My thesis deals with auditor's documents. At first, there is written about specific work of auditor and also legislation, which concerns with work of auditor. Subsequently, thesis presents main reasons and importance for leading auditor 's file. In auditor 's file, there is gathered all probative foundations, which proves process of audit in compliance with valid legislation. Practical part of thesis shows interception of audit at real client in auditor 's file. The aim is to submit total process during documentation of audit and shows organization of file, which is followed in auditor 's company.

This master´s thesis discusses the introduction of a paperless office in manufacturing companies. The main goal of our work is to create a general framework for implementing paperless offices in such enterprises. The theoretical part presents the needs of today´s information society, focusing on the requirements of manufacturing companies. Next, the thesis describes the closely related topics such as company documentation and document archivation. The key chapter of the theoretical part deals with the subject of paperless office itself by discussing the current knowledge about different approaches, digitization, benefits, risks and suitable tools of information systems. The outcome of our work - and its main contribution - is the newly proposed general framework, which may serve as a guide for implementing paperless office solutions in the manufacturing companies. The practical part of the thesis demonstrates an application of the suggested framework to propose a solution for the company called Mi-King s.r.o.

Bakgrund: En förutsättning för att ambulanssjuksköterskan ska kunna hänvisa patienter till primärvård på ett patientsäkert sätt är följsamhet mot lokala riktlinjer, triageringssystem, och en tydlig och strukturerad journalanteckning där det framgår vilka vårdhandlingar som utförts. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att göra en systematisk journalgranskning för att få en bild av hur ambulanssjuksköterskor dokumenterar hänvisningar av patienter till primärvård med fokus på patientsäkerhet. Hur följer ambulanssjuksköterskan triageringssystem och regionens lokala riktlinjer vid hänvisning till primärvård? Metod: Studien är en kvantitativ retrospektiv systematisk journalgranskning med en explorativ ansats. Resultat: Resultatet visar på hög följsamhet mot triageringssystem och lokala riktlinjer överlag. Samtidigt som vikten av identitetskontroll behöver diskuteras och förstås. Av den anledningen finns ett fortsatt behov av kontinuerlig utbildning för att följsamheten ska fortsätta vara hög. Slutsats: Resultatet är positivt och visar på att ambulanssjuksköterskor i regionen är följsamma mot lokala riktlinjer och triageringsverktyg. / Background: A prerequisite for the ambulance nurse with specialist competence to be able to refer patients to primary health care in manner that is patient safe is the compliance with local guidelines and triage systems. In order for the transfer to be as patient safe as possible. Aim: The aim of the study was to conduct a systematic journal review to understand how ambulance nurses with specialist competence document referrals of patients to primary care with focus on patient safety. How is the decision on referral of patients to primary health care documented? How compliant is the ambulance nurse with specialist competence with regard to triage systems and local guidelines when referring to primary health care? Method: The study is a quantitative retrospective systematic journal review with an explorative approach. Result: The result shows high compliance with triages system and local guidelines in general. There is a need for a discussion and understanding why identification control is important. There are also a need for continuous education so that the compliance will stay high. Conclusion: The result are positive and shows that ambulance nurses with specialist competence in the region are compliant with the guidelines and triage system.

Bakgrund: Omvårdnadsdokumentation är en viktig del av sjuksköterskans arbete. På grund av utvecklingen inom vården, lagar och patienternas olika problem, behövs alltmer dokumenteras, vilket leder till att omvårdnadsdokumentationen förändras ständigt. För att förbättra dokumentationen och dess kvalité är det viktigt att sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter av omvårdnadsdokumentation undersöks. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av faktorer på arbetsplatsen som påverkar omvårdnadsdokumentation i slutenvård. Metod: Litteraturstudien baserades på empiriska studier. Databearbetning utfördes enligt en manifest kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Databearbetning av tio artiklar resulterade i tre kategorier: Teknik, Kommunikation, och Organisation. Erfarenheterna var delade mellan sjuksköterskor som ansåg att tekniken bakom de elektroniska dokumentationssystemen var positiv och andra som erfor den som negativ. Dessutom var sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter av omvårdnadsdokumentation inom slutenvården som ett kommunikationsverktyg delad mellan de som ansåg att den var lämplig och andra som upplevde den dålig. Även ledningen och deras kontroll över sjuksköterskorna var faktorer på arbetsplatsen som påverkade omvårdnadsdokumentationen. Konklusion: Vårdkedjan bör hållas samman genom en tydlig kommunikation och en stöttande organisation. Vidare forskning bör utreda hur elektronisk omvårdnadsdokumentation kan förenklas och hur patienten upplever delaktigheten i omvårdnadsdokumentationen. / Background: Nursing documentation is an important part of the nurse's work. Because of developments in healthcare, laws and the patients’ varying problems, documentation is increasingly needed, leading to nursing documentation constantly changing. For improving nursing documentation and its’ quality, it is important to explore the nurses' experiences of factors that affect nursing documentation in an inpatient setting. Aim: The aim of the literature study was to explore nurses' experiences regarding factors at the workplace affecting nursing documentation in inpatient setting. Methods: The literature study was based on empirical studies. Data analysis was performed according to a qualitative manifest content analysis. Results: The analysis of ten articles resulted in three categories: Technique, Communication, and Organization. The experiences differed between nurses who considered thetechnology behind the electronic documentation systems as positive and others who experienced it as negative. In addition, the nurses' experiences of nursing documentation in an inpatient setting as a communication tool differed between those who considered it appropriate and others who experienced it poorly. Moreover, nurses’ experiences of nursing documentation were affected by the management and their control over the nurses. Conclusion: The chain of care should be hold together through a clear communication and a supportive organization. Further research should investigate how electronic nursing documentation can be made simpler and how the patients experience participation in nursing documentation.

