本文以戰後中國憲政的發展為題，探討1946－1948年間，國民黨、民社黨、青年黨三黨合作對制憲國大的召開、政府改組、國代選舉、立委選舉等重要政治事件的影響，本文側重探究三黨合作行憲的運作實態，探討國家利益的「前台表演」與黨派利益的「後台運作」之間的複雜關係。首先，本文扼要回顧抗戰期間到戰後初期的中國政局，探討朝野黨派關係如何影響憲政運動的推動，瞭解其對戰後中國政治的影響。抗戰勝利後，國、共衝突再起，美國、「第三方面」人士相繼居中斡旋，未能促使國共合作，最後國民黨單方面宣布召開國大制憲，中共和民盟抵制之，而國民黨則成功拉攏民、青兩黨合作。此後，國民黨拋出政府改組的議題，繼續與民、青兩黨談判，本文將分析三黨對行憲的不同想像，此間，國民黨三中全會為何對政府改組有反彈聲浪。在政府改組完成後，民、青兩黨的內部糾紛為何再起，社會輿論的普遍觀感為何，國府在此時宣布「動員戡亂」，又為日後行憲帶來什麼影響。 政府完成改組後，緊接著便是國代和立委選舉，本文將探討政府籌備選舉經過，國民黨如何建立其內部提名機制，剖析其中派系鬥爭、黨團競逐的內情。除此之外，三黨中央亦就選舉名額、地域分配作協商，以達到聯合提名，同額當選的結果，以維持三黨合作的政治格局，並略述在地方上的選舉經過。選舉結果出爐後，不符三黨協議，民、青兩黨以退出政府要挾，迫使國民黨設法遵守三黨協議，國民黨為避免造成一黨行憲的局面，運用黨紀強令當選黨員退讓，引發「黨紀」與「國法」之爭，最後國民黨中央幾經討論，由蔣中正祭出「以黨讓黨」的解決辦法，彌平選舉糾紛。為此，三黨又如何達成協議，繼續合作實施憲政。透過上述研究，本文將從五個角度分析：一、國際因素對中國政治的影響；二、「行憲」與「戡亂」的關係；三、「黨紀」與「國法」之爭的象徵意義 ；四、三黨合作的政治得失；五、戰後中國實施憲政的歷史意義。

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was the longest serving president in the history of the United States, and he served during the U.S.’s worst economic crisis. During his tenure, approximately 80,000 public school teachers were left unemployed and 145,700 students had their schools closed. Furthermore, public schools and their teachers were under attack for the large number of unemployed and illiterate people. Despite these public school challenges, the literature rarely mentions FDR’s reactions or thoughts; instead, the literature focuses on the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the National Youth Administration (NYA), two New Deal youth programs. The New Deal assisted many institutions, and educators assumed public schools would also receive assistance. Under FDR, the federal government became increasingly involved in the lives of its citizens in terms of housing, food, transportation, and employment, but it did not increase its involvement in education. In this dissertation, I decipher FDR’s educational policies by analyzing his administrative actions that supported or hindered education from 1933-1940. In particular, did FDR’s governmental programs emphasize or encourage the education of youth? Did his administrative decisions support public schools? What was FDR’s policy towards federal aid to education and why? Additionally, by analyzing how educational policies were developed within FDR’s administration, educators today will better discern how they can influence policies during each step of the policymaking process. In doing so, educators will be better prepared and positioned to support American schools.

Le sujet principal de cette thèse porte sur les mesures de risque. L'objectif général est d'investiguer certains aspects des mesures de risque dans les applications financières. Le cadre théorique de ce travail est celui des mesures cohérentes de risque telle que définie dans Artzner et al (1999). Mais ce n'est pas la seule classe de mesure du risque que nous étudions. Par exemple, nous étudions aussi quelques aspects des "statistiques naturelles de risque" (en anglais natural risk statistics) Kou et al (2006) et des mesures convexes du risque Follmer and Schied(2002). Les contributions principales de cette thèse peuvent être regroupées selon trois axes: allocation de capital, évaluation des risques et capital requis et solvabilité. Dans le chapitre 2 nous caractérisons les mesures de risque avec la propriété de Lebesgue sur l'ensemble des processus bornés càdlàg (continu à droite, limité à gauche). Cette caractérisation nous permet de présenter deux applications dans l'évaluation des risques et l'allocation de capital. Dans le chapitre 3, nous étendons la notion de statistiques naturelles de risque à l'espace des suites infinies. Cette généralisation nous permet de construire de façon cohérente des mesures de risque pour des bases de données de n'importe quelle taille. Dans le chapitre 4, nous discutons le concept de "bonnes affaires" (en anglais Good Deals), pour notamment caractériser les situations du marché où ces positions pathologiques sont présentes. Finalement, dans le chapitre 5, nous essayons de relier les trois chapitres en étendant la définition de "bonnes affaires" dans un cadre plus large qui comprendrait les mesures de risque analysées dans les chapitres 2 et 3. / The aim of this thesis is to study several aspects of risk measures particularly in the context of financial applications. The primary framework that we use is that of coherent risk measures as defined in Artzner et al (1999). But this is not the only class of risk measures that we study here. We also investigate the concepts of natural risk statistics Kou et al (2006) and convex risk measure Follmer/ and Schied (2002). The main contributions of this Thesis can be classified in three main axes: Capital allocation, risk measurement and capital requirement and solvency. In chapter 2, we characterize risk measures with the Lebesgue property on bounded càdlàg processes. This allows to present two applications in risk assessment and capital allocation. In chapter 3, we extend the concept of natural risk statistics to the space of infinite sequences. This has been done in order to introduce a consistent way of constructing risk measures for data bases of any size. In chapter 4, we discuss the concept of Good Deals and how to deal with a situation where these pathological positions are present in the market. Finally, in chapter 5, we try to relate all three chapters by extending the definition of Good Deals to a larger set of risk measures that somehow includes the discussions in chapters 2 and 3.

