The aim of this essay has been to gain knowledge about how authentic experiences affect students' motivation for their learning of Spanish and to compare how their motivation is influenced by different kinds of authentic experiences. According to Bryman (2006) the most common methods when doing investigations about motivation are questionnaires combined with structured interviews, within a mixed method, with both quantitative and qualitative instruments. The research has therefore been carried out at a Swedish high school, applying questionnaires at 122 students and structured interviews with 8 students. The results were analyzed with the motivational theories; Eccles and Wigfield's expectancy-value theory och Deci och Ryan's self-determination theory. The results show a tendency of a positive attitude towards authentic experiences during lessons. These seem to be used by the teachers, especially in the form of authentic music and film, and students also consider those activities to positively influence motivation and most of them believe that different authentic experiences could increase motivation, increase the posibility to integrate to internal motivation towards Spanish as a subject, but most consider that real and virtual meetings with Spanishspeaking probably will not do so, since the ability to integrate them rather seem that it might inhibit the students' psychosocial needs.

Individuell elitidrott kan vara ensamt och motivationen behöver vara stor under en lång period för att prestera på topp och bibehålla träningsmängden. Det har visat sig att tränare är en av de viktigaste influenserna för idrottares motivation. Därmed är syftet med studien att pröva självbestämmandeteorin för att öka förståelsen om hur motivation uppstod under relationer mellan elitidrottare och respektive tränare. Det teoretiska ramverket inkluderar tre psykologiska behov i form av autonomi, kompetens och samhörighet. Behoven behövs för att tillfredsställa inre motivation och välbefinnande hos idrottarna. Det finns även många yttre faktorer som motiverar dem, därför har även yttre regleringar inkluderats. Studien är retrospektiv och totalt genomfördes sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med elitidrottare och tre med deras primära tränare i Sverige. Insamlad empiri bearbetades och analyserades genom en kvalitativ tematisk analys. Ur analysen utvecklades underteman baserat på de tre psykologiska behoven. I resultatet redovisas dessa baserat på relevans utifrån båda perspektiven och exemplifieras av: kommunikation, utveckling, involvering, individanpassning och situationsanpassat ledarskap, uppmärksammas, ge och få respekt och trygghet. Resultatet indikerar på många likheter, få skillnader och att relationerna var uppskattade. Det framkom även att elitidrottarna motiverades av alla tre psykologiska behov och att det existerade en hierarki mellan dem. Autonomi och kompetens var de starkaste behoven och influerade inre motivation och självbestämd yttre motivation mest. Samhörighet var ett mer distalt behov, som ändå visade sig vara viktigt för elitidrottarna. Slutsatsen är att självbestämmandeteorin ökade förståelsen om att regleringsprocesserna bestående av identifierad och integrerad reglering. Dessa var betydelsefulla för elitidrottarnas internalisering av inre- och självbestämd yttre motivation. Prövningen av teorin ledde även till slutsatsen att den kan behövas kompletteras med fler behov eller modeller för att vara ändamålsenlig i en kontext med elitidrottare. / Individual elite sports can be lonely, and motivation needs to be great for a long period of time in order to maintain the performance level. Coaches are one of the most important influences of athletes’ motivation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to test the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to increase understanding of how motivation arose during relationships between elite athletes and their primary coaches. A comparative design was used, and empirical data based on semi-structured interviews was analyzed using a qualitative thematic analysis. The result presents many similarities and few differences based on the athletes’ and coaches’ perspective. Seven themes were developed based on the three psychological needs of SDT: communication, development, involvement, individualized and situational leadership, attention, give and receive respect and feeling secure. Conclusion: A hierarchy was found between the psychological needs and internalizing identified and integrated regulations was important to elite athletes intrinsic and self-determined extrinsic motivation.

In Swedish schools the education should stimulate students’ creativity, curiosity and self-confidence, as well as provide security and generate the will and desire to learn. Therefore, the aim of this case study is to investigate the area of motivation and how motivation is affected by the usage of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL). Initially, the theoretical foundation for the research, including scaffolding and important theories of second language learner motivation, are outlined and defined. The Process Motivational Model (PMM), is used as a framework to investigate key aspects of motivation in language learning by using two different pedagogical approaches. Our findings show a rise in key aspects of motivation when using CLIL. The learning environment changes positively, and the learner engagement increases when the content of the lesson is fun and authentic. The major conclusions from the results of the case study are that (i) the students were more intrinsically motivated during CLIL-lessons and the L2 learners efforts improved, (ii) the combination of the curricular subject matter Geography and English increased the interest to learn, (iii) the motivation of the students that were passive or interruptive during the non-CLIL lessons increased significantly during the CLIL-lessons (iiii) and the feelings of competence and self-worth increased after the CLIL-lessons. This study is a qualitative case study based on observations, focus groups and a teacher interview in an elementary school in Sweden.

