Background: For the past 30 years, the neoclassical finance has been questioned bybehavioural finance. The main difference is behavioural finance ́s ability to explain a behaviour that deviate from rationality. One of the major biases within behavioural finance is overconfidence. Overconfident behaviour describes an investor with too strong belief in their own ability. This bias is not well-examined within behavioural finance in Sweden. The consequences of overconfidence are the investor ́s overvaluation skills which in turn leads to unnecessary risk-taking, excessive trading and economic losses. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if the overconfident bias exists among Swedish private investors. A study if the demographic factors; gender, age, marital status, education, and experience effect the level of overconfident behaviour. Further, an investigation to identify industries overconfident investors prefer or despise. Method: Our study use a deductive approach with a quantitative research. From the basis of previous studies, five hypotheses explaining a relation between demographic factors and overconfidence have been formulated. The data is collected through an online survey, published in finance forums between 2020-03-10 to 2020-03-22 which gave 233 participants. A binary logistic model was performed in STATA to examine if the hypothesis should be rejected or not. Conclusion: The findings from our study show presence of overconfidence among Swedish private investors. Statistically significant results confirm that gender, age, education, and experience have an impact on overconfident behaviour. Men are more overconfident than women, younger investors act more overconfident, higher education increase overconfidence, and more experienced investors are more overconfident.

In the year 2020, COVID-19 was a worldwide phenomenon. Changes in personal behavior and consumer behavior resulted from the new restrictions. Because of COVID-19, many consumers purchase groceries online rather than in physical stores. Historically, there have been several pandemics during the 1900 century, and all of these pandemic crises have impacted consumer behavior. In the timeframe of this research, the restriction was withdrawn, and new restrictions were applied, which resulted in continued changed consumer behavior. Different characteristics influence consumer behavior, such as economic, psychological, and environmental. Income and savings of individuals and members of households are economic characteristics that influence consumer behavior. Because no product has to be carried or there is no time limit on shopping, this psychological characteristics contributes to increased accessibility, convenience, and time savings. In terms of the environment, there have been questions about whether e-commerce has a positive or negative impact. Consumer behavior is also influenced by demographic factors, such as age, gender, education, marital status and living environment. All individuals change their buying behavior over their lifetimes, and with restrictions during this pandemic crisis, many needed to adapt their behavior even more. This study has created a more profound understanding of consumer behavior due to a pandemic crisis, such as COVID-19. With this presented purpose, an online survey was constructed and collected a sample of 123 respondents located mainly in Sweden and Norway. After analysing our data collection, we concluded that the three characteristics and demographic factors influenced our sample, and they still prefer to purchase groceries in a physical store, despite a pandemic crisis.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om den upplevda arbetstrivseln skiljer sig åt mellantjänstemän och kollektivanställda i ett industriföretag. Vidare syftade studien på att undersökaom demografiska faktorer påverkar arbetstrivseln samt om dessa har en inverkan påsambandet. Undersökningen utfördes genom en digital enkät där ett missivbrev och QR-kodtill enkäten skickades ut via mail till företaget. Det var totalt 110 respondenter som deltog istudien. Enkäten baserades på “Js Arbetstrivsel” av Hellgren et al. (1999) med ett Cronbach’salfa på 0.79. Resultatet visade att tjänstemän upplever en högre grad av arbetstrivsel änkollektivanställda. Kvinnor upplever en högre grad av arbetstrivsel än män vilket intestämmer överens med tidigare forskning som påvisat motsatsen. Vidare visade resultatet attdet inte fanns några signifikanta interaktionseffekter mellan arbetstrivsel, anställningsformoch demografiska faktorer med undantag för kön. Föreliggande studies resultat om upplevdarbetstrivsel mellan tjänstemän och kollektivanställda stämmer överens med tidigareforskning. / Title: The difference in job satisfaction between white-collar and blue-collar workers in anindustrial company. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the perceived job satisfaction differsbetween white and blue-collar workers in an industrial company. Furthermore, the purposewas also to investigate whether demographic factors affect job satisfaction and whether thesehave an impact on the relationship. The survey was conducted through a digital questionnairewith a missive letter and QR code to the questionnaire that was e-mailed to the company. Atotal of 110 respondents participated in the study. The survey was based on “Js JobSatisfaction” by Hellgren et al. (1999) with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.79. The result showedthat white-collar workers experience a higher degree of job satisfaction than blue-collarworkers. Women experience a higher degree of job satisfaction than men which is notconsistent with previous research that has shown the opposite. In addition, the results showedthat there were no significant interaction effects between job satisfaction, employment formand demographic factors with exception of gender. The results of the present study onperceived job satisfaction between white- and blue-collar workers are consistent with previousstudies.

