Esta dissertação tem como objeto a análise do impacto da condenação do Brasil pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos no caso Guerrilha do Araguaia sobre a atuação do Ministério Público Federal na persecução penal das graves violações de direitos humanos ocorridas na ditadura militar no Brasil. Considerando a existência de uma norma global de responsabilização penal individual, verifica-se que a demanda doméstica de responsabilização dos agentes da ditadura foi submetida ao Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos e retornou ao plano doméstico de modo a destravar a atuação institucional do Ministério Público Federal na pauta. Se antes da condenação pela corte internacional havia uma atuação de poucos procuradores, depois da sentença se verifica uma gradual institucionalização da pauta internamente no Ministério Público Federal, que tomou para si a determinação da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos de responsabilização dos agentes da ditadura. O estudo discute a movimentação institucional do Ministério Público Federal na pauta, as teses adotadas pelos procuradores, as vinte e seis ações penais ajuizadas desde 2011, os obstáculos encontrados, a recepção do Judiciário e os desafios para a persecução penal hoje no Brasil. Assim, a dissertação sustenta que o Ministério Público Federal tem tido uma atuação fundamental como ator judicial interno na mobilização do direito internacional dos direitos humanos para fazer avançar a cascata da justiça, configurando-se como um ator central para o processo de justiça de transição no Brasil, que sempre encontrou uma limitação no aspecto da responsabilização penal em razão da Lei de Anistia. / This thesis aims to analyze the impact of Brazil\'s conviction by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights regarding the Araguaia Guerrilla on Federal Prosecution Service\'s (MPF) action, namely in the penal prosecution of gross human rights violations that occurred during Brazil\'s military dictatorship. Bearing in mind the existence of an international law of individual penal responsibility, it was noted that the domestic suit against dictatorship agents was submitted to the Inter-American System of Human Rights; it returned to the domestic sphere as to unlock the institutional action of MPF. Before the international court\'s conviction there was little action in the hands of few prosecutors. After the sentence, one can observe a gradual institutionalization and internalization of this subject in the MPF, which took on the responsibilization of dictatorship agents determined by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The study discusses the institutional mobilization of MPF in the subject, prosecutors\' legal arguments, the 26 penal suits filed since 2011, obstacles found, Judiciary\'s reception, and challenges of criminal prosecution in Brazil. Hence, this thesis holds that the MPF has been crucial as a domestic judicial actor regarding the use of international human rights law to enforce the justice cascade, posing itself as a core actor for Brazil\'s transitional justice, which has been obstructed by the country\'s Amnesty law.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-03-05T13:19:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 AnaMaria_Tarini2017.pdf: 1529484 bytes, checksum: 46fc5275c3ccd1f2027fba15df85e30f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-05T13:19:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 AnaMaria_Tarini2017.pdf: 1529484 bytes, checksum: 46fc5275c3ccd1f2027fba15df85e30f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-15 / Dealing with discourses means getting into an unstable arena, but also of regularities, sometimes, for rupture, others, for reiteration of what is established. The feminist discourse was a discursive event that broke up many chains and pointed possibilities for men and women to have the same social, cultural and economic rights; however the patriarchal discourse still rules the Brazilian society and the sexual violence, that woman is the main victim, is not over, the State’s agents have tried to deal with the problem: but we try to understand how this is done. Therefore, the theme of this research is the discursive practice of/in the juridical about women victim of sexual violence. In this study, I understand as question of research the discourses that blame the woman for their own rapes, trying to reveal the discursive memory and the meaning effects that it produces. Based in the discourse analysis’ theoretical scope, especially in studies by Pêcheux (1977, 1990, 2006, 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2010c, 2011a, 2011b, 2011c, 2011d), Henry (1992, 2010 e 2013), Orlandi (1988, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011), Althusser (2001), and Foucault (2001, 2006 e 2015), I asked: a) how the paraphrasal repetition that is in the criminal prosecutions of female sexual violence are