Implementation of electronic health records by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health has led to the implementation of electronic dental records (EDRs) and digital radiography in dental offices. The purpose of this study was to determine the state of the implementation and usage of EDRs and digital radiographs by the private general and pediatric dental practices in Mississippi as well as reasons why the dental practices are not moving forward with the advanced technology. A survey was emailed to 712 dental practices: 116 responded (16% response rate), and 104 consented to participate (89.66%). Results indicated dental practices in Mississippi using EDRs was 46.07%, EDRs with paper records was 42.70%, and only paper records was 11.24%. Results indicated dental practices using digital radiography was 76.40%, conventional radiography was 13.48%, and both was 10.11%. Common reasons for not advancing were cost, insufficient training, computer/software issues, and “too old.”

ABSTRACT:The purpose of this literature study is to study the dental caries status (DMFT) of 12-years-olds in Scandinavia and describe and compare the different preventive strategies and methods used by different dental care personal in each country and between these three countries. To achieve the objective information from scientific literature and publications, and data from WHO database on these three countries were used.DMFT for 12-year olds in Norway was 1.7 (2004), 0.7 for Denmark (2008) and in Sweden 0.9 (2008). During the past decade, changes have occurred in the prevention system of population- based prevention to individual-based prevention. This is a result partly of the low caries prevalence and partly because of a disproportional distribution of caries in this target group. It is regarded as a smart solution to be able to access the most affected or at risk patients who have the most dental care needs.The results showed different dental personals used different preventive strategies. Choices related to the use of fluoride vehicles were also varied. There were also differences in prevention strategies between different countries. This shows that despite the similarities in the dental teams, free and subsidized dental care for children there are also differences in quality of the offering of policies and practices. All this data confirm the differences between all three countries in choice of preventive method for risk and none-risk patients. This seems to be influenced by different cultural patterns within the dental professional communities of each country. Differences in caries incidence probably could be due to different combinations of preventive methods. There is a need for more research in this area. There is a need for a consensus about which strategy and approach is most effective and which one should be used against dental caries in risk and non risk patients, a consensus in which all countries agree to implement.

Syfte: Studiens syfte var att beskriva oral hälsa hos individer med Parkinson sjukdom (PS). Metod:Studiedesignen var i form av allmän litteraturstudie där tre databaser användes för sökning efter vetenskapliga artiklar (DOSS, CINAHL och MEDLINE). Efter tillämpning av inklusions-, exklusionskriterier, passande sökord samt genomförande av kvalitetsgranskning, valdes totalt 19 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Oral hygien tenderade till att vara sämre hos individer med PS. Resultatet visade att xerostomi och hyposalivation var vanligt förkommande hos individer med PS. Karies, gingivit och parodontit visades även hos individer med PS där bland annat parodontala mätningar visades vara högre till andel hos dessa individer. Andra orala tillstånd som visades bland individer med PS var dregling, dysfagi, halitosis och angulär cheilit. Slutsats: Hos individer med PS visades orala hälsan var sämre jämfört med individer utan PS. Risken att utsättas för orala sjukdomar exempelvis karies, gingivit och parodontit var högre hos individer med PS, där både läkemedelsintag och nedsatt motorik har en inverkan. / Aim: The aim was to describe oral health in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Method: The study design was a general literature study where three databases were used to search for scientific articles (DOSS, CINAHL and MEDLINE). After applying inclusion, exclusion criteria, proper keywords and conducting a quality review, a total of 19 scientific articles were selected. Result: Oral hygiene tended to be worse in patients with PD. The results showed that xerostomia and hyposalivation are common in patients with PD. Caries, gingivitis and periodontitis were also shown among patients with PD where, among other things, periodontal measurements were shown to be higher in proportion in these individuals. Other oral conditions that were shown among individuals with PD were drooling, dysphagia, halitosis and angular cheilitis. Conclusion: Oral health was shown to be worse among individuals with PD compared to individuals without PD. The risk of being exposed to oral diseases such as caries, gingivitis and periodontitis was higher among these individuals where both drug intake and impaired motor skills have an effect.