Professionals need to learn throughout their entire career due to the rapid changes in technology (Zander, Boustedt, Eckerdal, McCartney, Sanders, Moström, & Thomas, 2012). Professional development is a need for professionals to remain updated in their profession (Murphy, 2008). One way professional development occurs is through e-learning, which provides an environment that supports self-directed learning. It is also cost-effective (Hadwen & Galloway, 2008). The authors indicate the importance of professional development and e-learning. However, there is a lack of insight into understanding what motivates persons to engage in these activities. This study thus aims to understand the motivation for self-directed e-learning for professional development.       A qualitative approach occurred via semi-structured interview questions, and findings show that people were the top motivator for this type of learning. Results also show that successful e-learning is applying the knowledge or skills learned, and accomplishing the learning goal. The top influential factors include positive emotions, popular search engines, and freedom of choice. Furthermore, persistence and critical thinking support the process, and hindrances had to do with access and disruptions. This thesis argues that autonomous extrinsic motivation is essential for understanding self-directed e-learning for professional development. Additionally, due to the many factors that influence social context, encouraging this form of professional development may be complicated, yet beneficial.

This quantitative study has been done in cooperation with the Swedish Wrestling Association within the research field of sport science. The sports movement in Sweden wants to get more individuals physically active and the Wrestling Association wants to be a part of this by introducing a new training form, called Wresfit. A form of physical training aimed at exercisers, old wrestlers, exercise wrestlers, sports teams, and people who have never before been in contact with neither wrestling or any other sport for that matter. In short, for anyone who wants to try a challenging form of training. The purpose of the study was to investigate what motivates and how barriers influences adult individuals to participate in Wresfit and to describe and compare patterns in participants' responses. To explain this, a psychological theory called Self-Determination theory was used, which is a simplification of reality to investigate people's motivation. Data was collected with the help of a web survey (n=95) among 25 different wrestling clubs in Sweden. The result showed some motivating factors that motivate adult individuals more than others. The highest-rated motivation factors were for the sake of strength, for joy, for the community, and good instructors. The results also show that there are some differences between people with and people without earlier wrestling background. Participants consider that barriers to not participating in the training form are that there is a lack of time, injury problems, laziness, and prejudice against the wrestling. The study's results conclude that in the responses, there were a lot of interesting explanations about problems and measures that the business should change to attract more people without previous wrestling experience.

Studien avser att undersöka tillämpningen av gamification för att främja motivationen hos barn till att läsa böcker. För att mäta den upplevda inre och yttre motivationen användes det populära ramverket Self-determination theory. I studien undersöktes effekterna de tre frekvent använda designelementen poäng, ledartavla och avatarer genom att implementeras i en webbtjänst som användes för att registrera lästa böcker. Poängen samlades ihop genom att deltagaren läste och recenserade böcker, progressionen visualiserades på en ledartavla där poängen jämfördes med andra klasser, och avatarerna kunde uppgraderas successivt allt eftersom poängen stiger.  Analysen visade hur respondenterna uppfattade respektive spelelement i tjänsten utifrån motivationsteorin Self-determination theory. Den visade även hur deras upplevelser skiljer sig i samband med de olika elementen, men att den överlag stämmer överens med den tidigare forskning som gjorts inom andra kontext.  Slutsaten som drogs från studien var att resultatet och analysen indikerade att spelelementen avatarer, leaderboards och poäng kan skapa motivation att läsa hos elever mellan 7-11 år. Den visade även på att eleverna hade olika uppfattningar och påverkades olika av de olika elementen i tjänsten.

Previous research has shown that exerting self-control on a demanding task can impair performance on a subsequent demanding self-control task. This phenomenon is known as ego-depletion; however, its underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Notable gaps in the literature exist regarding whether participants’ motivation levels can attenuate the depletion effect, and whether trait self-control is related. Drawing from the process model of depletion and the self-determination theory, the goal of the study was to examine whether motivational incentives in the form of autonomy can impact performance on tasks in an ego-depleted state, and the potential relationship of trait self-control. Amazon Mechanical Turk was utilized to conduct this experimental quantitative study with a 2 (ego-depletion: yes or no) x 2 (autonomous reward motivation: incentivized or nonincentivized) between-subjects factorial design. The effects of an autonomous motivational incentive were compared with the effects of no incentive on a convenience sample of online participants (N = 211), half of whom performed a task designed to be depleting of self-control resources, and half of whom performed a non-depleting task instead. Multivariate ANCOVAs showed no significant differences for performance on a subsequent self-control task for any of the experimental groups, and no co-variance of trait self-control was found (as measured by the Brief Self-Control Scale). This study will contribute to social change by increasing understanding of the factors contributing to self-control. This knowledge will be useful to anyone intending to strengthen their own willpower and achieve their goals, and may enable practitioners to better assist clients struggling with addictions and other maladaptive behaviors.