constituted; b) why, in the prosecution related to sexual crimes committed against women, they have to prove they’re suitable. To write the dissertation, I established as purpose to analyze the discursive practice revealed in judicial prosecution from 2012 to 2014, already sentenced and judged, in Foz do Iguaçu, verifying how the cases of sexual violence (rapes, sexual abuses), happened in different conditions, are treated. This analysis is made by tracing reflections about the discourses of women and feminism histories, crucially regarding the situation of sexual violence, aiming to understand the materiality and the constitution of the discursive practice of judges, prosecutors and defense lawyers that take charge of justice and the warranty of the women’s constitutional and individual rights and verifying if this practice of/in the corpus breaks with or reiterates the socially established memory about the woman and if there is or not a rupture with the already-said, the “ever-already-there” and the “has-always-been-like-this”. The corpus is composed by four criminal prosecution showed in cutouts divided in SDs, with views to the treatment and to the analysis. The juridical discursive practice in focus is analyzed based in the categories of the discourse analysis, but without disregarding the feminist studies and the ideological questions that pass through the Law. As results, I consider that changes, such as in law, are happening. But I realize that the subjects of/to the juridical discourse submit themselves not only to the legislation through which we’re all reigned, but are also submitted to a patriarchal culture in which they are inserted, because don’t break up with this memory about to be a woman; thereby, what can be seen in the discursive practice about sexual violence crimes against women, there is not properly rupture. / Lidar com discursos é entrar numa arena de instabilidades, mas também de regularidades, às vezes de ruptura, outras de reiteração ou aderência ao que está estabelecido. O discurso feminista é um acontecimento discursivo que rompeu com inúmeras amarras, apontou possibilidades de homens e mulheres terem os mesmos direitos sociais, culturais e econômicos, contudo o discurso patriarcal ainda impera na sociedade brasileira e a violência sexual, da qual a mulher é a principal vítima, não cessou, e os agentes do Estado têm lidado com o problema, a questão é entender como. Por isso, o tema desta pesquisa é a prática discursiva do/no jurídico a respeito das mulheres vítimas de violência sexual. Elejo como objeto de pesquisa os discursos que culpam as mulheres pelos estupros sofridos. Busco entender as memórias discursivas presentes e os efeitos de sentido que produzem. Pautada no escopo teórico da AD, especialmente nos textos de Pêcheux (1977, 1990, 2006, 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2010c, 2011a, 2011b, 2011c, 2011d), Henry (1992, 2010 e 2013), Orlandi (1988, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011), Althusser (2001) e Foucault (2001, 2006 e 2015) questiono: a) Como se constitui o discurso (a repetição parafrástica) que se verifica nos processos judiciais de violência sexual contra mulheres? b) o por que nos processos relativos a casos de crimes sexuais cometidos contra mulheres, elas precisam provar que são idôneas. Para este trabalho, estabeleci como objetivo analisar a prática discursiva em processos judiciais de 2012 a 2014, já sentenciados e julgados, na cidade de Foz do Iguaçu, verificando como são tratados os casos de violência sexual (estupros e abusos sexuais) acontecidos em diferentes condições de produção, e traço reflexões acerca dos discursos da história das mulheres e do feminismo, essencialmente no que se refere à situação de violência sexual, visando compreender a materialidade e a constituição da prática discursiva de juízes, promotores e advogados de defesa que se incumbem da justiça e da garantia dos direitos individuais e constitucionais e verificando se a prática discursiva do/no corpus rompe ou reitera a memória socialmente estabelecida sobre a mulher e se há ou não ruptura com o já-dito, o sempre-já-aí e o "sempre-foi-assim". O corpus é composto de quatro processos judiciais e está disposto em recortes, divididos em SDs consecutivas, para efetuar o tratamento e a análise. A prática discursiva jurídica é analisada à luz das categorias da AD, mas sem desconsiderar os estudos do feminismo e questões ideológicas presentes no Direito. Como resultados, considero que, estão ocorrendo mudanças, como na legislação, no entanto noto que os sujeitos do/ao discurso jurídico estão sujeitos não apenas à legislação pela qual todos nós somos regidos e nos pautamos, mas também estão sujeitos à cultura patriarcal de que fazem parte, pois não conseguem romper com essa memória sobre o ser mulher, o que está visível é que na prática discursiva jurídica a respeito de crimes de violência sexual contra as mulheres praticamente não há ruptura.