This thesis compares the health and quality of life between the medieval urban environment of Visby and the rural monastic population of Roma monastery through the examination of osteological remains. For this comparison the bones of two graves of two assumed monks from Roma Monastery have been examined and are compared to previously written osteological reports of material of St. Clemen’s graves. In total five individuals from St. Clemens of two different authors have been used for this thesis. The material from Roma has been examined after sex, age, height, pathological changes, and activity markers. The finds of the study suggests the monks performed heavy manual labour and had worse health than compared to the inhabitants of Visby. / Denna uppsats undersöker och jämför hälsan och livskvalitén hos den medeltida urbana befolkningen i Visby gentemot den rurala klosterbefolkningen från Roma kloster genom skeletala kvarlevor. För jämförelsen har benen från två gravar av två antagna munkar från Roma kloster jämförts med tidigare publicerade osteologiska rapporter av material från S:t Clemens gravar. Totalt fem individer från S:t Clemens av två olika författare har använts för denna uppsats. Materialet från Roma har undersökts efter kön- och åldersbedömning, kroppslängdberäkning, patologiska förändringar och aktivitetsspår. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att munkarna utförde hårt arbete och hade en sämre hälsa än Visbys invånare.

Uppsatsen har analyserat tandhälsan hos 20 vuxna individer med tandsten från medeltida S:t Hans, Visby, med fokus på: tandsten, karies, abscesser, parodontit, emaljhypoplasi och ante mortem tandförlust. I syfte att dra slutsatser om populationens tandhälsa och huruvida tandsten korrelerar med övrig tandhälsa. Resultatet påvisade en population med bristande tandhälsa, där 75 % av individerna hade minst ett kariesangrepp och 19 av 20 hade parodontit. Tandhälsan lär ha resulterat i tandvärk och komplikationer av allmänhälsan för S:t Hans populationen. Varken en negativ eller positiv korrelation mellan karies och tandsten kunde bevisas i materialet. Dock konstaterades att män hade en högre tandstensgrad, medan kvinnor påvisade grövre karies. Det leder till en tolkning om könsskillnader i diet i S:t Hans. Emaljhypoplasier är funna främst hos män. Det underbygger diettolkningen, samt tolkas som en indikation på könsbunden barndoms-mortalitet. Jämförelser med samtida befolkningar utfördes för att ge en vidare inblick i materialet; S:t Hans hade statistiskt fler individer med karies samt mer parodontit. Det kan innebära olika diet på fastlandet och Visby, eller indikera att tandsten leder till försämrad tand-hälsa då samtliga analyserade individer har tandsten. / The thesis focuses on the dental health of 20 adult individuals with dental calculus from medieval St. Hans, Visby. The dental health assessments were done with a focus on dental calculus, caries, dental abscesses, periodontitis, enamel hypoplasia and ante mortem tooth loss. The result of the thesis showed a lacking dental health due to a great amount of caries, 75 % of analysed individuals had at least one instance of caries, as well as periodontitis which was found in 19 out of 20 individuals. No clear negative nor positive correlation between dental calculus and caries could be seen in the material. However, men had a higher degree of dental calculus whilst women had more severe cases of caries. This leads to a possible conclusion of differing diets between the sexes. Enamel hypoplasia is found mainly in men, which supports the theory regarding diet and is posed as an indication of sex-bound childhood mortality. St. Hans popu-lation had a greater statistic of individuals with caries than contemporary Swedish populations as well as more periodontitis. This could indicate a bad dental hygiene and dental health amongst the individuals from St. Hans or it could indicate that dental calculus leads to worsened dental health since only individuals with dental calculus were analysed.

