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yes / BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Aging of the healthy brain is characterized by focal or nonfocal white matter (WM) signal abnormality (SA) changes, which are typically detected as leukoaraiosis (LA). Hypertension is a risk factor for WM lesion formation. This study investigated whether LA might be associated with increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pulsatility linked to arterial hypertension. METHODS A total of 101 individuals without neurologic diseases (53 females and 48 males) aged between 18 and 75 years underwent 3T brain MRI with cine phase contrast imaging for CSF flow estimation, after providing their informed consent. LA was defined as the presence of focal T2 WM SA changes and/or nonfocal uniform areas of signal increase termed dirty appearing white matter (DAWM). Relevant information relating to cardiovascular risk factors was also collected. RESULTS When controlled for age and hypertension, significant partial correlations were observed between: DAWM volume and: net negative flow (r = –.294, P = .014); net positive flow (NPF) (r = .406, P = .001); and peak positive velocity (r = .342, P = .004). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed DAWM volume to be significantly correlated with CSF NPF (P = .019) and hypertension (P = .007), whereas T2 WM SA volume was only significantly correlated with age (P = .002). Combined DAWM and T2 WM SA volumes were significantly related with age (P = .001) and CSF peak negative velocity (P = .041). CONCLUSIONS Rarefaction of WM leading to LA is a multifactorial process, in which formation of DAWM induced by hypertension and increased aqueductal CSF pulsatility, may play a contributory role. These two factors appear to act independently of each other in a process that is independent of age.

The detonation of a radiological dispersion device (RDD) may result in a situation where many individuals are exposed to contamination due to the inhalation of radioactive materials. Assessments of contamination may need to be performed by emergency response personnel in order to triage the potentially exposed public. The feasibility of using readily available standard 2x2-inch sodium-iodide detectors to determine the committed effective dose to a patient following the inhalation of a radionuclide has been investigated. The 2x2-NaI(Tl) detector was modeled using the Monte Carlo simulation code, MCNP-5, and was validated via a series of experimental benchmark measurements using a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) slab phantom. Such validation was essential in reproducing an accurate detector response. Upon verification of the detector model, six anthropomorphic phantoms, based on the MIRD-V phantoms, were modeled with nuclides distributed to simulate inhaled contamination. The nuclides assessed included Am-241, Co-60, Cs-137, I-131, and Ir-192. Detectors were placed at four positions on the phantoms: anterior right torso, posterior right torso, anterior neck, and lateral left thigh. The detected count-rate varied with respect to detector position, and the optimal detector location was determined on the body. The triage threshold for contamination was set at an action level of 250-mSv of intake. Time dependent biokinetic modeling was employed to determine the source distribution and activity in the body as a function of post-inhalation time. The detector response was determined as a function of count-rate per becquerel of activity at initial intake. This was converted to count-rate per 250-mSv intake for triage use by first responders operating the detector to facilitate triage decisions of contamination level. A set of procedure sheets for use by first responders was compiled for each of the phantoms and nuclides investigated.

In the event of a radioactive dispersal device (RDD), the assessment of the internal contamination level of victims is necessary to determine if immediate medical follow-up is necessary. Thermo Scientific's TPM-903B Portal Monitor was investigated to determine if it is a suitable first cut screening tool for internal contamination assessment of victims. A portal monitor was chosen for this study because they are readily accessible, transportable, easy to assemble, and provide whole body count rates due to the detector size. The TPM-903B was modeled in Monte Carlo N-Particles Transport Code Version 5 (MCNP). This computational model was validated against the portal monitor's response to a series of measurements made with four point sources in a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) slab box. Using the validated MCNP5 model and models of the MIRD male and female anthropomorphic phantoms, the response of the portal monitor was simulated for the inhalation and ingestion radionuclides from an RDD. Six representative phantoms were considered: Reference Male, Reference Female, Adipose Male, Adipose Female, Post-Menopausal Adipose Female, and 10-Year-Old Child. The biokinetics via Dose and Risk Calculation Software (DCAL) was implemented using both the inhalation and ingestion pathways to determine the radionuclide concentrations in the organs of the body which were then used to determine the count rate of the portal monitor as a function of time. Dose coefficients were employed to determine the count rate of the detector associated with specific dose limits. These count rates were then compiled into procedure sheets to be used by first responders during the triaging of victims following an RDD.