There is increasing recognition of the relationship between depression and obesity in the pediatric population and recently, there has been a focus on inflammation as a potential link. Both conditions are considered to be pro-inflammatory states, and certain inflammatory markers are linked to depression in obese adults and vice versa. Leptin has also been implicated in depression as a potential mediator between inflammation and depression. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is associated with depression and obesity, is influenced by inflammation and leptin in animal models as well. Few studies have examined the interactions between depression, adiposity, and biological markers in obese youth and therefore, our objective was to explore the determinants of depression in obese youth in a clinical setting. We studied 244 youth aged 8-17 years (125 girls, 119 boys) at the time of entry to a weight management program, as part of a prospective, longitudinal study. The CES-DC depression-screening tool was used to assess depressive symptoms, and a participant was classified as having high depressive symptoms if the CES-DC score ≥15 or taking antidepressants. Questionnaires assessed socio-demographic factors and puberty while adiposity was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNFα, CRP, IL-10), leptin, and BDNF were quantified by immunoassays. Of the 244 participants, 8 were on antidepressants and 88 (36.4%) met the criteria for high depressive symptoms. We confirmed previous findings that household income and body fat were important determinants of depressive symptoms. However for the first time, it was identified that leptin levels predicted CES-DC score independent of body fat. Neither inflammatory markers nor BDNF were significantly related to depression scores. Our findings suggest that leptin may mediate the relationship of adiposity and depression but it is uncertain if this is related to direct action or to the phenomenon of leptin resistance. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Obesity has a significant impact on depression in children and adolescents. Inflammation – the body’s response to injury – is measured through markers in the blood and leptin – the marker of body fat – have shown to be related to depression. Research indicates that depression influences these factors to act on obesity. However, research on the interactions of biological and socio-demographic factors with depression in youth with obesity is lacking. Therefore, our objective was to explore the impact of these factors on depression in obese youth entering into a weight management program. Using a depression-screening tool, we studied 244 youth under 18 years and confirmed that household income and body fat were important factors of depression. However for the first time, we found leptin influenced depression regardless of the amount of fat present suggesting that depression acts on obesity through leptin but it is uncertain how this occurs and further research is warranted.

This research paper investigates the effectiveness of a campaign conducted by me and SJ to recruit new members on board trains, focusing on the interplay between strategic communication, demographic factors and technology use. With the increasing majority of online platforms and the pervasiveness of smartphones, the study recognizes the significance of mobile media and technologies like QR codes in shaping everyday experiences. By examining the campaign's outcomes and reach, this study evaluates the effectiveness of the campaign in attracting new members. Additionally, the study investigates the influence of background factors such as gender, and geographic affiliation on recruitment outcomes and target audience responses. Moreover, it analyses how technology usage impacts users' navigation through the campaign, the recruitment process onboard trains, and their responses to SJ´S email communication. A reference group of self-initiated members within SJ´s loyalty program is incorporated to compare the behaviour and engagement of campaign members and self-initiated members. Through this analysis, the paper sheds light on the dynamics of strategic communication in the digital age and provides insights into the role of technology and demographic factors in shaping campaign effectiveness and user engagement. The result of the structured observation study showed that the campaign has effectively recruited new members, with technology usage patterns influenced by age, gender, and geographic factors to some extent. Women demonstrate a higher level of receptiveness to email communication from SJ, as indicated by their greater tendency to interact with emails. In contrast, men display a lower probability of opening emails. Moreover, older age groups exhibit higher levels of campaign participation and demonstrate better navigation skills.