This study explored the associations of students’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation towards high-stake tests in Physical education. The study collected data with questionnaires from 81 Swedish compulsory school students. The questionnaires in this study were based on the Academic Motivation Scale. Furthermore, this study was based on Self-Determination Theory. In congruence with previous research, this study found that females received a significantly higher grade than male students. The results also suggest that there was no significant difference between the different test-groups actual performance. The results of the study concluded that there are no correlations between motivation [towards high-stake tests] and the actual performance of students. Moreover, students were more motivated by external regulation (receiving higher grades) than intrinsic motivation to know (to learn a skill for life). Students perceived higher test anxiety if they were to perform in front of their classmates. However, the test-groups did not perform statistically differently which then leads to the question on the necessities of using these forms of high-stake test since it does not increase performance but is perceived to be more stressful for students. Further research is necessary to draw any generalizable conclusions if there is any correlation between motivation, high-stake tests, and perceived test anxiety.

Det finns tidigare forskning om distansarbete och hur det samverkar med individersmotivationsupplevelser. Distansarbete har ökat i takt med den pågående Covid-19 pandeminoch Folkhälsomyndighetens rekommendationer. Rekommendationerna har minimerats underen period men återinfördes efter några månader igen, studien avsåg att studera första periodenmed rekommendationer. Medarbetarna på bolåneavdelningen hos Nordea Bank fick välja omde skulle arbeta på kontoret eller på distans. Syftet med studien var att undersöka denupplevda inre motivationen bland medarbetarna på bolåneavdelningen hos Nordea Bankunder tiden med rekommendationer. Undersökningen utgår från Självbestämmandeteorinmed variablerna samhörighet, kompetens och autonomi samt Målsättningsteorin medvariablerna målsättning och feedback. En kvalitativ fallstudie har utförts med avgränsning tillbolåneavdelningen där fyra medarbetare från vardera grupp av arbetssituation har intervjuats.Resultatet visade utifrån Self-Determination Theory att samhörighet har varit viktigt och attkänsla av kompetens funnits under perioden. Autonomi visade på en delad uppfattning ochdet fanns en överensstämmande bild om låg feedback kultur. Hälften av samtligarespondenter har ansett att målsättningen varit hög, de på distans har trots det varit effektivaoch ökat prestationerna. Slutligen har de på distans och en på kontor enligt Goal-SettingTheory känt inre motivation medan de resterande har haft lägre nivå av inre motivation vilketspeglade prestationerna.

Bakgrund: Motivation är något som behövs för att utöva en prestation, motivationen är även något som är väsentligt i skolan. Men hur ser motivationen ut idag och var kommer den ifrån? Efter min vfu period började jag se att elevernas motivation grundades i att få bra betyg istället för kunskap i ämnet. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka elevers generella motivation i Idrott och Hälsa samt om det finns något samband mellan olika motivationsformer under lektionstid och eleverna fysisk aktivitet efter studietid. Metod: Metoden som användes var en kvantitativ undersökning och en enkätundersökning som besvarades av 57 elever på en högstadieskola. Resultat: Resultatet som framgick var att den generella motivationen hos elever var bra (m=3,6). Tjejer (m=3,8) hade en högre generell motivation än killar (m=3,4).                 Det starkaste sambandet var mellan integrerad reglering och fysisk aktivitet efter studietid (r=0,77) även sambandet mellan identifierad reglering och fysisk aktivitet var starkt (r=0,66). Skillnaden mellan tjejer och killar var stor vad gäller samband och varierade noterbart. Diskussion: Resultaten visar att motivationen hos eleverna är bra men att tjejer har högre generell motivation till ämnet idrott och hälsa än killar som går emot forskningen, vilket kan bero på idrottskultur i staden där studien utfördes. Studien visade även att det finns positiva samband mellan motivationsformer och fysisk aktivitet efter studietid. Mellan könen varierar det väldigt mellan sambanden