published_or_final_version / Dentistry / Master / Master of Dental Surgery

<p>Oralno zdravlje predstavlja stanje zdravlja svih anatomskih i funkcionalnih delova usne duplje, jedan je od osnovnih elemenata blagostanja i važan pokazatelj kvaliteta života stanovni&scaron;tva. Podaci Svetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO) ukazuju da je 15-20% svetskog stanovni&scaron;tva srednje životne dobi (starosti od 35 do 44 godine) pod rizikom od gubitka zuba, a oko 30% stanovni&scaron;tva starosti od 65 do 74 godine nema svoje zube. Oboljenja usta i zuba su jedan od vodećih javno zdravstvenih problema 21. veka u svetu i nalaze se na 4. mestu po visini tro&scaron;kova. Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi stanje oralnog zdravlja odraslog stanovni&scaron;tva Srbije starosne dobi 20 i vi&scaron;e godina i evaluiraju činioci koji na njega utiču. Istraživanje predstavlja deo nacionalne studije &ldquo;Istraživanje zdravlja stanovnika Srbije&rdquo; za 2013. godinu Ministarstva zdravlja Republike Srbije, koja je sprovedena u vidu studije preseka na reprezentativnom uzorku od 13690 ispitanika (53,8% žene i 46,2% mu&scaron;karci). U istraživanju su kori&scaron;ćene tri vrste upitnika koji su dizajnirani u skladu sa upitnikom Evropskog istraživanja zdravlja. Svaki ispitanik stariji za jednu godinu ima 8% veću &scaron;ansu da svoje oralno zdravlje oceni kao lo&scaron;e (OR=1.08; 95% IP=(1.07-1.09); p=0,000). Ispitanici sa blagim depresivnim simptomima i depresivnim poremećajima imaju 2,04 odnosno 3,48 puta veću &scaron;ansu da svoje oralno zdravlje ocene kao lo&scaron;e u odnosu na ispitanike koji nisu depresivni (OR=2.04; 95% IP=(1.28-3.26); p=0,003) (OR=3.48; 95% IP=(1.14-10.59); p=0,028). Žene imaju 30% veću &scaron;ansu da pripadnu povoljnoj kategoriji poseta stomatologu u odnosu na mu&scaron;karce (OR=0.70; 95% IP=(0.63-0.78); p=0,000). Ispitanici sa nižim i srednjim obrazovanjem imaju 5,70 odnosno 2,45 puta veću &scaron;ansu da svoje zube operu povremeno u odnosu na visoko obrazovane (OR=5.70; 95% IP=(4.35-7.48); p=0,000) (OR=2.45; 95% IP=(1.91-3.13); p=0,000). Ispitanici najsiroma&scaron;nijeg sloja imaju 4,88, siroma&scaron;nog sloja 3,73, srednjeg sloja 2,52 i bogatog sloja 2,01 put veću &scaron;ansu da izgube 10 i vi&scaron;e zuba u odnosu na najbogatiji sloj (OR=4.88; 95% IP=(2.95-8.08); p=0,000) (OR=3.73; 95% IP=(2.42-5.75); p=0,000) (OR=2.52; 95% IP=(1.69-3.76); p=0.000) (OR=2.01; 95% IP=(1.38-2.91); p=0,000). Biv&scaron;i pu&scaron;ači i pu&scaron;ači imaju 1,43 odnosno 2,80 puta veću &scaron;ansu da izgube 10 i vi&scaron;e zuba u odnosu na nepu&scaron;ače (OR=1.43; 95% IP=(1.00-2.03); p=0,046) (OR=2.80; 95% IP=(2.08-3.76); p=0,000). Najučestaliji prediktori oralnog zdravlja su žene, starije stanovni&scaron;tvo, niže obrazovanje, nezaposleno i neaktivno stanovni&scaron;tvo, najsiroma&scaron;niji i pu&scaron;ači.</p> / <p>Oral health represents health status of all anatomic and functional parts of oral cavity, it is one of the basic elements of well-being and important quality of life indicator. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 15-20% of world population aged 35-44 have risk of tooth loss, and about 30% population aged 65-74 does not have own teeth. Oral and dental diseases are one of the leading public health problems in 21st century and on the 4th place of the health care expenditure. The main aim of this research was to assess oral health of adult population in Serbia aged 20 years and older and to evaluate related factors. The research represents a part of &ldquo;National Health Survey in Serbia 2013&rdquo; implemented by The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia, which was conducted as a cross-sectional study on the representative sample of adult population in Serbia. The study included 13690 examinees (53.8% females and 46.2% males). Three types of questionnaires which were designed according to the European Health Interview Survey were used. Every examinee older for one year had 8% greater odds to assess their oral health as bed (OR=1.08; 95% CI=(1.07-1.09); p=0.000). Respondents with mild depressive symptoms and depressive disorders had 