Aim: The aim was to examine waiting times for cataract extraction in Sweden from an intersectional gender perspective; quantitative with regard to waiting times for different patient groups, and qualitative in order to identify factors that might contribute to gender differences in waiting time. Furthermore, the aim was to examine implications of critical realism and situated knowledges for studies of gender differences among patients regarding access to cataract extraction and more generally as grounds for studies of (in)equity in care.   Methods: Studies I and II were register studies, and linear regression was performed in Study I and logistic regression in Study II. Mean waiting times for female and male patients were calculated in both studies. In Study III, focus group interviews were conducted at two eye clinics with differences in gender-related waiting times. The analysis method used was constructivist grounded theory, and text analyses were performed in Study IV.   Main findings: Longer waiting times were associated with patients who were female, retired, of higher age, born outside the Nordic countries, having lower income, lacking education at university level and not being categorized by means of NIKE. Female patients had longer waiting time in all categories. The following factors might contribute to why female patients have longer waiting times: Traditional male occupations were constructed as being more demanding for visual acuity, while the need for good visual acuity in women’s work life was questioned; Assertive behaviour among men was explained in legitimizing ways; Behaviour among men with poor vision was constructed as safety risks in relation to driving and hunting. Concerning meta-theoretical aspects, both critical realism and situated knowledges can be fruitful for studies of (in)equity in care but are to some degree incompatible with each other.   Conclusions: Differences in waiting times at eye clinics can be related to gender constructions. The prevailing pattern of female cataract patients systematically having longer waiting time than male patients that emerges in this thesis is noteworthy in relation to the principle of equity in care. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that waiting times were related to age, retirement, and native country as well as income and education levels.

Entendida como um processo histórico e relacional, a heterogeneidade social das formas familiares de trabalho e produção na agricultura é abordada nesta tese a partir de uma perspectiva que prima pela análise do universo significativo dos atores da pesquisa. A problematização da política de imigração europeia empreendida no Brasil no século XIX foi o ponto de partida para a definição do recorte empírico. Esta tese responde ao objetivo principal de compreender como se constitui a heterogeneidade social dos coletivos de agricultores nos municípios de Domingos Martins, Santa Teresa e Santa Leopoldina (estado do Espírito Santo) e quais os principais efeitos sociais relacionados ao processo de classificação e distinção social. Para responder a essa pergunta, foram construídos quatro objetivos específicos: o primeiro se refere à compreensão da conformação histórica da região. O segundo objetivo está particularmente relacionado às práticas de agricultura e aos significados socialmente compartilhados. Um terceiro objetivo foi compreender os esquemas nativos de classificação, hierarquização, diferenciação e distinção social. O quarto objetivo centra-se na compreensão dos impactos dos processos de diferenciação que circulam no contexto da pesquisa. A abordagem histórica e a perspectiva etnográfica orientaram as opções metodológicas e as técnicas mais utilizadas foram a pesquisa documental, a observação direta e a aplicação de entrevistas em diferentes fases da pesquisa de campo, que compreendeu períodos nos anos de 2015 e 2016. Como resultado, constatamos que, no contexto da pesquisa, há diferentes formas de fazer agricultura e modos de ser agricultor que relacionam importantes esquemas de produção e apreciação das práticas. Ao utilizar-se desses esquemas, os diferentes coletivos constroem (criam) suas práticas e estratégias num contexto no qual circulam processos de classificação social utilizados para explicar a heterogeneidade e promover distinções. Neste sentido, evidenciam-se dois planos constitutivos da heterogeneidade: um plano que explicita as práticas de agricultura e a agência dos agricultores em definir diversificadas estratégias a partir de esquemas sociais que orientam e dão sentido a suas ações, promovendo a constituição e a reprodução da heterogeneidade socialmente significativa. Num segundo plano de análise, a constituição da heterogeneidade revelou hierarquias e oportunidades desiguais entre os coletivos a partir da naturalização das diferenças dentro de princípios de divisão baseados na origem étnico-racial dos agricultores e no estabelecimento de distanciamento estrutural a partir da retórica da modernização da agricultura. / Understood as a historical and relational process, the social heterogeneity of family work forms and agriculture production is addressed in this thesis from a perspective that take precedence by the analysis of the significant universe of the actors involved in this research. The problematization of the European immigration policy undertaken in Brazil in the 19th century was the starting point for the definition of the empirical cut. This thesis responds to the main objective of understanding how the social heterogeneity of farmers' collectives in the municipalities of Domingos Martins, Santa Teresa and Santa Leopoldina (Espírito Santo state) is constituted and which are the main social effects related to the process of classification and social distinction. Four specific objectives were built to answer this question: the first refers to an understanding of the historical conformation of the region. The second objective is more specific to agricultural practices and to socially shared meanings. A third objective was to understand the native schemes of classification, hierarchy, differentiation and social distinction. The fourth objective focuses in understanding the impacts of differentiation processes that circulate in the research context. A historical approach and ethnographic perspective oriented the methodological options. Documentary research, direct observation and application of interviews in different phases of field research between 2015 and 2016 were the most used techniques. As a result, we found that in the context of the research there are different forms of doing agriculture and ways to be a farmer that relate important schemes of production and appreciation of practices. Using these schemes, different collectives create their practices and strategies in a context in which a process flow of social classification is used to explain heterogeneity and promote distinctions. In this sense, it is noted that two plans constitute the heterogeneity: a plan that exhibits the agricultural practices and the ability of farmers to define diversified strategies based on social schemes that guide and give meaning to their actions, promoting the constitution and reproduction of heterogeneity socially significant. On the second plane of analysis, the constitution of heterogeneity revealed unequal hierarchies and opportunities among the collectives from the naturalization of differences within the principles of di-vision based on the ethnic-racial origin of the farmers and the establishment of structural distance from the rhetoric of the agriculture modernization.