Denna licentiatuppsats handlar om hur lärare dokumenterar elevers kunskaper i ämnet idrott och hälsa. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur lärare arbetar med dokumentation, hur detta arbete upplevs utifrån olika förutsättningar samt om det finns skillnader i lärares erfarenheter av dokumentationsarbetet och vad dessa skillnader i så fall består i. I dagens skola ställs allt högre krav på dokumentation av elevernas kunskaper som underlag för en rättssäker bedömning och betygsättning.  Många lärare upplever att det är ett problem i ämnet idrott och hälsa där det inte finns någon direkt tradition av skriftliga underlag för bedömning. De ökade kraven på dokumentation och att bedriva en traditionellt utformad undervisning i ämnet uppfattas av många lärare som en omöjlig ekvation. Studiens perspektiv är läroplansteoretiskt. Begrepp som transformering och realisering av undervisningsinnehåll, ramfaktorer för undervisningen samt former av pedagogik, har använts för att analysera problematiken kring dokumentation i idrott och hälsa. Studiens resultat visar att en stor andel av lärarna upplever dokumentation av elevers kunskaper som svårt. Det som framstår som lätt att dokumentera blir också lärarnas underlag för bedömning snarare än det som styrdokumenten stipulerar. En grupp lärare upplever dock inte alls samma problem med dokumentation, trots att de står inför samma utmaningar i form av undervisningstid, schema och elevgrupper som andra lärare. Vad som utmärker dessa lärare, de systematiska planerarna, är att deras undervisningspraktik, innefattande planering, undervisning och bedömning, i stora delar skiljer sig från övriga lärares vilket skapar andra möjligheter för dokumentation. / In several Swedish research studies about the school subject physical education and health (PEH), assessment emerges as a difficult task for teachers. Assessment and grading is largely based on observation and teachers’ gut feeling, even though a reliable assessment process requires some form of documentation. The aim of this study is to examine how teachers in the Swedish primary and secondary schools document the students' knowledge and how this work is perceived in relation to influencing factors. The theoretical framework consists of curriculum theory with a focus on frame factors and the transformation and realization of the subject content. In the first part of the data collection 144 PE teachers completed a survey about their perceptions of the documentation process. The second part was conducted as semi-structured interviews with ten PE teachers focusing on the teachers’ work with the documentation of students’ knowledge in PEH. The results show that a large majority of the teachers experience the documentation of students' knowledge as difficult. The main obstacles are frame factors such as time, schedule and class numbers. The teachers, however, have a broad repertoire of documentation methods that they use. The analysis indicates that the teachers' documentation of the students’ performances is guided by what is possible to document rather than what learning objectives the curriculum stipulate. However, exceptions emerged among some of the interviewed teachers whose teaching clearly differed from the other teachers. These “systematic planners” had already decided in the planning stages of teaching what content should be assessed, how it should be made, and what kind of information that should be collected and documented. For "the systematic planners" the frame factors did not constitute a major obstacle. The national PE curriculum has undergone significant changes over the last 20 years and the teachers have problems transforming the curriculum into daily practice. The teaching is characterized by a wide variety of content but with few lessons per activity. The collision between the realization of the subject content, and the increased demands for a legally secure assessment practice, is perceived by many teachers as an impossible equation. Having enough time to observe, assess and document all the students' knowledge of a specific subject content, delivered over two to three lessons, is problematic. However in the perspective of "the systematic planners", with perhaps six to eight lessons in the same subject matter, this does not seem to be a problem. / Forskarskolan idrott och hälsas didaktik / Forskningslinjen Utbildning