Introducción: El dengue es una enfermedad metaxénica, que afecta a todas las personas sin distinción, provocando síntomas de fiebre, cefalea, dolor retro ocular y músculo articular. En el Distrito de Chongoyape un gran número de personas se infectaron con este virus, probablemente por malas prácticas preventivas y el desconocimiento de la enfermedad. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre los factores sociodemográficos con el nivel de conocimientos de dengue en personas que asisten al centro de salud de Chongoyape, 2022. Método: Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa de diseño correlacional, transversal. La población, fueron 500 sujetos atendidos el mes de Mayo en el centro de salud de Chongoyape, la muestra se estableció en 194 personas, muestreadas por conveniencia. Los datos se recolectaron mediante el cuestionario denominado “conocimientos acerca del dengue: documento que fue adaptado y validado con (V de Aiken =1; p= 0.004); y la confiabilidad con Kuder-Richadrson (KR20 (0.70). Los datos fueron procesados y analizados con el programa SPSS versión 27. Se consideró el principio de anonimato y confiabilidad, trato justo y de participación voluntaria e informada. Resultados: Los entrevistados mayormente fueron mujeres adultas, con nivel de instrucción de secundaria, cuentan con trabajos independientes, reportaron almacenar agua y haber observado criaderos de mosquitos en la vivienda; el 73,7% se calificaron con nivel de conocimiento alto y se encontró relación significativa entre el nivel de conocimientos y el nivel educativo (<0,001). Conclusión: La investigación realizada demuestra que la población estudiada obtuvo un alto nivel de conocimiento sobre el tema de dengue, el cual nos permite aprovechar el beneficio al capacitar agentes comunitarios, los cuales guíen a la población para identificación del vector y sus múltiples síntomas durante la epidemia actual sobre dengue que pone en riesgo la salud de la población del norte. / Introduction: Dengue is a metaxenic disease, which affects all people without distinction, causing symptoms of fever, headache, retro-ocular pain and joint muscle. In the Chongoyape District, a large number of people became infected with this virus, probably due to poor preventive practices and ignorance of the disease. Objective: to determine the relationship between sociodemographic factors with the level of knowledge of dengue in people who attend the Chongoyape health center, 2022. Method: A quantitative investigation of correlational, cross-sectional design was carried out. The population consisted of 500 subjects attended in the month of May at the Chongoyape health center, the sample was established at 194 people, sampled for convenience. The data was collected through the questionnaire called "knowledge about dengue: document that was adapted and validated with (Aiken's V =1; p= 0.004); and reliability with Kuder-Richadrson (KR20 (0.70). The data was processed and analyzed with the SPSS version 27 program. The principle of anonymity and reliability, fair treatment and voluntary and informed participation were considered. Results: The interviewees were mostly Adult women, with a high school level of education, have independent jobs, reported storing water and having observed mosquito breeding sites in their homes; 73.7% qualified themselves with a high level of knowledge and a significant relationship was found between the level of knowledge and the educational level (<0.001).Conclusion: The research carried out shows that the population studied obtained a high level of knowledge on the subject of dengue, which allows us to take advantage of the benefit by training community agents, who guide the population to Vector identification and its multiple symptoms during the current dengue epidemic that puts the health of the northern population at risk.

Background: The traditional neoclassical model of finance has assumed that all individuals act rationally and that they update their beliefs according to the information they have obtained to maximise their utility. This concept has been challenged by behavioural finance which has over the past decades become a new approach to better understand certain behaviours. Behavioural finance is a broad area which can be divided into different areas. One of them is investor behaviour, which will be the focus of this thesis. Research has shown that investors do not act rationally when deciding how much risk to take when considering an investment. Instead, it has been found that there are other factors that influence risk-taking in an investment, for instance gender, income, marital status and age. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to better understand if a selected group of demographic factors can affect the risk attitude investors in Sweden have with regard to their investments and to determine how well these factors explain the level of risk. The chosen demographic factors are gender, age, marital status and income. Method: This study is conducted using a deductive approach and employing a quantitative research method. A multinomial logistic regression was performed in the statistical program R. The data used is secondary data collected from financial counselling meetings of 111,265 clients during the period of 2018-01-03 to 2019-04-04. It is gathered from one of Sweden’s largest bank who measures customers’ risk tolerance by using a risk assessment tool that categorises risk tolerance into five levels where one is the lowest and five is the highest. Conclusion: Statistically significant results confirm that that the selected demographic factors have an effect on the risk level an investor takes. Males have higher risk tolerance than women, the older an individual is, the less risk the person wants to take, married people have higher risk tolerance than those that are not, and risk tolerance increases slightly with income.

Osteoporosis is considered to be the most adverse public health disease associated with substantial mortality among postmenopausal women. Hysterectomy, surgically induced menopause, contributes to the early onset of menopause. However, there was no evidence of an association between early menopause following hysterectomy and osteoporosis among postmenopausal women. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the association between demographic and behavioral factors and the prevalence of osteoporosis among hysterectomized postmenopausal women. The integrated theory of health behavior change theoretical framework guided study. Cross-sectional secondary data from the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. Multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between demographic and behavioral factors and the prevalence of osteoporosis among the study population. The results of this study indicate that the prevalence of osteoporosis was inversely associated with age, education, and annual family income. Non-Hispanic Whites with age of hysterectomy 36-45 were significantly associated with the prevalence of osteoporosis. Moderate recreational activity and calcium/vitamin D intake were associated with decreased prevalence of osteoporosis. Demographic and behavioral factors play substantial roles in the prevalence of osteoporosis. The study results may be used to facilitate risk-prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of osteoporosis. This study may drive positive social change by facilitating public health to promote and implement effective behavioral interventions to prevent osteoporosis in the potential hysterectomized postmenopausal women.