The primary purpose of this study was to explore and identify the meaning and importance of service for health professionals. Those who participated in this study are all registered nurses who each have between 10 and 40 years of clinical nursing and nurse lecturing experience. The participants each wrote two stories, one about the meaning of service and the other about the importance of service. Definitions of service generally suggest organised labour involving an act of help or assistance. Our intent was to understand what constituted service for each of us in the healthcare - and specifically the nursing practice/education - context.A secondary purpose of this qualitative research was guided by participatory and critical theory paradigms. Seven participants and I (as the initiating researcher) formed a co-operative inquiry group to undertake the research using a collaborative process. Within this method the leader and the group became co-participants and co-researchers. Nurses and women are identified as marginalised people and by honouring the principles of co-operative inquiry we were empowered through this process. While the initial data was analysed thematically by the lead researcher, the original 19 sub-themes were refined by participants into five themes.The findings of the participants are consistent with overseas studies on emotional labour and sentimental work. The five themes that emerged as the meaning of service are helping, giving, elements of service, acts of doing, and pride in work. Helping was defined as an attitude and an action, which often results in a spiritual connection. Giving involves stretching yourself, and altruistic behaviour that also incorporated a spiritual component. Five sub-themes merged to form the third theme elements of service; working with people, being a public servant, being a servant, need and duty. The complexity and hidden aspect of service work was expressed in acts of doing where being professional was paramount. The final theme, pride in work, acknowledged childhood conditioning and a sense of contributing to the greater good through our unique work as nurses. This study affirmed that service has much importance to those involved and deepened our understanding of the blend of meanings service expresses.

經濟成長一直是人們所關心的問題。而以前的經濟學家則是利用新古典的成長模型，來解釋經濟成長的現象。但是，他們對於在長期各國成長率不一致的現象，卻一直束手無策，直到最近內生成長理論的出現，這個問題才獲得圓滿的解釋。 　　由於上述的理由，本文就根據成長的動力是內生的角度，著手探討邊做邊學的效果對經濟長期的影響，並且再加入政府支出的效果，來討論兩者對經濟成長的解釋，是否要比單獨用邊做邊學效果來得好。 　　另外，本文除了理論模型的推導之外，還加入了實證分析。此分析乃是利用臺灣與南韓的資料，根據時間序列計量的方法，來進行迴歸分析。結果證明：邊做邊學的效果的確會影響經濟成長率，而且如果再加入生產性的政府支出，則會對經濟成長的解釋更有幫助；但是，如果加入的是消費性的政府支出，則會降低經濟成長率或者是經濟成長的解釋。此結果所顯示的經濟涵義乃是：一個國家如果要維持長期且持續的成長，則必須一方面累積資本，擴大邊做邊學的效果；另一方面，政府必須增加生產性的支出，減少消費性的政府支出，如此才能產生連鎖效果，帶動經濟的成長。