2.04 and 3.48 times greater odds to assess their oral health as bed compared to one who were not depressed (OR=2.04; 95% CI=(1.28-3.26); p=0.003) (OR=3.48; 95% CI=(1.14-10.59); p=0.028). Females had 30% more odds to be in the category of affordable dental visit compared to men (OR=0.70; 95% CI=(0.63-0.78); p=0.000). Respondents with lower and middle level of education had 5.70 and 2.45 greater odds to brush their teeth occasionally compared to higher educated (OR=5.70; 95% CI=(4.35-7.48); p=0.000) (OR=2.45; 95% CI=(1.91-3.13); p=0.000). Respondents who belonged to the poorest class had 4.88, poorer 3.73, middle 2.52 and richer class 2.01 greater odds to lose 10 and more teeth compared to the richest (OR=4.88; 95% CI=(2.95-8.08); p=0.000) (OR=3.73; 95% CI=(2.42-5.75); p=0.000) (OR=2.52; 95% CI=(1.69-3.76); p=0.000) (OR=2.01; 95% CI=(1.38-2.91); p=0.000). Former smokers and smokers had 1.43 and 2.80 times greater odds to lose 10 and more teeth compared with non smokers (OR=1.43; 95% CI=(1.00-2.03); p=0.046) (OR=2.80; 95% CI=(2.08-3.76); p=0.000). The most frequent predictors of oral health are: women, elderly people, those with low educational attainment, unemployed, inactive and respondents who assessed their financial situation as poor and smokers.</p>

Introdução: Na prática clínica odontológica, justificada pela praticidade, tempo curto disponível entre os atendimentos, associados à insuficiente previsão e provisão das Canetas de Alta Rotação (CAR), a descontaminação destas por meio de aplicação direta do álcool 70% p/v, sem limpeza prévia, é uma realidade. Este procedimento contraria, a priori, os protocolos de processamento que recomendam, no mínimo, limpeza seguida de desinfecção de alto nível para prevenção de infecção cruzada. Objetivo: avaliar a desinfecção das CAR com álcool 70% p/v, sem limpeza prévia com vistas ao risco de causar infecção cruzada. Método: caracterizou-se como uma pesquisa pragmática em um Estabelecimento Odontológico, onde rotineiramente as práticas de interesse para o estudo estavam presentes. O grupo experimental foi composto por 100 amostras de CAR utilizadas em tratamentos diversos, após a fricção do desinfetante por 90 segundos em sua superfície externa. Para avaliação dos resultados, uma gaze umedecida com soro fisiológico foi utilizada como carreador para o arraste dos possíveis micro-organismos nas superfícies desinfetadas. Metade do número das amostras (50) foi analisada pelo método de filtração por membrana (Método I - quantitativo), sendo cada gaze imersa em 300 mL de solução fisiológica. Sequencialmente, as amostras foram expostas a sonicação e agitação. Em seguida, o lavado foi filtrado em três partes iguais para diferentes análises (micro-organismos aeróbios, anaeróbios e específicos da microbiota oral humana), por meio da membrana com porosidade de 0,45 m. As outras 50 amostras foram analisadas pelo método de imersão direta da gaze em meio de cultura Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (Método II qualitativo). O tubo contendo a gaze foi agitado e incubado a 37ºC por 21 dias. Resultados: as amostras analisadas pelo Método I apresentaram crescimento positivo em 27/50 (54%) das amostras na faixa de 100 a 102 UFC/amostra. Deste total, foram identificados sete micro-organismos distintos, representados por 37,1% do Staphylococcus coagulase negativa, 28,5% dos Bacillus spp, 17,1% dos Bacilo Gram positivos não esporulados, 5,7% dos Micrococcus spp, 5,7% dos Penicillium spp, 2,8% Acinetobacter baumannii e 2,8% da Candida spp. No grupo analisado pelo Método II, o total de tubos com crescimento positivo foi de 12/50 (24%) amostras. Deste total, foram identificados três micro-organismos distintos, sendo 38,4% de Bacilos Gram positivos inespecíficos, seguidos dos Staphylococcus spp e Peptococcus spp com a mesma porcentagem de positividade de 30,7% cada. O grupo controle negativo, composto por amostras submetidas à limpeza e esterilização consecutiva, apresentaram resultados satisfatórios de ausência microbiana na totalidade das amostras. O crescimento médio encontrado no grupo controle positivo foi de 17,5 UFC/placa, com exceção de uma amostra que apresentou