. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)