The aims of this thesis were to describe the verbal interaction in workplace meetings and to relate them to the order of gender. The material consists of five workplace meetings with both female and male participants and was transcribed using a system developed for the purposes of the study. Both the videotapes and transcripts were used in the analyses. Three main studies were carried out. The first study aimed at describing the structuring of the verbal interaction during the meetings, especially in comparison with ordinary conversation. The second study tested the hypothesis that the men in the meetings would dominate the verbal interaction. The third study aimed at describing narratives in the material, especially two narratives told by a male participant in one of the meetings. The methods used in the studies combined qualitative analysis of small sections of talk with quantitative analysis of variables, coded in the material as a whole. The first study showed many similarities between the five meetings in the way interaction was structured, which indicated the possibility that the workplace meeting represents an activity type of its own. One main result was that although the meetings were managed with almost no formal procedures, the verbal interaction was still very structured, and handled with practices belonging to ordinary conversation used in an activity-specific way. The quantitative analysis showed no great differences between the men and the women and the hypothesis was not clearly verified. Two variables indicated that the men dominated the interaction and one variable indicated that the women dominated the interaction, but on the whole the similarities between the men and the women were greater than the differences. The qualitative analysis of the narratives showed how the narratives in the meetings were an interactional achievement and how their meaning was negotiated in the interaction. The analyses also showed how the meaning of the narratives was influenced by normative conceptions about masculinity and thus could be a means of doing gender.

The authors were curious and asked themselves if teachers are aware of the base of their teaching in various teaching situations. Are teachers at all capable of expressing that in words? One of the reasons that the authors chose the particular issue was because they think teachers have the task to satisfy the needs of all students and therefore they found it interesting to study how various teachers act. The purpose of the study is to observe teachers didactical awareness, and how it can be added to their intentions and actions, as in how they speak about their teaching and how they act in various teaching situations. Methods used in the study were observations and qualitative interviews. The result was divided into the following three themes: to individualize the teaching, to interact with the student and how the teaching is based on reliable experience. The result showed that the teachers base their teaching mostly on the individual student depending on which student the teachers instruct and that they focus on his or her good qualities, needs and qualifications. The teachers also make deliberate choices when they choose material which they adapt to the individual students. However, the teachers do not seem to reflect as much on their choices and actions and that they apparently not do is to reflect over their choice and acts and that the curriculum is not, remarkably enough, used as a base for their pedagogic work. / Författarna var nyfikna på och ställde sig något frågande till om lärare är medvetna om vad de grundar sitt handlande på i olika undervisningssituationer? Kan lärare överhuvudtaget sätta ord på det? En av anledningarna till att författarna valde att fokusera på området var att de anser att lärare har till uppgift att tillgodose alla elevers behov och författarna fann det därför intressant att studera några olika lärares handlande. Syftet med studien är att studera lärares didaktiska medvetenhet och hur den kommer till uttryck i intentioner och handlingar, det vill säga hur de talar om sin undervisning och hur de agerar i skilda undervisningssituationer. Metoder som användes i studien var observationer och kvalitativa intervjuer. Resultatet delades in i de tre temana: att individanpassa undervisningen, att samspela med eleven och att bygga på sin beprövade erfarenhet. Resultatet visade att lärarna grundar sitt handlade främst på individualisering då de utgår från vilken elev de handleder, vad denne har för behov, förutsättningar och starka sidor. Det visade sig också att lärarna gör medvetna val när de väljer ut material som de sedan individanpassar utefter elevernas nivå. Det de däremot inte verkar göra lika medvetet är att reflektera över sina val och handlingar samt att läroplanen, anmärkningsvärt nog, inte ligger till grund för deras pedagogiska arbete.