crescimento incontável. Conclusão: os resultados da presente investigação reprovam a prática da descontaminação das CAR com álcool 70% p/v, sem limpeza prévia, substanciada pela sobrevivência de micro-organismos que não corresponderam à ação fungicida e bactericida esperada do álcool 70% p/v na condição de desinfetante de nível intermediário. Outro aspecto que reforça a reprovação da prática analisada é a consideração de que os micro-organismos recuperados, mesmo sendo de baixo potencial patogênico, podem comportar-se como anfibiontes, isto é, são capazes de agredir o hospedeiro quando as condições ambientais e imunológicas são favoráveis aos micro-organismos, causando infecção. / Introduction: In dental clinical practice, decontamination of high-speed dental equipment (HSDE) by direct use of 70% ethanol without previous cleaning, justified by practicality, the short-time available between appointments, together with inadequate predicting and provision of HSDE, is a reality. This procedure, a priori, contradicts the processing protocols recommended to prevent cross-infection. Objective: to evaluate the disinfection of HSDE with 70% ethanol without previous cleaning, with views of cross-infection risk. Method: the present study was characterized as a pragmatic research in a Dental Office, which practices of interest to the study were routinely performed. The experimental group consisted of 100 samples of HSDE used in different treatments after rubbing the disinfectant for 90 seconds on its outer surface. To evaluate the results, gauze moistened with saline solution was used as a carrier for obtaining microorganisms from the disinfected surfaces. Half of the samples (50) were analyzed by membrane filtration (Method I - quantitative), with the gauze being immersed in 300 mL of saline solution. Sequentially, the sample was exposed to sonication and agitation. After that, the lavage was filtered in three equal parts for different analyses, through a membrane with 0.45 m porosity and seeded on blood agar culture medium, for recovery of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, as well as those specifically found in the human oral microbiota. The other 50 samples were analyzed by direct immersion of the gauze in culture medium (Method II - Qualitative): after rubbing the wet gauze on the outer surface of the HSDE, it was placed directly in Fluid Thioglycollate culture medium. The tube containing the gauze was shaken in a vortex mixer and then incubated at 37 ° C for 21 days. Results: samples analyzed by Method I, showed positive growth in 27/50 (54%) of the samples within the range of 100 to 102 CFU/sample. Of this total, 7 different microorganisms were identified, represented by 37.1% of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, 28.5% of Bacillus spp, 17.1% of non-sporulating Gram-positive bacillus, 5.7% of Micrococcus spp, 5.7 % of Penicillium spp, 2.8% of Acinetobacter baumannii and 2.8% of Candida spp. In the group analyzed by Method II, the total number of tubes with positive growth was 12/50 (24%) samples. Of this total, we identified 2 different microorganisms, being 38.4% of Gram-positive bacillus nonspecific, followed by Staphylococcus spp and Peptococcus spp with the same percentage of positivity of 30.7% each. The negative control group, composed of samples subjected to cleaning and sterilization consecutive showed satisfactory results. The average growth found in the positive control group was 17.5 CFU/sample, except for one sample that showed growth uncountable. Conclusion: the results of the present study do not support the practice of decontamination of HSDE with 70% ethanol without previous cleaning, based on the evidence of microorganism survival that did not meet the expected bactericidal and fungicidal action of alcohol as an intermediate level disinfectant. Another aspect that reinforces the disapproval this practice, it is the consideration that the micro-organisms recovered, even being low pathogenic potential, may behave as anfibionte, which are capable of harming the host when the environmental and immune conditions are favorable to micro-organisms, causing infection.