Abstract My objective with this master's thesis is to contribute development both to the education for art-teachers and to art education primary and secondary school.     This master thesis discusses three students’ different art-based processes in a visual project about sustainable site-specific design. The project is based on ethnographic documentation of a “non-place” chosen by students themselves. The students are working with visual ethnographic documentation, making pictures in different materials, process-documentations, process-dairy, reception-calls, portfolio-analysis and digital presentation. The project aims reflections over how students can transform their experiences and knowledge, and later, in their role as art teachers, using the visual methods learnt, and using the unexpected and uncertain as a potential, to organize education with primary school pupils. ‘     The purpose of the thesis is to study students learning in, about, and through visual processes in an art-project, where the design of the teaching includes risk-taking elements. To delineate the purpose, I will work on the following issues:  1. What is made visible in students' digital presentations regarding different learning processes, sub-results and final results at the denotative and connotative level?  2. What does the design of the teaching mean for the students’ learning, in relation to the following four problem areas: - Image production with materials, techniques and tools - Image, reception talk and image theory - Documentation, evaluation and assessment - The location, the drawing room and other conditions for picture teaching.  3. Will the unexpected and uncertain as a potential for learning, be made visible in the students' processes, partial and final results? If so, how?     This is a qualitative study of three teacher - students' digital presentations. The material in the study includes three teacher students' digital presentations from an exam in an art project; research notes from observations in four course elements; informal interviews with two of the students. All of the three students’ digital presentations start with ethnographic inspired documentations from their chosen “non-places”. These pictures is first analysed, through visual-semiotic analyse. With this result in mind the individual visual processes through different tasks combined with materials analyses with a semiotic gaze and results in three cases followed up with a process-analysis of the three cases.      The theoretical context of the study is based on constructionistic theoretical perspective and semiotics as a theory of analysis, problematising the four aspects of the learning-field of art-education, identified in the thesis’ systematic research overview. The aim is to discuss design of education and three students’ experiences of their process-oriented investigative artwork. A work based on divergent thinking, where processes and results are not predetermined and where neither students nor teachers can anticipate them and thus have to dare to let go, which is why the study wants to highlight the unexpected and uncertain potential in image education. The result shows three students’ different visual processes, both in what drove and inspired them, and how they worked in visual materials. It shows that the concept in the design of the task challenged the students to explore the unsecure and the unexpected.  Through their artwork and the studies four aspects design of education in teacher education and compulsory school were problematised and several new questions about education in art were raised.

The study of kana 仮名 development has only begun in the last fifteen years, with much scholarship focused upon discerning either the Heian origins of kana or such later developments as furigana 振り仮名 (phonetic guides) and spelling rules. However, these perspectives have largely overlooked a key moment in Japanese writing history: in 1900, the Meiji government standardized the kana, from hundreds of possible variant graphemes to the forty-six used today, one symbol per sound. From then on, what had commonly been known only as kana were divided into two groups: hiragana 平仮名, the standard set, and hentaigana 変体仮名, the set of all non-standard graphemes. This standardization represented a seismic shift in Japanese writing culture, affecting everything from education to aesthetics, and yet it occurred without any bureaucratic debate—or, it seems, any post-legislation public outcry. This study addresses the apparent incongruity by examining a variety of primary sources for evidence of a pre-Meiji acceptance of a standardized set of graphemes, before the official standardization in 1900. Arguing from this evidence, a convincing case is made that the kana made standard in 1900 had been historically recognized as distinct from all other variants, despite there being no demonstrable difference in their use in context. This project, by closely examining long-neglected sources, sheds new light on the issue of pre-modern Japanese script usage.