In the recent years, ongoing debates in the mineral sector has shown that efficient use of natural resources is of vital importance as the use of minerals is essential for modern living. Especially, in the context of sustainable development, it is required that mineral resources should be exploited to maximize the contribution to the well being of current generation without depriving the potential for future generations to meet their own needs. The aim of this thesis is to develop a decision support system using system dynamics methodology where

<p>The authors were curious and asked themselves if teachers are aware of the base of their teaching in various teaching situations. Are teachers at all capable of expressing that in words? One of the reasons that the authors chose the particular issue was because they think teachers have the task to satisfy the needs of all students and therefore they found it interesting to study how various teachers act. The purpose of the study is to observe teachers didactical awareness, and how it can be added to their intentions and actions, as in how they speak about their teaching and how they act in various teaching situations. Methods used in the study were observations and qualitative interviews. The result was divided into the following three themes: to individualize the teaching, to interact with the student and how the teaching is based on reliable experience. The result showed that the teachers base their teaching mostly on the individual student depending on which student the teachers instruct and that they focus on his or her good qualities, needs and qualifications. The teachers also make deliberate choices when they choose material which they adapt to the individual students. However, the teachers do not seem to reflect as much on their choices and actions and that they apparently not do is to reflect over their choice and acts and that the curriculum is not, remarkably enough, used as a base for their pedagogic work.</p> / <p>Författarna var nyfikna på och ställde sig något frågande till om lärare är medvetna om vad de grundar sitt handlande på i olika undervisningssituationer? Kan lärare överhuvudtaget sätta ord på det? En av anledningarna till att författarna valde att fokusera på området var att de anser att lärare har till uppgift att tillgodose alla elevers behov och författarna fann det därför intressant att studera några olika lärares handlande. Syftet med studien är att studera lärares didaktiska medvetenhet och hur den kommer till uttryck i intentioner och handlingar, det vill säga hur de talar om sin undervisning och hur de agerar i skilda undervisningssituationer. Metoder som användes i studien var observationer och kvalitativa intervjuer. Resultatet delades in i de tre temana: att individanpassa undervisningen, att samspela med eleven och att bygga på sin beprövade erfarenhet. Resultatet visade att lärarna grundar sitt handlade främst på individualisering då de utgår från vilken elev de handleder, vad denne har för behov, förutsättningar och starka sidor. Det visade sig också att lärarna gör medvetna val när de väljer ut material som de sedan individanpassar utefter elevernas nivå. Det de däremot inte verkar göra lika medvetet är att reflektera över sina val och handlingar samt att läroplanen, anmärkningsvärt nog, inte ligger till grund för deras pedagogiska arbete.</p>

Darbo objektas – Motyvacijos sveikai maitintis, valgymo elgesio ir fizinio aktyvumo sąsajos. Darbo tikslas – Išanalizuoti studentų motyvacijos sveikai maitintis, valgymo elgesio ir fizinio aktyvumo sąsajas. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti studentų mitybos įpročius. 2. Įvertinti ir palyginti vaikinų ir merginų motyvaciją sveikai maitintis. 3. Nustatyti studentų mitybos įpročių, motyvacijos sveikai maitintis ir fizinio aktyvumo sąsajas. Hipotezė: fiziškai pasyvesni studentai yra mažiau motyvuoti sveikai maitintis, jų valgymo elgesys mažiau sveikas negu fiziškai aktyvesnių studentų. Išvados: 1. Per savaitę ryžius ir makaronus valgo beveik pusė tyrime dalyvavusių vaikinų ir du trečdaliai merginų. Beveik pusė visų tiriamųjų į savo savaitės mitybos racioną įtraukia šokoladą ir saldainius, kiaušinius valgo du kartus per savaitę. Saldžiųjų - gaiviųjų gėrimų per savaitę nei karto neišgeria pusė tiriamųjų vaikinų ir daugiau kaip du trečdaliai merginų, o varškės sūrio nesirenka daugiau nei pusė visų tiriamųjų vaikinų ir du trečdaliai merginų. 2. Autonominės (vidinės) motyvacijos sveikai maitintis rodikliai buvo didesni, o tai reiškia, kad tiriamieji sveikai maitinasi savo noru, o ne kitų paskatinimu, nei kontroliuojamos (išorinės) motyvacijos ir amotyvacijos (kai motyvacijos sveikai maitintis visai nėra). Autonominės, kontroliuojamos ir amotyvacijos rodikliai tarp vaikinų ir merginų nesiskiria. 3. Autonominė vaikinų motyvacija sveikai maitintis teigiamai siejasi su sveikų produktų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The subject of study - Links between students healthy eating habits and physical activity. The aim of study – To analize the links between students motivationto eat healthy eating habits and physical activity. Goals: 1. To evaluate students eating habits. 2. To evaluate and compare the healthy eating motivation in groups of girls and boys. 3. To analize the links between students motivationto eat healthy eating habits and physical activity. Hypothesis: if students are less active physically the are less motivated to eat healthy food. Conclusion: 1. Half of boys and 2/3 girls eat rice and pasta, chocolate, sweets, eggs twice a week. Half of boys and 2/3 of girls neither drink any drinks with sweeteners nor eat curd cheese once a week. 2. The indexes of autonomic (inside) motivation the healthy eating were higher than the ones this means that the subjects voluntarily eat healthy and not the other inducementsof controlling (outside) motivation and amotivation (no motivation). There is no difference between the indexes of girls and boys. 3. Autonomous motivation of boys and girls healthy eating positively associated with healthy products such as porridge, cereals, fish, fresh vegetables, egg consumption and negatively - with meat products. Controlled boys motivation to eat healthily also positively associated with the porridge, cereals, cheese, chicken consumption and girls controlled motivation positively related to the baked potatoes, porridge flakes, white cottage cheese... [to full text]