Changes in policy. technology, and organizational structures have led to a truly global economy, resulting in both new challenges and new opportunities for global environmental governance. The private sector has adapted well, reorganizing business activities into dense networks of global supply chains. These same forces have placed new constraints on the ability of states to govern global activities. Civil society is utilizing its network characteristics in an effort to fill these governance gaps. Activists have begun focusing on consumer and capital markets, targeting the retail and financial nodes of global supply chains, in an attempt to force corporations to the negotiating table. This work provides new insights into the complex ways in which the characteristics of an industry shape the prospects for campaign success and the broader implications of market campaigns for the possibilities of environmental governance. To answer these questions. two original theoretical frameworks are developed utilizing existing literature and the experiences of environmental campaigns targeting the forestry sector. These frameworks are then applied to case studies taken from the mining industry, namely, the No Dirty Gold campaign and the Global Finance campaign. Activists have been quite successful in their endeavors. The result has been the establishment of private certification institutions, which commit firms to abide by voluntary environmental codes. Continuing campaign pressure has been resulting in a ratcheting-up of these private initiatives. The wider implications discussed within this study revolve around questions of market campaigns' democratic implications, their effect on the regulatory capacity of the state, and their ability to tackle the core causes of environmental issues. The theoretical frameworks developed in this study render multifaceted results, but the implications drawn from them show market campaigns to be a productive, albeit partial, contributor to global environmental governance.

Denna studie undersöker förändringen i IAS 1 år 2009 där det bestämdes att totalresultat måste inkluderas i finansiella rapporter, för att redovisningen på så vis ska följa clean surplus accounting och kongruensprincipen. Syftet med studien är att se vilken inverkan förändringen har haft på börsvärdet i svenska börsnoterade bolag, med andra ord dess värderelevans. För att få klarhet kring syftet har regressioner genomförts för att jämföra de olika resultatmåtten under åren 2008 och 2010 utifrån deras samband med totalavkastning. Undersökningens urval har utgått från bolag listade på Stockholmsbörsen (OMXS30), som efter diverse kriterier mynnade ut i 50 bolag. Resultaten från regressionerna tyder på att förändringen har givit önskad effekt och att totalresultat de facto är ett mer lämpligt mått än nettoresultat plus dirty surplus accounting flows när det kommer till att förklara ett bolags börsvärde.

Submitted by Janaína Senra Silva Marinho (janaina_senra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-11-28T23:28:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Janaina_Senra_Silva_Marinho_FINAL.pdf: 2120737 bytes, checksum: a500813e5ede44525323eb2fc7a197a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-11-30T17:33:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Janaina_Senra_Silva_Marinho_FINAL.pdf: 2120737 bytes, checksum: a500813e5ede44525323eb2fc7a197a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-08T16:20:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Janaina_Senra_Silva_Marinho_FINAL.pdf: 2120737 bytes, checksum: a500813e5ede44525323eb2fc7a197a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-25 / The present dissertation is organized in three studies and aims to investigate the value relevance of Comprehensive Income (CI) and Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) and OCI components from valuation, informational and forecasting perspectives compared to P&L (Profit or Loss) after the mandatory adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by Brazilian listed companies. Since FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board, the issuing body of the United States accounting standards) and the IASB (International Accounting Standards Board, the issuing body of IFRS) required the presentation of both P&L and OCI in the Financial Statements, based on the clean surplus theory, this topic drew attention of academics and practioners around the world. Clean surplus supporters argue that the financial statements prepared in accordance with this paradigm provide more useful information to stakeholders than its alternative (dirty surplus approach). The value relevance research of accounting data aims to examine the correlation between accounting information and the information used by investors to make economic decisions. The information can be considered relevant when it influences the decision making of users of financial statements by helping them predict future cash flows and/or confirm previous assumptions. Therefore, based on clean surplus and value relevance theories, the studies provides empirical evidence of clean surplus income measure (CI) value relevance compared to dirty surplus income measure (P&L) by examining the relative and incremental association of P&L, CI, OCI and OCI components with (i) share prices and (ii) share returns. Additionally, the forecasting ability of P&L, CI, OCI and OCI components to predict future OCF (Operating Cash Flows) and future P&L is empirically examined. The present study adopts existing well-established research models on value relevance and forecasting ability of P&L, CI, OCI and OCI components and develops additional statistical models based on those theories and concepts. This dissertation analyzes hand-collected data for a sample of Brazilian companies listed on BMF&BOVESPA and comprises the period from 2010 to 2015. The results indicate that P&L is more value relevant than CI, even though CI provide value relevant information. However, the CI coefficient is lower than P&L coefficient. Although OCI does not provide incremental value relevant information, OCI components add incremental value relevant information compared to standalone P&L, especially adjustments in fair value of available-for-sale financial instruments, gains and losses from translating the financial statements of a foreign operation and adjustments in fair value of cash flow hedging instruments. The present dissertation provided additional insight to the ongoing discussion on value relevance of P&L, CI, OCI and OCI components in the research community, as well as on the standard setter level and contributed to fill, even partially, the lack of research on the issue in the Brazil.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2122259 bytes, checksum: 515653a397ba4d6c352ec4c43726401c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation aims at analyzing the work activity of necrotomists Department of Forensic Medicine (DMF) of a capital of the Brazilian Northeast. This goal unfolds in the following specific objectives: to know the organization and the working conditions of necrotomists; understand how stigma affects the lives of these professionals, detect traces of cooperation and solidarity manifested in their work activity; shed light about the risks present in such activity; know the strategies they develop to cope with death in their daily work; evidence if they feel recognized or not in his work. The study included six necrotomists that currently make up the cadre of that DMF, being all male, aged between 32 and 48 years and length of service ranging from four to 23 years. From a theoretical standpoint, the psychodynamics of work was the main approach used, although other clinical approaches to work have also been summoned. As for the method, this research is characterized by a field study of a qualitative nature, in which he sought to combine individual semi-structured interviews and systematic observations at necropsy room. For data analysis, the perspective adopted was content analysis by clipping issues. It was found that the actual organization of the work of necrotomists is marked by the existence of some common rules, built in exercise activity. Highlights the precariousness of working conditions, which represents a state investment incompatible with the demands of the organ. These conditions, combined with a representation of the negative social work necrotomists, which situates the list of those activities graded dirty work, disgusting, degrading, produce additional suffering, requiring these workers, in addition to physical exertion own this activity, psychic maneuvers to avoid slipping on the grounds of mental illness. It was found that the relationship of necrotomists with the various risks of their activity is mediated by individual and collective defensive strategies, without which the experience of suffering and fear would be much felt. It is emphasized, too, that work daily with violent deaths is a potentially destabilizing for these professionals, which arouses the need for building emotional defenses and elaborations subjective, urging the production of possible ways of experiencing the world of work and recreate itself as subject. It was noted, finally, that if on one hand the necrotomistas perceive their work recognized by the direction of DMF, by experts, by themselves, and less frequently by the families of the victims, on the other, the indifference of the State, expressed in underinvestment in technical conditions and low wages, shows a depreciation of the category. / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral analisar a atividade de trabalho dos necrotomistas do Departamento de Medicina Legal (DML) de uma capital do Nordeste brasileiro. Tal objetivo se desdobra nos seguintes objetivos específicos: conhecer a organização e as condições de trabalho dos necrotomistas; compreender de que maneira a estigmatização interfere na vida desses profissionais; detectar os traços de cooperação e solidariedade que se manifestam em sua atividade de trabalho; lançar luz sobre os riscos presentes nessa atividade; conhecer as estratégias que desenvolvem para lidar com a morte no seu cotidiano de trabalho; evidenciar se eles se sentem reconhecidos ou não no seu trabalho. Participaram deste estudo os seis necrotomistas que atualmente compõem o quadro de profissionais do referido DML, sendo todos do sexo masculino, com idades variando entre 32 e 48 anos e tempo de serviço oscilando entre quatro e 23 anos. Do ponto de vista teórico, a Psicodinâmica do trabalho foi a principal abordagem utilizada, embora outras abordagens clínicas do trabalho tenham sido também