The systematic variation in arrests of former wartime leaders (including political/military leaders and those with commanding positions from both sides of conflict among other high-level wartime actors) in post-conflict countries have rarely been recognized and studied. Building on past literature that interlinks transitional justice with domestic politics, this study argues that the variation in arrests of former wartime leaders can be explained by elections and electoral manipulation theory. Amid the costs and opportunities associated with elections in general, I argue that incumbents also opt for arrests of former wartime leaders as an electoral manipulation strategy to eliminate political opponents and consolidate power in the guise of justice and, at the same time, minimize the costs associated with electoral manipulation tools. Hence, I hypothesize the arrest of former wartime leaders likely to be during the election period (the pre-election period, election day, and immediate post-election period). All else equal, the statistical test does not support the hypothesis while the complementary evidence from post-conflict Nepal and Sri Lanka suggest that presence (or absence) of justice in post-conflict countries is largely shaped by domestic politics. Similarly, few arrests in Sri Lanka and Nepal offer mild support to the theoretical expectations while few other arrests in Sri Lanka suggest that some arrests during the hypothesized election period are coincidental. This further questions the explanatory power of the suggested theory and findings.

Chovanec, Š. Criminal proceedings against legal entities Criminal proceedings against legal entities represent a significant innovation for Czech criminal procedure law. Adoption of Act nř 418/2011, about Criminal liability of legal entities and criminal proceedings against them, is considered as acceptance of the world's phenomenon of enactment of the institute of Criminal liability of legal entities. The lawmaker had chosen a special regulation for criminal proceedings against legal entities which however does not describe the issues solely. So the Penal Code is considered subsidiary applicable regardless it does regulate criminal proceedings against a natural person. The author of this text deals with risks and potential problems connected to this construct. The author of this text describes selected aspects of criminal proceedings against legal entities from its beginning to the enforcement proceeding.

Unabhängig von der Rechtstradition stößt man in jedem Rechtssystem auf das strafprozessuale Problem des Verwertungsverbots rechtswidrig erhobener Beweise. Es ist bereits in der Idee des Rechtsstaates selbst verschlüsselt. Einerseits muss der Staat die Gesellschaft und ihre Mitglieder vor straftätlichen Versuchen beschützen, Straftaten aufklären und Personen, die Straftaten begangen haben, bestrafen. Andererseits, der Staat hat gesetzmäßige Maßnahmen anzuwenden und allgemein anerkannte Normen der Menschenrechte und des Schutzes der Freiheiten einzuhalten. In der Praxis gelingt es nicht immer, bei der Aufklärung der Straftaten die Verletzung des Rechtsmäßigkeitsgrundsatzes während der Hauptverfahrenstätigkeit, d. h. der Beweisansammlung zu vermeiden. In derartigen Fällen entsteht meistens die Frage, ob die Ergebnisse, d. h. die Beweise, einer Handlung, die rechtswidrig durchgeführt wurde, bei Begründung der Beteiligung eines Schuldigen an der Straftatbegehung und seines Verschuldens verwertet werden dürfen. Der Gegenstand dieser Dissertationsforschung umfasst gesellschaftliche Verhältnisse, die sich danach gestalten, wenn die Beweise, die für eine gerechte Entscheidung eines Strafverfahrens wichtig sind, rechtswidrig erhoben wurden, und, wenn das Dilemma der Verwertungszulässigkeit bzw. des Verwertungsverbots solcher Beweise entschieden wird. / Disertacijoje tiriama teisės pažeidimo, padaryto gaunant įrodymą, įtaka sprendžiant tokio įrodymo naudojimo leistinumo (neleistinumo) Lietuvos baudžiamajame procese klausimą. Analizuojama įrodymų leistinumo samprata Lietuvos baudžiamojo proceso teisėje, atskleidžiama šio teisinio reiškinio esmė ir procesinė teisinė reikšmė dabartinio baudžiamojo proceso teisinio reguliavimo kontekste, identifikuojami tradicinio mokymo apie įrodymų leistinumą teigiami aspektai ir trūkumai; analizuojami įrodymų, gautų pažeidžiant