The dissertation provides an analysis, evaluation, and comparison of selected areas of economic policy in the United States of America and Germany from 1933 to 1939 within the context of the 1920s, the Great Depression, and the Second World War. Based on a thorough analysis of the determined objectives, tools, the intended and unintended impacts of their fiscal policies, monetary policies, and foreign-trade policies, the dissertation thesis aims to verify the basic hypothesis that the United States and German economic policies were largely similar as responding to similar issues that both advanced economies had to face. During the verification process, the author relies mainly on the genuine processing and analysis of original statistical sources. In the individual chapters of the dissertation both identical, and also different features in selected types of economic policies are presented. On the basis of a comparison of the main economic-policies trends, despite some differences in the partial characteristics of chosen economic policy types, it can be concluded that economic policies of the central governments of Germany and the United States of America were similar in surprisingly many respects.

The Non-Financial Reporting Directive (“NFRD”),[1]is an important contributor to the European Union’s (EU) goal of creating a more sustainable future for all. By requiring large public-interest entities to report non-financial information relating to sustainability matters, the NFRD increases business transparency and gives stakeholders the opportunity to make more informed investment decisions, monitor corporate activities and initiate discussions based on current practices. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the NFRD as it stands today and to analyze in what way the NFRD has the potential to improve by chiefly using the legal dogmatic method. The thesis reached its completion with an appropriate timing (January 2021) as the EU has announced its ambition to revise the NFRD by the first quarter of 2021. The conclusion drawn is that the NFRD should be revised on a series of points. Most importantly, reliability of the provided information should be secured through a stronger verification mechanism. Other areas for improvement concern the enlargement of the scope of the NFRD and the implementation of further measures securing comparable data.  [1]Directive 2014/95/EU.

Europe is facing a climate and environmental crisis. To respond to this, the European Commission has launched several programmes, which aim to increase sustainability and environmental protection. This aim has been condensed into the policy document that is the European Green Deal. The European Green Deal sets out the aim of making the Union’s economy climate neutral, while improving environmental protection and protecting biodiversity. To this end, several different sectors of the economy need to be overhauled.  In EU Law, a key policy area is to protect free competition. Article 101 TFEU sets out that agreements between undertakings which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition are prohibited. Similarly, Article 102 TFEU prohibits abuse by an undertaking of a dominant position.  This thesis explores what happens when competition law thus intersects with the environmental policy of the Union. The thesis identifies two main situations  of interaction. Undertakings can invoke environmental protection to justify a restriction of competition. The Union may also rely on its antitrust provisions to enforce sustainability by holding unsustainable practices as restrictive agreements or abuses of dominant behaviour, respectively, and thus prohibited by the antitrust provisions.  Generally, the thesis concludes that there is not enough information on how the Commission and the CJEU will approach arguments relating to sustainability in its antitrust assessment. The Commission’s consumer welfare standard appears to limit environmental integration to points where a certain factor results affects the environment or sustainability on the one hand, and consumer welfare on the other. The lack of information, moreover, is in itself an issue as undertakings may abstain from environmental action if they believe they will come under scrutiny due to violations of the antitrust provisions. Therefore, a key conclusion in the thesis is that the Commission and the CJEU should set out clear guidelines for environmental action by undertakings, in relation to the antitrust provisions. Similarly, the Commission appears to be cautious to use antitrust as a tool against unsustainable practices. The Commission has, however, recently decided to open an investigation into agreements which limit sustainability, which shows that the picture may be changing.

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