Kadangi vaikas auga ir vystosi, jo apsaugai bei priežiūrai turi būti skiriamas ypatingas dėmesys. Vaiko teisės numato ir jo atsakomybę, todėl žinodamas savo teises, jis turi suvokti, kad šalia esantys žmonės turi tas pačias teises. Mokinių neformali fizinio ugdymo(si) veikla yra neatsiejama nuo teisių ir pareigų konteksto: viena vertus, vienas iš pagrindinių sportinio rengimo tikslų yra padėti jauniems žmonėms tobulėti socialiai, mokantis bendrauti, varžytis pagal nustatytas bendravimo ir elgesio normas, garbingos kovos principus. Kita vertus, dirbant su jaunimu pagrindiniu dalyku reikia laikyti jauno sportininko sveikatą, jo saugumą ir gerovę. Tyrimo objektas – sportuojančių mokinių teisių ir pareigų suvokimas. Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti sportuojančių mokinių teisių ir pareigų neformaliajame fiziniame ugdyme(si) suvokimo ypatumus. Tyrimo metodai: teoriniai (mokslinės literatūros apžvalga ir apibendrinimas); empiriniai (anketinė apklausa; turinio (content) analizė); statistiniai (aprašomosios statistikos metodas; Chi kvadrato kriterijus (x2) tikrinant skirtumus ir sąsajas tarp atskirų kintamųjų). Tyrime dalyvavo 132 dviejų amžiaus grupių sportuojantys mokiniai: 64 11–12 metų tiriamieji bei 68 15–16 metų tiriamieji. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad sportuojantiems mokiniams, ypatingai vyresniojo amžiaus paaugliams, prioritetu tampa ne teisė rinktis – dalyvauti treniruotėje ar ne, o pareiga lankyti visas pratybas. Veiksmai, kurių reikalauja neoficialios sporto šakos taisyklės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / As far as the child is growing and developing, his care and supervision must be given the special attention. Children rights also define his responsibility; therefore, knowing own rights, he is to perceive that surrounding people have the similar rights. Non formal physical education is closely linked to the context of rights and obligations: on one hand, one of the most important aims of the physical preparation is to help young people to develop in social context by learning to communicate, compete under the pre-defined norms of behaviour and communication, principles of the fair-play. On the other hand, upon working with youth the most important is thing is the health of the young sportsman, his safety and well-being. Object of the survey – perception of rights and obligations of students doing sports. Aim of the survey is to reveal peculiarities of perceiving rights and obligations of students doing sports within the context of non formal physical education. Methods of the survey: theoretical (review and generalisation of the scientific literature); empiric (questionnaire; content analysis); statistical (method of the descriptive statistics; Chi-square criterion (x2) in verifying differences and links between separate variables). 132 sports active students from two age groups participated in the survey: 64 respondents of 11–12 years old and 68 respondents of 15–16 years old. Results of the survey indicated that the sports active students, especially senior teenagers... [to full text]