teisę, naudojimo neleistinumo konstituciniai aspektai, įrodymų, gautų pažeidžiant teisę, naudojimo neleistinumo prasmė ir pateisinimas teisinės valstybės baudžiamajame procese. Atliktos norminės ir specialiosios literatūros analizės, empirinės medžiagos studijos bei lyginamosios informacijos tyrimo pagrindu pasiūloma alternatyvi įrodymų leistinumo samprata, apibrėžiama jos turinį sudarančių teisinių kategorijų įrodymų rinkimo leistinumas ir įrodymų naudojimo neleistinumas esmė ir procesinė teisinė reikšmė, nustatomi konkretūs įrodymų, gautų pažeidžiant teisę, naudojimo neleistinumo Lietuvos baudžiamajame procese pagrindai. / The dissertation investigates an impact of the law infringement made by obtaining evidence, meeting the question of the admissibility (inadmissibility) of evidence in the Lithuanian criminal process. The analysis touches upon the conception of the admissibility of evidence in the Lithuanian criminal process law, uncovering the nature of this juridical topic along with the procedural juridical meaning in the context of the present – day criminal process legal regulation, identifying the positive aspects and weaknesses of traditional teaching on admissibility of evidence; inadmissibility of illegally obtained evidence constitutional aspects, meaning and justification in the criminal process of the state governed by the rule of law are analyzed. On the basis of the accomplished standard and special literature analysis, empirical matter studies and the comparative information research, the alternative admissibility of evidence conception is proposed, defining the nature and procedural legal meaning of the content composing legal categories – evidence collection admissibility and the evidence evaluation inadmissibility. Finally, apparent fundamentals of the illegally obtained evidence inadmissibility in the Lithuanian criminal process are identified.

SUMMARY Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal. As between nations, extradition is regulated by treaties. As between states or other political subdivisions on a domestic level, extradition is more accurately known as rendition. The master thesis is a research of the concept of extradition in historical perspective, trying to overlook deeper the basics of this legal norm. The research of the concept of extradition in historical perspective, trying to overlook deeper the basics of this legal norm. The research is made by comparing the institute of extradition and institute of fugitives in the context of international law, other legal acts. Fundamental legal acts of extradition are thoroughly discussed in the master thesis. The author presents the analysis of conventions, bilateral, agreements, national laws of extradition, principle of reciprocity and moral human rights. The author presents opinions of various contemporary Lithuanian scientists such as V. Vadapalas, A. Nevera, A. Čepas, J. Žilinskas, G. Goda, M. Kazlauskas, P. Kuconis, G. Švedas, L. Visockienė. Also were used fundamental works about extradition by M. Akehurst, S. Bedi, G. Gilbert, H. Lauterpacht, I. A. Shearer, A. Boicov, R. Valejev, J. Vasiljev, B. Velčev, L. Galenskaja etc. International agreements, national criminal laws and laws of criminal procedure are also analyzed in the study... [to full text]

Hudáková, J. Criminal liability of legal persons Criminal liability of legal persons is a significant change to the continental European law. It is a sensible breakthrough into the core principle of an individual criminal responsibility of individuals. In connection with the adoption of Act No. 418/2011 Coll., on the criminal liability of legal persons and proceedings against them, the thesis deals with main aspects of the criminal liability of legal persons in the Czech Republic. After defining of legal grounds of the criminal responsibility author subsequently discusses sanctioning of legal persons. At the same time, the author discusses legal regulation of moral person criminal liability in France. She outlines the principles of criminal liability of legal persons, as well as the conditions for imposing sanctions. The author tries to demonstrate, by means of the attached statistical surveys, the numerous application of this institute in the French legal practice. Finally, the author tries to compare Czech and French legislation in selected aspects.