convocadas. Quanto ao método, esta pesquisa se caracteriza por ser um estudo de campo, de natureza qualitativa, em que procurou-se combinar entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais e observações sistemáticas na sala de necrópsias. Para a análise dos dados, a perspectiva adotada foi a análise de conteúdo por recorte de temas. Constatou-se que a organização real do trabalho dos necrotomistas é marcada pela existência de algumas regras comuns, construídas no exercício da atividade. Destaca-se a precariedade das condições de trabalho, o que traduz um investimento estatal incompatível com as demandas desse órgão. Tais condições, associadas a uma representação social negativa do trabalho dos necrotomistas, que o situa no rol daquelas atividades tipificadas como trabalho sujo, repugnante, degradante, são produtoras de um sofrimento adicional, que exigem desses trabalhadores, para além dos esforços físicos próprios dessa atividade, manobras psíquicas para evitar resvalar no terreno do adoecimento psíquico. Identificou-se que a relação dos necrotomistas com os diversos riscos de sua atividade está mediada por estratégias defensivas individuais e coletivas, sem as quais a vivência do sofrimento e do medo se faria muito mais sentida. Sublinha-se, também, que trabalhar cotidianamente com mortes violentas constitui uma situação potencialmente desestabilizante para esses profissionais, o que desperta a necessidade de construção de defesas emocionais e de elaborações subjetivas, incitando a produção de formas possíveis de vivenciar o mundo do trabalho e de recriar-se enquanto sujeito. Constatou-se, por fim, que se por um lado os necrotomistas percebem seu trabalho reconhecido pela direção do DML, pelos peritos, por eles mesmos e, menos frequentemente pelos familiares das vítimas, por outro, o descaso do Estado, expresso em subinvestimentos em condições técnicas e em baixos salários, evidencia uma desvalorização da categoria.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:27:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 2607611 bytes, checksum: 77e92b6bb7c711322bb06c270f8a85cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper aims to discuss the urban marginality in Latin America, representatives from the cinema of marginality and its aesthetic of dirty realism. The films chosen for the analysis are: Amarelo Manga (2002) and Amores Perros (2000). To this end, there will be a reading of modernity, cinema and cities, as well as the very aesthetic of dirty realism and film of marginality. At another point, we discuss issues related to urban studies in, theories of marginality, configuration establisehd/outsiders, and feelings of insecurity, risk and fear, from sociological references. Finally, the analysis will be made of the films, within the guidelines of the methodology of film analysis. / O presente trabalho, visa discutir a marginalidade urbana na América Latina, a partir de representantes do cinema da marginalidade e sua estética do realismo sujo. Os filmes destacados para a análise são: Amarelo Manga(2002) e Amores Perros(2000). Para tanto, será realizada uma leitura da modernidade, do cinema e das cidades, bem como da própria estética do realismo sujo e do cinema da marginalidade. Em outro momento, discutiremos questões relacionadas aos estudos urbanos dentro, das teorias da marginalidade, da configuração esabelecidos/outsiders, e das sensações de insegurança, risco e medo, partindo de referenciais sociológicos. Para finalizar, será feita a análise dos filmes, dentro das orientações da metodologia da análise fílmica.

This article explores the short but intense history of the word terruco, a colloquial term which is used as a substitute for terrorist. In particular, the article aims to show that the use of terruco as an insult, although originally aimed at members of groups in arms, contributed decisively during the years of the dirty war and even in recent times, to stigmatize sectors of the Peruvian population, including defenders of human rights, relatives of those detained and other victims of political violence, and in general persons of Indian origin. Its frequent use in torture sessions and episodes of sexual assault added an additional dimension to the connection between the term terruco and generalized forms of abuse and violence which were considered by many Peruvians as necessary and even legitimate during the years of internal armed conflict. / Este artículo explora la breve pero intensa historia de la palabra terruco, un término coloquial que se usa como sustituto de terrorista. En particular, se intenta demostrar que el uso de terruco como un insulto, aunque en principio dirigido a los miembros de los grupos alzados en armas, contribuyó decisivamente, durante los años de la guerra sucia e incluso en tiempos más recientes, a estigmatizar a distintos sectores de la población peruana, incluyendo a defensores de derechos humanos, familiares de detenidos y otras víctimas de la violencia política, y personas de origen indígena en general. Su uso recurrente en sesiones de tortura y en episodios de violación sexual añade una dimensión adicional a la conexión entre el término terruco y la práctica generalizada de formas de abuso y violencia que fueron consideradas, por muchos peruanos, necesarias y hasta legítimas durante los años del conflicto armado interno