O Brasil possui um sistema de saúde com cobertura universal (Sistema Único de Saúde- SUS) defendendo a saúde como um direito de todos os cidadãos e dever do estado. Apesar deste sistema público universal, o sistema de saúde brasileiro é composto por um mix público-privado que favorece cobertura duplicada aos serviços de saúde para a parcela da população com posse de plano privado de saúde. Um quarto dos brasileiros possui plano privado de saúde e, portanto, tem acesso duplicado aos serviços de saúde. A posse de plano privado de saúde e o uso dos serviços médicos e odontológicos precisam ser analisados neste contexto. Os objetivos desta tese são analisar as tendências no uso dos serviços de saúde médicos e odontológicos e verificar sua relação com a posse de planos privados de saúde. Os resultados desta tese estão organizados em dois manuscritos. O primeiro manuscrito “The relationship between private health plans and use of dental and medical health services among Brazilians: a cross-sectional study, 2008” teve por objetivo descrever o uso de serviços de saúde médico e odontológico de acordo com o tipo de serviço utilizado (público, privado ou por plano privado de saúde) e analisar o efeito do cadastro na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF). Neste estudo foram analisados 391.868 indivíduos provenientes do banco da Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra Domiciliar (PNAD) de 2008. Como esperado, indivíduos sem plano privado de saúde utilizaram mais o serviço público, enquanto aqueles com plano utilizaram mais os serviços do seu plano. Ainda, os indivíduos com plano privado de saúde tendem a utilizar mais os serviços de saúde. Por outro lado, estar cadastrado em ESF aumenta o uso do serviço público e reduz o uso do privado e do plano entre os indivíduos sem plano e aumenta a chance de usar qualquer serviço entre aqueles que têm plano. Assim, políticas para a expansão da ESF devem ser incentivadas e a posse de plano privado precisa ser monitorada e regulada para evitar gastos desnecessários em saúde e o aumento das iniqüidades no acesso, principalmente em países com sistema universal de saúde. O segundo manuscrito “Tendências no uso de serviços de saúde médicos e odontológicos e a relação com nível educacional e posse de plano privado de saúde no Brasil, 1998 a 2013” teve como objetivo analisar as tendências no uso de serviços de saúde médico e odontológicos por adultos no Brasil entre 1998 e 2013 em relação à posse de planos privados de saúde e nível educacional. Foram analisados 760.678 indivíduos oriundos dos bancos de dados nacionais da PNAD de 1998, 2003, 2008 e da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2013. Adultos (18 a 59 anos) com posse de plano privado de saúde apresentaram chance maior de usar os serviços de saúde comparados àqueles sem plano em todos os anos analisados. No entanto, houve tendência de diminuição do uso dos serviços médicos entre indivíduos com posse de plano privado de 1998 para 2013. Em relação ao uso dos serviços odontológicos, o declínio foi observado de 2003 para 2013. O percentual de adultos com plano privado para assistência médica diminuiu de 24,9% para 22,2%, enquanto a tendência de posse de plano exclusivamente odontológico aumentou de 1,0% para 6,3% de 1998 para 2013. Tendência de aumento no uso de serviços de saúde, médico e odontológico, entre adultos sem plano privado de saúde também foi verificada. Acompanhar as tendências na posse de planos privados e no uso dos serviços, bem como avaliar o estado de saúde e o tipo de serviço utilizado (público, pagamento direto do bolso ou através do plano) são necessários para auxiliar o estado na regulação dos planos e evitar o aumento das iniquidades no acesso e uso dos serviços entre os cidadãos. / Brazil has a health care system with universal coverage (Unified Health System, or SUS) advocating health as a right to all citizens and a duty of the state. Despite this universal public system, the Brazilian health system is composed of a public-private mix that favors doubled coverage for part of the population with private health plan. About a quarter of Brazilians has private health insurance and therefore has duplicate access to health services. The private health plan possession and the use of medical and dental services need to be analyzed in this context. The objectives of this thesis are to analyze trends in possession of private health plans and verify their relation to the use of medical and dental health services. The results this thesis is organized in two manuscripts. The first manuscript "The relationship between private health plans and use of dental and medical health services among Brazilians: a cross-sectional study, 2008" aimed to describe the use of medical and dental health services according to the type of service used (public, private or private health plan) and assess the effect of being registered in the Family Health Strategy (ESF). This study analyzed 391,868 individuals from the 2008 National Household Survey (PNAD). As expected, individuals without private health plan used more public health services, while those with private health plan tend to use more their plan. Overall, those with private health plan tend to use more the health services. On the other hand, being registered in ESF increased the use of public service and reduced the use of private service among individuals without private health plan, and increased the chance to use any service among those with plan. Thus, policies