This diploma thesis discusses the criminal proceedings against legal persons. The main idea of this diploma thesis is to describe single juridical institute of criminal procedure which is specific for proceedings against legal persons. For better understanding is necessary to find and understate all the sources of law. The primary authorities which will be used in the criminal proceedings are above all Act of Criminal Procedure against Legal Persons, Rules of Criminal Procedure and also Constitution of the Czech Republic and Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms. It is also important to looking the sources at international level. Fundamental source is European Convention on Human Rights. The thesis deals with institutes of criminal law specific for legal entities, like imputability, a person committing a crime or enumeration of criminal acts for which can be affected legal entities. The main chapter contains analysis of each section from special part of Act of Criminal Procedure against Legal Persons. Subchapters discuss some of elemental principles in criminal proceedings as local jurisdiction in criminal proceedings and principle of joint trial of a criminal case, then provisional and protective measures, procedure for the cancellation, termination and conversion of the legal entity during...

L’actualisation des données sur le contentieux privé des pratiques anticoncurrentielles fait naître laconviction que l’état de sous-développement souvent pointé est aujourd’hui dépassé. Les statistiquessont nettes : des dizaines d’affaires sont plaidées chaque année. Toutefois, ce contentieux s’esquissesous des traits qui ne sont pas exactement ceux du contentieux indemnitaire de masse faisant suite àla commission d’ententes internationales. C’est un fait majeur qui doit être noté car l’essentiel desprojets de réforme furent bâtis sur cet idéal type. Trois des caractères les plus saillants de la réalitéjudiciaire témoignent de cette fracture entre droit positif et droit prospectif. D’abord, le contentieuxprivé est majoritairement un contentieux contractuel entre professionnels aux forces déséquilibrées. Ensuite, c’estun contentieux national – voire local – plus qu’un contentieux international. Enfin, c’est plutôt uncontentieux autonome se déployant devant les juridictions judiciaires sans procédure préalable oupostérieure des autorités de concurrence (stand alone). Paradoxalement, les actions complémentaires(follow-on), pourtant réputées d’une mise en oeuvre aisée, sont plus rares. Ces observations invitentalors à réviser l’ordre des priorités de toute réflexion prospective. Ainsi, la lutte contre l’asymétried’informations et de moyens entre litigants, l’essor de sanctions contractuelles efficaces, larecomposition du rôle des autorités juridictionnelles et administratives dans le procès civil ou encorele développement des procédures de référé s’imposent avec urgence. Mais s’il paraît légitime desoutenir ce contentieux autonome déjà existant, il n’en reste pas moins utile de participer à laréflexion déjà amorcée pour développer le contentieux indemnitaire de masse tant attendu et dont onne peut négliger les atouts. De lege ferenda, le contentieux privé de demain présenterait donc uncaractère bicéphale ; il serait à la fois autonome et complémentaire. Il faut alors tenter de concevoir unrégime efficace pour ces deux moutures du contentieux privé en tenant compte de leurs exigencesrespectives. Or l’analyse positive et prospective de leurs fonctions révèlent que contentieuxautonome et contentieux complémentaire s’illustrent autant par les fonctions qu’ils partagent que parcelles qui les distinguent. Il serait donc excessif de vouloir en tous points leur faire application derègles particulières ou, à l’inverse, de règles identiques. C’est donc vers l’élaboration d’un régime commun complété par un régime particulier à chacun d’eux que s’orientera la présente recherche.PREMIÈRE PARTIE. Le régime commun aux contentieux privés autonome et complémentaireSECONDE PARTIE. Le régime particulier à chacun des contentieux privés autonome et complémentaire / Pas de résumé en anglais