Due to changed air humidity, wooden houses can be affected negatively by for example deformations and settlements. Hälsingland farms (Hälsingegårdar) are a number of old homesteads, of which seven are listed at UNESCO’s World Heritage List. The wooden buildings at Hälsingland farms reflect the building techniques from the 18 and 19th century in Hälsingland province and are therefore of value both economically and culturally. To preserve the buildings in their original condition and to pass down the knowledge of the building techniques there is need of accurate documentation. Accurate documentation is possible through three-dimensional models created by, for example, terrestrial laser scanning. The aim of this study has been to develop recommendations for documentation of wooden buildings, such as Hälsingland farms, with terrestrial laser scanning and to create the base for future deformation investigations on Slåttagården, a Hälsingland farm. Terrestrial laser scanning was carried out in April 2017 at Slåttagården. With Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver, five points on the ground were measured to establish a reference network. A number of control and check points were measured with a total station on and around the main building. The control points were marked with spherical targets. After the laser scanning was completed, the point clouds were registered in two different ways, with cloud-to-cloud registration and target-to-target registration. Then the point clouds were georeferenced into the external reference system. The position uncertainty was controlled in the software Cyclone by comparison between check points and modelled planes from the georeferenced point cloud. Registration and position uncertainties for the two registration methods differ marginally, which indicates that the use of targets in TLS projects similar to this study is not necessary. TLS is limited by the fact that it is a terrestrial technology and therefore needs to be supplemented with other documentation technologies, such as Unmanned Aircraft System. The study provide a base for future deformation studies at the Hälsingland farm Slåttagården. The collected data have low position uncertainty (about 0.01 m) and are therefore considered to be a good base for continued deformation studies. / Byggnader i trä kan vid ändrade fuktförhållanden påverkas negativt genom bland annat sättningar och deformationer. Hälsingegårdar är ett antal äldre bondgårdar, där sju av dessa är listade på UNESCO:s världsarvslista. Hälsingegårdarnas träbyggnader speglar 1700- och 1800-talens byggnadstekniker i Hälsingland och är därför av värde, både ekonomiskt och kulturellt. För att bevara byggnaderna i deras ursprungliga skick samt för att föra vidare kunskapen kring dåtidens byggnadstekniker krävs en noggrann dokumentation. Noggrann dokumentation är möjlig med hjälp av tredimensionella modeller skapade med exempelvis terrester laserskanning (TLS). Syftet med den här studien har varit att ta fram rekommendationer för utförandet av dokumentation av gamla träbyggnader, till exempel Hälsingegårdar, med hjälp av TLS samt att skapa underlag för framtida deformationsundersökningar på Hälsingegården Slåttagården. TLS utfördes under april månad 2017 på Slåttagården. Med GNSS-mottagare mättes fem punkter in för att etablera ett referensnätverk. Ett antal kontrollpunkter mättes in på byggnaden av huvudintresse med hjälp av en totalstation. Med totalstationen mättes också stödpunkter kring byggnaden in, dessa markerades med sfäriska signaler. Efter sex uppställningar TLS registrerades punktmolnen på två olika sätt; punktmolnsregistrering och registrering baserad på konnektionspunkter. Därefter georefererades punktmolnen till externa referenssystemet. Lägesosäkerheten kontrollerades därefter i programvaran Cyclone genom en jämförelse mellan kontrollpunkter och modellerade plan från det georefererade punktmolnet. Registrerings- och lägesosäkerheter för de båda registreringsmetoderna skiljer sig marginellt åt, vilket talar för att användning av signaler i laserskanningsprojekt liknande denna studie inte är nödvändig. TLS begränsas av att det är en markbunden teknik och behöver därför kompletteras med annan dokumentationsteknik, till exempel obemannade flygfarkostsystem (UAS). I studien skapades ett underlag för framtida deformationsundersökningar på Hälsingegården Slåttagården. Insamlade data har låg lägesosäkerhet (cirka 0,01 m) och bedöms därför ha goda förutsättningar för fortsatta deformationsundersökningar.

Design systems have gained traction in the last few years. They have been primarily used by big tech companies to improve collaboration between designers and developers and to speed up the development process of their digital products. There is no formal definition of what a design system is and what it should entail as of the time of writing. It is believed that communication breakdown during the creation of design systems occurs because designers and developers do not understand each other’s fields of expertise. The purpose of this study is to explore common aspects that cause communication breakdown between developers and designers when creating a design system. The method of choice for this study is semi- structured interviews conducted with frontend/web developers, exploring their views and experiences. The results of this study indicate that there are both similarities and differences between peoples’ views on design systems and that the lack of understanding of a developer's field of work can be seen as an aspect that can cause a communication breakdown. Furthermore, the results imply that one of the factors which can contribute to a more successful understanding of the handoff for developers is the visualization of the design. The major limitations of this study are the lack of scientific literature on the topic of design systems as well as the limited number of participants.

The study aims to achieve an understanding of the artist’s materials and techniques used by Lucky Madlo Sibiya when he created his carved and painted wood panel artworks. A survey of the artist’s materials and techniques is of great importance, because he is represented in multiple institutional, corporate and private collections – including the University of Pretoria. His carved and painted wood panel artworks are also reaching an age (at least 20 years old, as 2019 is the twentieth anniversary of his death) when they would soon require conservation and restoration, if not stored and displayed according to sound conservation conditions and standards. For best-practice conservation and restoration, in-depth knowledge of the materiality of an artwork is needed. In order to reach an in-depth knowledge of the materiality of Sibiya’s carved and painted wood panel artworks, the survey intends to examine and document through the combination of various historical, visual and analytical techniques artworks with unrefuted provenance. The analytical techniques used are popular in heritage conservation, because they are non-invasive and non-destructive. They include provenance studies, visual examination, technical photography, X-ray Fluorescence and Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy. In combination, the techniques should reveal the materials and techniques Sibiya employed. This knowledge will be used to safeguard and preserve this part of South African art heritage. / Mini Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Tangible Heritage Conservation / MSocSci (Tangible Heritage Conservation) / Unrestricted