for expanding ESF should be encouraged and private health plans need to be monitored and regulated to avoid unnecessary expenses on health and increasing inequities in access, especially in countries with universal health systems. The second manuscript " Trends in use of dental and medical services and its association with education and having private health plan in Brazil, 1998 to 2013" aimed to analyze trends in use of medical and dental health services among Brazilian adults between 1998 and 2013 in relation to private health plans and educational level. The sample included 760,678 individuals from the PNAD in the years 1998, 2003, 2008 and the National Health Survey in 2013. Adults (18-59 year-old) with private health plan were more likely to use health services compared to those without a plan in every years analyzed. However, there was a trend of decrease in the use of medical services among adults with private health plan from 1998 to 2013. In relation to the use of dental services, a decrease was observed from 2003 to 2013. The percentage of individuals with medical plans has decreased from 24.9% to 22.2%, while the trend in exclusively dental private plan has increased from 1.0% to 6.3% from 1998 to 2013. Trend the increase to use health services between adults without private health plan was found in medical and dental service. Monitoring trends in the private health plan possession, and health services use, and to assess the health conditions and the type of service used (public, private out-of-pocket or through the plan) are important for the state regulation and to avoid increasing inequities in access and use of health services among citizens.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mariasilviaoriqui_dissert.pdf: 134273 bytes, checksum: ec9c301d5b0b062214bfbd398b3f2183 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-22 / Autism is characterized by altered emotional and social behavior, cognitive deficiencies and lack or deficient speech. It is present at birth and is apparent by the age of three. The prevalence in the population is 1:500 though there has been an increase in the number of cases over the last decade. Data on odontologic characteristics are scarce and controversial. One example is that some authors report an increase, whilst others a reduction in respect to the rate of caries compared to normal individuals. The difficulty to perform examinations including odontologic evaluations is attributed to the behavioral disorder. The objective of this study was to evaluate the odontologic characteristics of autistic individuals and their ability to cooperate during assessment. Based on evaluation criteria for oral health created by the World Health Organization and adapted by researchers, 32 autistic individuals and 32 normal subjects from the general population, matched by gender, age, ethnic group, and social class, were evaluated. There were no significant differences in respect to the prevalence of caries or teeth submitted to any type of treatment. The autistic individuals presented with a greater number of extra-oral alterations and orthodontic problems associated with alterations in the growth of facial bones. In 90% of the cases, assessment can be achieved by dentists themselves if they adapt to the reactions of patients. Performing the exam was impossible in no cases. The results corroborate previously described reports and confirm that the oral conditions of autistic individuals are similar to the population and suggest that the greatest impediment in providing adequate oral health for these individuals seems to be in adapting the odontologic treatment to autistic behavior. / O autismo é caracterizado por comportamento emocional e social alterados, déficit cognitivo e fala ausente ou deficiente. Está presente desde o nascimento e manifesta-se até os três anos de idade. A prevalência na população é de 1:500, com um aumento do número de casos na última década. Os dados da literatura quanto às características odontológicas são raros e controversos. Alguns relataram um aumento, enquanto outros uma diminuição, em relação aos índices de cáries dos indivíduos normais. Ao distúrbio comportamental é atribuída a dificuldade de realização de exames, entre eles o odontológico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características odontológicas de indivíduos autistas e a habilidade de cooperar durante o exame destas características. Com base nos critérios de avaliação de saúde bucal, preconizados pela Organização Mundial de Saúde e com a utilização de um roteiro estruturado pelos pesquisadores, foram avaliados 32 indivíduos autistas e 32 indivíduos normais da população em geral, pareados por sexo, idade, etnia e classe social. Não houve diferença significante entre os grupos quanto à prevalência de cáries e dentes submetidos a qualquer tratamento. Os autistas apresentaram um número maior de alterações extrabucais e problemas ortodônticos associados com alterações de crescimento dos ossos da face. Quanto à cooperação durante o exame, em 90% dos casos ele pôde ser bem realizado com o dentista se ajustando às reações do paciente. Em nenhum indivíduo o exame foi impossível de ser realizado. Os resultados corroboram outros previamente descritos, reforçam que as condições bucais dos autistas são semelhantes às da população e sugerem que o maior entrave para proporcionar uma saúde bucal adequada para os autistas parece estar na adequação do atendimento odontológico ao comportamento autístico.