In European countries, people, whatever the socio-economic group or nationality they belong to, men or women, the young or the elderly without distinction, should be guaranteed the right to health as well as its promotion and support measures (Javtokas, 2009). Personal health promotion reflects the general idea stating that in order to enhance health it is necessary to change the way of life (Tones, Tilford, 1994; Donev et al., 2007). In this era of radical modernity related to the increased personal anxiety and uncertainty, there appear new alternative ways to enhance a person’s health: taking a variety of medications, trying different diets, engaging in traditional and non-traditional forms and ways of physical education (Cavill et al., 2006). In turn, physical education specialists and health educators bring out the importance of exercise encouraging a person to understand the social value and significance of their health promotion and physical development (Schneider and Becker, 2005; Netz et al., 2005). It is widely recognized that a major health risk factor associated with a person’s lifestyle, is low physical activity, the importance of which for human health has been shown in numerous scientific studies. They have emphasized the positive interface between active leisure time physical activity and a range of health indicators (Kalėdienė et al., 1999; Domarkienė, 2000; Borodulin, 2006; Kallings, 2008; Klumbienė, 2008, Gill et al., 2010; Weiler et al., 2010). The... [to full text] / Visuotinai pripažįstama, kad esminis sveikatos rizikos veiksnys, susijęs su asmens gyvensena, yra mažas fizinis aktyvumas, kurio svarba žmogaus sveikatai yra įrodyta daugelyje mokslinių studijų. Jose pabrėžiama pozityvi aktyvios fizinės veiklos laisvalaikiu sąsaja su įvairiais sveikatos rodikliais (Kalėdienė ir kt., 1999; Domarkienė, 2000; Borodulin, 2006; Kallings, 2008; Klumbienė, 2008; Gill et al., 2010; Weiler et al., 2010). Nekelia abejonių faktas, kad dažnai deklaruojama sveikatos stiprinimo idėja yra tiesiogiai susijusi su gyvensenos ypatumais, kuriuos lemia tiek atskiro individo požiūris į savo sveikatą, tiek įvairūs išoriniai veiksniai, visų pirma gyvenimo sąlygos. Savaime suprantama, daugiausia dėmesio stiprinant žmonių sveikatą turėtų būti skiriama įvairiose sveikatos ugdymo (sveikatinimo) programose. Šių programų pagrindinis tikslas turėtų būti asmens elgesio keitimas panaudojant žiniasklaidos ir individualaus poveikio priemones (Van der Bij et al., 2002; Rise, 2004; Roux et al., 2008). Reiškiama nuomonė, kad supažindinus gyventojus su aktyvaus gyvenimo būdo principais, propaguojant ir skatinant pastovų jų realizavimą, tobulinant fizinę parengtį, pagerėtų ir žmonių gyvenimo kokybė (Aхвердова, Maгин, 2002; Taylor et al., 2002; Netz et al., 2005; Kallings, 2008; Miller, Miller, 2010). Kita vertus, kada kalbama apie fizinį aktyvumą laisvalaikiu kaip apie asmens visapusiškos gerovės sąlygą bei ligų profilaktikos veiksnį labiau akcentuojama jo reikšmė vaikystės ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The main objective of the study is to analyze the role of family planning program in reducing maternal mortality in Bangladesh. A conceptual framework has been developed in which family planning is shown to be integrated in reducing maternal mortality. This study found that the risk factors of maternal mortality e.g. unwanted pregnancy, high parity, and early and old age at child birth still prevail in Bangladesh. It is hypothesized that the prevalence of these factors can be substantially reduced by a proper practice of family planning. There is a high level of unmet need for family planning Bangladesh, and its removal will substantially help in reducing maternal mortality in the country. The risk factors of maternal mortality are strongly associated with lack of family planning practice and other socio-economic and demographic background characteristics of women. By using data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) of 2004 and the Bangladesh Maternal Health and Maternal Mortality Survey (BMMS) of 2001 the study has analyzed the relationship of the risk factors of maternal mortality, namely wantedness of pregnancy, age at child birth, parity and birth interval with various socio-demographic factors. The analysis has shown that use status of family planning is influenced by the risk factors of maternal mortality. Wantedness of pregnancy has been found to be significantly related with age at birth, parity and birth interval. It has been also found that the risk factors of maternal mortality also affect on antenatal care. The study has identified some policy implications regarding family planning and maternal mortality, and has made appropriate recommendations. One of the major aspects of the strategies to reduce maternal mortality through family planning is to provide family planning services to all women, regardless of any group affiliation. Fulfilment of unmet for family planning has been recommended as an important strategy to reduce maternal mortality in the country. It addition, it is also recommended to raise the age at marriage and child birth, to space births and to limit family size by empowering women through education.